№ 12 (2025) Наука и технология в современном мире

Ultrasonografiya (UZI) – bu tuxumdon shishiga shubha qilingan bemorlarga hamda odatiy ko‘rikda o‘tkaziladigan birinchi vizualizatsiya tadqiqotidir. Bu oson mavjud bo‘lgan va ishonchli usul bo‘lib, yuqori aniqlikka ega va yangi o‘smaning joylashuvi, o‘lchamlari va tabiatini aniqlashga imkon beradi. Biroq, ultratovush belgilarining aniqligiga qaramay, tuxumdonning yaxshi va yomon xosilali o‘smalarini farqlash uchun yagona integratsiyalashgan ultratovush kriteriyasini topish  115 amalda muhimdir. Yuqorida aytib o‘tilganlarga aloqador ravishda, o‘z vaqtida tashxis qo‘yish, tuxumdon saratonini skriningini tashkil qilish va diqqat bilan kuzatish onkologiyaning muhim vazifalaridan biridir. Yarim-sonli tahlil qilish asosida, Sassone shkala bo‘yicha vizualizatsiya qilingan belgilarni balli baholash yordamida o‘tkazilgan seroshkala ehografiyasining ma'lumotlari, tuxumdonning yaxshi va yomon xosilali o‘smalarini farqlashda usulning yuqori prognoz qobiliyatini ko‘rsatdi. ROC tahliliga ko‘ra, umumiy ballar yig‘indisi sonografik belgilari qiymatlarining egri chizig‘i ostidagi maydon (AUROC) 0.905 ni tashkil etdi, sezgirlik 92% va maxsuslik 84% bo‘ldi.

Ushbu maqolada natural sonlarning bo‘luvchilari va ularning yig‘indisi tushunchalari o‘rganiladi. Bo‘luvchi nima ekani, qanday aniqlanishi va bo‘luvchilar yig‘indisini hisoblash usullari misollar asosida tushuntiriladi. Shuningdek, mukammal, ortiqcha va kam sonlar kabi maxsus sonlar toifalari ham yoritiladi. Maqola o‘quvchilarga sonlar nazariyasining boshlang‘ich tushunchalarini mustahkamlashga yordam beradi va amaliy misollar orqali mavzuni chuqurroq anglash imkonini beradi.

Maqolada Zulfiya Qurolboy qizining “Oyimtilla” asarini badiiy tahlilga tortamiz. Asardagi ayollar obrazi va ularning ruhiyati xususida alohida to‘xtalib o‘tamiz.

Mazkur tadqiqot hududiy iqtisodiy rivojlanishda yashil iqtisodiyotning o‘rni va ahamiyatini ilmiy asosda tahlil qiladi. Yashil iqtisodiyot tabiiy resurslardan oqilona foydalanish, ekologik muvozanatni saqlash hamda barqaror iqtisodiy o‘sishni ta’minlashga yo‘naltirilgan innovatsion model sifatida qaraladi. Tadqiqot davomida yashil iqtisodiyotning asosiy tamoyillari, uning sanoat, qishloq xo‘jaligi, energetika, transport va turizm sohalariga ta’siri statistik ma’lumotlar asosida yoritiladi. Shuningdek, yashil iqtisodiyotni hududiy rivojlanishda joriy etishning strategik yo‘nalishlari, innovatsion texnologiyalar, yashil investitsiyalar va ekologik ta’limning roli tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, yashil iqtisodiyot hududiy iqtisodiy taraqqiyotning muhim omili bo‘lib, ekologik barqarorlik va iqtisodiy samaradorlikni oshirishga xizmat qiladi.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy texnologiyalarda tok o‘tkazuvchi yupqa izotrop plastinka shaklidagi mikroelementlarning elektromagnit va elastik xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Mikroelementlarning telekommunikatsiya, mikroelektronika, kosmik texnologiyalar va qurilish sohalaridagi roli, ularning yuqori chastotali va elektromagnit muhitdagi ish faoliyati hamda elektromagnitoelastiklik muammosi doirasida modellashtirish usullari bayon etilgan.

Har bir jamiyat hayotida har bir sohaning o’z ahamiyati bor. Har bir davlat o’z fuqorolari uchun sharoit    yaratadi.  Sharoit yaratish uchun islohot va yangiliklar amalga oshiradi. Ushbu islohotlar qatorida ijtimoiy sohani va u bilan bog’liq bo’lgan ijtimoiy siyosatni ham ahamiyati katta. Ijtimoiy adolat barcha insonlarning tenglik va imtiyozlari bilan ta’minlash, har bir kishining potensialini rivojlantirish va uni yaxshi foydalanishga imkon berish usullari asosida amalga oshirilmoqda.

This paper explores how interactive English lessons can foster confidence in young learners. By integrating engaging activities such as games, storytelling, group work, and digital tools, teachers can create a supportive environment that encourages participation and reduces language anxiety. The study highlights the importance of student-centered approaches that promote communication, creativity, and collaboration. Findings suggest that consistent use of interactive methods not only enhances language acquisition but also significantly boosts learners’ self-esteem and motivation in the classroom.

This article explores the effective use of pictures in teaching grammar to young learners. It highlights how visual aids can enhance engagement, simplify complex grammatical rules, and support memory retention. The paper discusses various techniques such as picture-based storytelling, flashcards, and comic strips to present grammar in a fun and meaningful way. Additionally, it examines the cognitive and developmental benefits of using visuals, emphasizing the importance of age-appropriate materials. The study concludes that incorporating pictures into grammar lessons not only improves understanding but also fosters a positive attitude toward language learning among young children.

This article explores the crucial role of educational technologies in developing students’ socio-cultural competence in today's globalized world. It defines socio-cultural competence as a combination of cultural awareness, empathy, communication skills, and critical thinking, and emphasizes its importance in multicultural education. The paper discusses how digital tools such as virtual exchanges, language learning applications, gamification, and access to global content can foster intercultural understanding and inclusivity. Moreover, it highlights the benefits of educational technologies, such as increased engagement and personalized learning, while also addressing challenges like digital inequality and teacher preparedness. The article concludes by providing recommendations for the effective integration of technology to enhance students’ socio-cultural learning outcomes.

Mazkur maqolada nodavlat ta’lim maktablari o‘quvchilarining chet tilni egallash jarayonida lingvistik kompetensiyasining tarkibiy qismlari, ularni rivojlantirishning metodik asoslari hamda samarali yondashuvlar tahlil etilgan. Lingvistik kompetensiya o‘quvchining tilni to‘g‘ri, mantiqan asoslangan va kontekstga mos tarzda qo‘llay olish qobiliyati hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy o‘qitish texnologiyalari va interaktiv metodlar vositasida lingvistik kompetensiyani shakllantirish yo‘llari ham yoritib berilgan.

Mazkur tezisda frazeologizmlarning tilshunoslikdagi o‘rni va turli diskurslarda (ilmiy, badiiy, kundalik, siyosiy, publitsistik) ularning ahamiyati o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqotda frazeologik birliklarning semantik va madaniy murakkabligi, ularning noto‘g‘ri talqin qilish holatlari va til o‘rganish jarayonidagi tushunmovchiliklar tahlil qilinadi. Frazeologizmlarning diskurslardagi qo‘llanilishi va tushunishdagi muammolarni aniqlash orqali, til o‘rganuvchilarga frazeologizmni to‘g‘ri tushunish va qo‘llash bo‘yicha tavsiyalar beriladi. Tadqiqot metodologiyasi sifatida matn tahlili, diskurs tahlili va so‘rovnoma qo‘llanilgan.

This article explores modern methods used in teaching English as a foreign language (EFL). It outlines the shift from traditional to more communicative and student-centered approaches, such as Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-Based Learning (TBL), and technology-enhanced instruction. The article highlights the advantages and challenges of each method, emphasizing the importance of adapting teaching styles to learners’ needs and modern educational trends.

In an increasingly interconnected world, English proficiency has become a vital skill for personal, academic, and professional growth. Fortunately, the digital age has ushered in a plethora of free resources that make learning English more accessible than ever before. This article explores some of the best free online platforms, mobile applications, and websites available to English language learners. It categorizes these resources based on their primary focus, such as vocabulary building, grammar practice, listening comprehension, and speaking opportunities. While acknowledging the immense value of these free tools, the article also briefly discusses their limitations and emphasizes the importance of a balanced learning approach.

In the modern world, education is the foundation of social, economic, and personal growth. Education is essential for giving people the values, information, and abilities they need to navigate life and make significant contributions to society as societies grow more technologically advanced and complex. This essay examines the value of education in contemporary society, emphasizing how it affects social justice, economic development, technological adaptation, and civic engagement. This study emphasizes the critical role that education plays in forming a sustainable and inclusive future by looking at theoretical frameworks, international case studies, and empirical data.

Over the past two decades, the learning of the English language has gained significant popularity among children. Vocabulary acquisition, being a crucial element of language learning, plays a key role in this process. Teachers employ various strategies to teach vocabulary, particularly to young learners. While traditional methods, such as repetition, are still commonly used, these approaches often lead to a loss of interest among young learners over time. In contrast, game-based methods have proven to sustain students' engagement and interest. This study aimed to enhance vocabulary understanding among young learners through educational games. Conducted at a kindergarten in Chirchik, the research involved 20 non-native young learners, aged 5 to 6 years. Participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 10 students. The experimental group was taught vocabulary through interactive games, while the control group learned using traditional repetition-based methods. This paper discusses the effectiveness of game-based learning activities and techniques in the vocabulary acquisition process.

Effective methods for teaching English play a critical role in ensuring successful language learning. As English becomes increasingly important for global communication, educators face the challenge of selecting the most effective teaching strategies. The strategic application of contemporary methodologies is currently proving valuable not only in language instruction but also across a range of other disciplines. This article examines different approaches to teaching English, assesses their effectiveness, and emphasizes the significance of choosing the right methods to enhance student outcomes. By analyzing modern techniques like communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and the direct method, the paper provides a deeper understanding of how these strategies facilitate language acquisition.

Ushbu maqolada chet ellarda mehnat qilayotgan o‘zbekistonlik migrantlarning tajribasi, ularning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy jihatdan O‘zbekistonga ko‘rsatayotgan ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Migratsiya oqibatida vujudga kelgan pul o‘tkazmalari, malaka orttirish imkoniyatlari, xorijiy tajribaning mamlakat taraqqiyotidagi o‘rni ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, uzoq muddatli migratsiya oqibatida yuzaga keladigan salbiy holatlar – oilaviy ajralish, demografik nomutanosiblik, ijtimoiy moslashuv muammolari haqida so‘z yuritiladi. Maqola O‘zbekiston uchun chet el tajribasidan foydalanish, qaytgan migrantlarni iqtisodiy hayotga jalb qilish bo‘yicha takliflar bilan yakunlanadi.

Maqolada axborotlashgan jamiyat fenomenining ijtimoiy ongga ta’siri va uning zamonaviy taraqqiyotdagi falsafiy mazmuni tahlil etiladi. Axborot texnologiyalarining rivojlanishi bilan vujudga kelayotgan ijtimoiy transformatsiyalar, tafakkur paradigmasining o‘zgarishi, bilim va axborotning jamiyat taraqqiyotidagi asosiy resursga aylanishi ijtimoiy-falsafiy yondashuvlar asosida baholanadi. Maqolada inson kapitali, ongli subyekt sifatida shaxs, raqamli tafovut, axborot tengsizligi kabi kategoriyalar muhokama qilinadi.

Bugungi kunda har bir insonning hayotiy faoliyati jamiyatning barcha qatlamiga kirib borgan axborot texnologiyalari bilan chambarchas bog‘liq ekani hech kimga sir emas. Dunyo yangi davr – axborot davrida yashamoqda.

This thesis explores the role of periphrasis in English political discourse, focusing on how indirect language functions as a strategic rhetorical device. Periphrasis, often viewed as a stylistic element, is shown to serve deeper ideological purposes, such as softening controversial statements, avoiding accountability, and shaping public perception. The study examines how political figures use vague, euphemistic, or passive constructions to influence meaning, obscure agency, and maintain authority. It also considers the sociolinguistic and psychological implications of such language use, particularly its impact on transparency and public trust. The thesis emphasizes that periphrasis is not only a linguistic choice but also a reflection of power dynamics in political communication.

The article investigates the ways in which bilingualism helps second language learners pronounce English more accurately. It is frequently discovered that bilingual people have improved auditory discrimination, improved metalinguistic abilities, and improved phonological awareness all of which help them learn how to pronounce words correctly in English. This paper makes the case that bilingualism gives students cognitive and perceptual advantages in pronunciation development by drawing on well-established linguistic theories, empirical research, and data from actual classrooms. The study also lists particular variables, such as instructional context, language distance, and age of acquisition, that mediate the relationship between pronunciation and bilingualism.

Ko‘chmas mulk bozori iqtisodiy tizimning muhim tarkibiy qismi bo‘lib, uning barqarorligi va samaradorligi mulk qiymatini to‘g‘ri baholashga bog‘liq. Iqtisodiy ko‘rsatkichlar asosida qiymatni aniqlash metodlari, xususan, ommaviy baholash, regression tahlil va kadastr qiymatining solishtirma ko‘rsatkichlari, mulk qiymatini aniqlashda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ushbu metodlar orqali mulk qiymatini aniqlashda obyektivlik va aniqlik ta'minlanadi.

O‘rta asrlar Markaziy Osiyoda Amir Temur va uning avlodlari tomonidan barpo etilgan davlat nafaqat qudratli bir siyosiy markaz, balki yuksak madaniyat va san’at o‘chog‘iga aylandi. Bu davrda ilm-fan, bunyodkorlik, tasviriy va amaliy san’at kabi sohalarda jahon madaniyatiga munosib hissa qo‘shilgani ayni haqiqatdir. Xususan, tasviriy san’at Temuriylar davri madaniyatida muhim o‘rin egallab, uning rivoji faqat estetik mezonlar bilan emas, balki siyosiy, ma’naviy va dunyoqarash mezonlari bilan ham chambarchas bog‘liq edi. Musavvirlik, miniatyura, zargarlik, ganchkorlik va boshqa san’at turlarining yuqori saviyada rivoj topishi nafaqat hukmdorlarning san’atga bo‘lgan ehtiromi, balki jamiyatda yangicha fikrlash uslubining shakllanishi bilan ham bog‘liqdir.

Ushbu maqolada o‘quvchilarni chiroyli yozuvga o‘rgatishning nafaqat ta’limiy, balki ijtimoiy ahamiyati haqida fikr yuritiladi. Chiroyli yozuv bola tafakkurini rivojlantirish, estetik didni shakllantirish va ijtimoiy muloqotda o‘zini aniq hamda ishonchli ifoda eta olish qobiliyatini kuchaytiradi. Maqolada maktabdagi yozuv darslarining tarbiyaviy roli, yozuv madaniyatini yosh avlod ongiga singdirish yo‘llari hamda bu jarayonning jamiyat rivojiga ta’siri yoritiladi.

Mazkur maqolada o’zbek tilining lug’at tarkibi, uning asosiy qatlamlari va manbalari haqida so’z yuritiladi. O’zbek tilining leksik boyligi xalqning tarixiy taraqqiyoti, madaniy aloqalari va ijtimoiy ehtiyojlari bilan chambarchas bog’liq ekani asoslab beriladi. Maqolada milliy leksika, o’zlashma so’zlar, dialektal birliklar, arxaizmlar, neologizmlar va terminlarning lug’at tarkibidagi o’rni ilmiy jihatdan lug’atida bo’lgan ayrim so’zlarning yangi ma’nolarini o’zlashtirish va shu kabi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, o’zbek tili lug’at tarkibining boyish va yangilanishiga ta’sir etuvchi  ichki hamda tashqi omillar alohida tahlil qilinadi. Leksik birliklarning uslubiy xususiyatlari, qo’llanish doiralari ham ko’rib chiqilib, ularning adabiy til rivojidagi ahamiyati ochib beriladi. O’quvchilar lug’atiga aniqlik kiritish va adabiy tilda ishlatilmaydigan so’zlarni o’quvchilar faol lug’atidan nofaol lug’atiga o’tkazish, o’quvchilar lug’atini boyitish,ya’ni yangi so’zlarni, shuningdek, bolalar lug’atida bo’lgan ayrim so’zlarning yangi ma’nolarini o’zlashtirish va shu kabi masalalar ko’rib chiqiladi.