No. 9 (2025) Modern Science and Research

Articles

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  THE EVOLUTION OF HOSPITALS IN INDIA: FROM RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS TO MODERN HEALTHCARE CENTRES India has long held a significant place in history as a cradle of science, art, and culture, serving as a center of civilization for the peoples of the world. Moreover, the peoples living in this land achieved remarkable advancements in medicine from ancient times and continued to develop their medical systems over centuries. This article will discuss the history of hospitals, which hold an unparalleled position in India’s medical system.

  Umidjon Rustamov , Suwiba Mir

  342-345

    

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  THE NECESSITY OF CENTRAL BANKS IN CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIES: CALLENGES, ADAPTATIONS, AND UZBEKISTAN’S EXPERIENCE This article examines the necessity of central banks in contemporary economies, with particular emphasis on their evolving functions, challenges, and adaptation strategies. Central banks today play a crucial role in maintaining monetary stability, managing inflation, supervising financial systems, and acting as lenders of last resort. The paper analyzes global challenges such as inflationary pressures, financial globalization, sovereign debt constraints, digital transformation, and the increasing demand for climate-related policies. It further explores the tools central banks have adopted worldwide, including inflation targeting, macroprudential regulation, unconventional monetary policies, and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). Special attention is given to Uzbekistan’s central banking experience, from its post-Soviet legacy to recent reforms such as currency liberalization, transition to inflation targeting, banking sector privatization, and modernization of monetary instruments. Comparative insights are drawn from both emerging and advanced economies, highlighting the importance of central bank independence, transparency, and innovation. The article concludes with global and Uzbekistan-specific policy recommendations, stressing the need for institutional strengthening, financial market development, and digital readiness to ensure sustainable and resilient central banking in the 21st century.

  Asadbek Eshmurodov

  246-248

    

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  THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL CARE This article explores the role of artificial intelligence in modern medical care and its transformative impact on healthcare systems. The study discusses the application of artificial intelligence in diagnostics, personalized medicine, treatment planning, and hospital management. It highlights how artificial intelligence improves the accuracy of medical decisions, supports early disease detection, and reduces human errors. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the importance of integrating artificial intelligence with clinical expertise rather than replacing medical professionals. Ethical concerns, data security, transparency, and regulation are identified as key challenges that must be addressed for safe and effective implementation. Overall, artificial intelligence is presented as a powerful tool that, when responsibly applied, enhances the quality, accessibility, and efficiency of healthcare services.

  Mukhlisa Keldiyorova

  259-263

    

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  TASHQI OMILLARNING INSON RUHIYATIGA TA’SIRI Mazkur maqolada inson ruhiyatiga tashqi omillarning, xususan, internet, ijtimoiy tarmoqlar va televideniyening inson ruhiyatiga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Yosh avlodda tezkor media mahsulotlari ta’sirida shakllanayotgan “klipcha tafakkur”ning xususiyatlari yoritiladi. Bolalarga erta yoshdan telefon berishning psixologik oqibatlari, diqqat va sabrning pasayishi kabi muammolar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, mazkur salbiy ta’sirlarni kamaytirishda media savodxonlikni keng tadbiq etishning pedagogik va ijtimoiy ahamiyati asoslab beriladi.

  Parizoda Tursunova

  264-266

    

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  INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD AND UZBEKISTAN This article discusses the emergence of the concept of inclusive education, a new form of education for children with disabilities, and the application of this form of education in Uzbekistan.

  Umidjon Rustamov

  267-271

    

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  MUHANDISLIK GRAFIKASI FANINI O‘QITISHDA RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALAR VA 3D-MODELLASHTIRISHNING AHAMIYATI Ushbu maqolada muhandislik grafikasi fanini o‘qitishda raqamli texnologiyalar va 3D-modellashtirishdan foydalanishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari tahlil qilingan. Mahalliy tadqiqotchilar ishlari asosida fazoviy tafakkurni rivojlantirish, mustaqil fikrlash va kasbiy raqobatbardoshlikni oshirish omillari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy dasturlardan foydalanishda pedagoglarning malakasini oshirish va texnik infratuzilmani takomillashtirish zarurligi asoslab berilgan.

  Gulhayo Chuliyeva

  346-350

    

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  NOMINATSIYALAR VA BADIIY ASARLARDA "TABU" ISTILOHINING YETAKCHILIK XUSUSIYATLARI VA O'RNI Ushbu maqolada ismlar yuzasidan tabu va naminatsiyalar haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan. Badiiy asarlarda tug'ilgan chaqaloqqa qo'yiladigan ismlar va turli vaziyatlarda beriladigan nomlar haqida fikr yuritilgan. Shuningdek, ismlar berilishi yuzasidan O'zbekiston xalq yozuvchisi O'tkir Hoshimovning "Dunyoning ishlari" asaridan, o'tkir kulgu ustasi Said Ahmadning "Qorako'z majnun" hikoyasidan hamda Ulug'bek Hamdamning "Ota" romanidan misollar keltirilgan.

  Shahzoda Ochilova

  272-275

    

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  BIOMEXANIKANING INSON SALOMATLIGIDAGI ROLI Mazkur maqolada biomexanikaning inson salomatligidagi o‘rni va ahamiyati yoritib berilgan. Unda biomexanika fanining mazmuni va rivojlanish tarixi, mushak-skelet tizimida harakat mexanizmlarini o‘rganishdagi o‘rni, tibbiyot va reabilitatsiya jarayonlarida qo‘llanilishi haqida ilmiy tahlillar keltirilgan. Shuningdek, sportda biomexanikaning qo‘llanishi, jarohatlarning oldini olish hamda samaradorlikni oshirishdagi roli ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Zamonaviy texnologiyalar, xususan sun’iy intellekt va robototexnika bilan uyg‘unlashgan biomexanikaning kelajakdagi istiqbollari ham batafsil muhokama qilingan. Maqola biomexanikaning nazariy asoslari bilan birga uning amaliy ahamiyatini ham ochib beradi.

  Muxlisa Keldiyorova

  125-127

    

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  ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ПЛОДОВ ЧЁРНЫЙ СМОРОДИНЫ ХОРЕЗМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ Выращиваемая смородина природно-климатических условиях Хорезмского региона насыщенно углеводами, витаминами и отличается по вкусу. Статье рассматривается макро-микроэлементы, богатый концентрация в составе чёрной смородины выращиваемой Хорезмском регионе.

  Анахон Атаджанова

  128-130

    

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  YANGI O‘ZBEKSITONDA KIBERXAVFSIZLIK VA MA’LUMOTLARNI HIMOYA QILISH Yangi O‘zbekiston sharoitida kiberxavfsizlik va ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish milliy siyosat, huquqiy baza, texnologik infratuzilma va kadrlar tayyorlashni o‘zaro uyg‘unlashtirishni talab etadi. Maqolada so‘nggi yillarda qabul qilingan qonunlar, strategik tashabbuslar, davlat va xususiy sektor hamkorligi, shuningdek, raqamli infratuzilmani himoya qilish bo‘yicha amaliy choralar tahlil qilinadi. Kiberxavfsizlik sohasida muammolar, xatarlar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari hamda kelajak uchun takliflar keltiriladi.

  Dostonbek Turonov

  131-136

    

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  TEXNOLOGIYA FANINI O‘QITISHDA INNOVATSION PEDAGOGIK TEXNOLOGIYALARNI QO‘LLASH Mazkur maqolada texnologiya fanini o‘qitishda innovatsion pedagogik texnologiyalardan samarali foydalanishning nazariy asoslari va amaliy jihatlari yoritiladi. Ta’lim jarayoniga yangi metodlarni tatbiq etish orqali o‘quvchilarda mustaqil fikrlash, ijodkorlik, muammoli vaziyatlarni hal qilish ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, interfaol metodlar, axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari, loyihaviy va modul asosida o‘qitish usullarining afzalliklari misollar yordamida ko‘rsatib beriladi.

  Alohidin Ibodov

  78-81

    

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  HAKIM TERMIZIYNING “AL-FURUQ VA MAN’U-T-TARODUF” ASARIDA SINONIMLARNI IZOHLASH USLUBI Termiziyning deyarli barcha kitoblarida lug‘atshunoslikka oid fikrlar va o‘ziga xos yondashuv uchraydi. Termiziy biror so‘zni keltirar ekan, albatta, ushbu so‘zning sharhida lug‘aviy jihatlarini batafsil yoritadi. Olim o‘z asarlarida biror mavzuga to‘xtalmoqchi bo‘lsa, shu mavzuga doir so‘zlar xoh diniy-ma’rifiy, xoh axloqiy-falsafiy mazmunga ega bo‘lsin, ularni doimo asl o‘zagiga, tub ma’nosiga qaytarishga harakat qiladi. U avval so‘zning asl ma’nosini izohlaydi, so‘ngra shunga asoslangan holda keyingi fikr va mulohazalarini bayon qiladi . Hakim Termiziy ta’lif etgan asarlari tadqiqi shuni ko‘rsatyaptiki, alloma ko‘plab kitoblarida tilshunos olimlarning sinonimiya nazariyasi haqidagi fikrlariga o‘zining dalillari, kognitiv qarashlariga tayangan tasavvufiy o‘ziga xos uslubiyatiga egadir.

  Fathiddin Muhammadjonov

  82-84

    

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  СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К РАННЕЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ СЕРДЦА Ишемическая болезнь сердца (ИБС) — главная причина смертности в большинстве стран. В основе ИБС лежит атеросклероз коронарных артерий, приводящий к нарушению перфузии миокарда. Часто первые клинические проявления (стенокардия напряжения, инфаркт) появляются уже на фоне выраженного поражения сосудов. Поэтому важнейшая задача современной медицины — выявление ИБС на доклинических стадиях. Стандарты ESC и ACC/AHA рекомендуют интегративный подход к диагностике, сочетающий клиническую оценку, функциональные тесты и визуализацию.

  Саидакбар Дилмуродов, Азизбек Муртазаев, Баходир Насриддинов

  85-88

    

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  CLINICAL STUDY COMPARING TOPICAL DEXAMETHASONE AND ARTIFICIAL TEAR DROPS IN THE TREATMENT OF VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS This study compares the effectiveness of topical dexamethasone and artificial tear drops in treating viral conjunctivitis. Dexamethasone provides rapid relief of inflammation but requires cautious use due to possible side effects. Artificial tears are safe for long-term use, reducing discomfort and supporting ocular surface hydration. Both approaches show benefits, and individualized or combined treatment may yield optimal outcomes.

  Shavkatjon Nabiyev

  89-90

    

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  THE ROLE OF BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS INJURY PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION This article examines the role of biomechanics in preventing sports injuries and supporting rehabilitation processes. It highlights the importance of biomechanical analysis in identifying risk factors such as improper posture, repetitive stress, and mechanical overload that contribute to athletic injuries. The study also discusses the application of biomechanics in designing preventive strategies, optimizing training methods, and developing protective equipment. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the role of biomechanics in rehabilitation programs, focusing on restoring functional movements, correcting muscular imbalances, and preventing re-injury. Future directions, including wearable technologies, artificial intelligence, and computer modeling, are explored as promising innovations that will enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of sports injury management. Overall, the article concludes that biomechanics is essential not only for injury prevention and rehabilitation but also for improving long-term health and athletic performance.

  Mukhlisa Keldiyorova

  91-93

    

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  TA’LIMDA AXBOROT-KOMMUNIKATSIYA TEXNOLOGIYALARI (AKT) VA ONLAYN TA’LIM mazkur maqola ta’lim sohasida axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari (AKT) va onlayn ta’limning ahamiyati, imkoniyatlari hamda cheklovlarini tahlil qiladi. AKTning pedagogik jarayonga integratsiyasi o‘quv samaradorligini oshirish, individualizatsiyalangan ta’limni amalga oshirish va resurslarga tezkor kirishni ta’minlash kabi ijobiy jihatlarni keltirib chiqaradi. Onlayn ta’lim formatlari (masofaviy kurslar, virtual sinflar, elektron resurslar) ta’limning demokratlashuvi va doimiy professional rivojlanish uchun qulay muhit yaratadi. Shu bilan birga, texnik infratuzilma, raqamli savodxonlikning yetishmasligi va motivatsiya muammolari kabi to‘siqlar mavjudligi ta’kidlanadi. Maqola muammolarni bartaraf etish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar — infratuzilmani mustahkamlash, o‘qituvchilar va o‘quvchilar uchun raqamli kompetensiyalarni oshirish, sifatli kontent va baholash vositalarini joriy etish —ni taklif etadi.

  Dostonbek Turonov

  94-99

    

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  THE RISE OF THE RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE PRESS IN TURKESTAN (1870–1917) This article explores the emergence of the Russian-language press in Turkestan from the 1870s to the early twentieth century. The founding of Turkestanskie vedomosti in 1870 marked the beginning of official Russian-language periodicals, which primarily served the administrative and ideological needs of the Tsarist regime. While functioning as a tool of colonial governance and Russification, the press also reflected wider intellectual and political currents, including the circulation of revolutionary ideas and the rise of national-bourgeois newspapers after 1905. By situating the press within the socio-political context of late imperial Turkestan, the article highlights its dual role as both an instrument of empire and a medium of cultural exchange.

  Umidjon Rustamov

  100-103

    

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  ABDULLA QAHHORNING “O‘G‘RI” HIKOYASI TAHLILI Ushbu maqolada Abdulla Qahhorning “O‘g‘ri” hikoyasidagi ijtimoiy-tanqidiy mazmun ochib berilgan. Asar qahramoni Qobil bobo timsolida o‘sha davr xalqining oddiy, soddadil va ishonuvchan qiyofasi tasvirlanadi.

  Tursunoy Abdullayeva

  276-277

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  A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE METHODS IN GRAMMAR TEACHING The teaching of grammar has consistently remained a critical issue in the field of language pedagogy. Different methodologies have been proposed to make the learning of grammar more effective, engaging, and sustainable. Among these, the inductive and deductive methods are considered the two most influential and widely discussed approaches. The inductive method prioritizes learner-centered discovery, where students are guided to notice and generalize grammatical patterns through examples. In contrast, the deductive method emphasizes explicit instruction, where the rule is introduced first and practice follows. This paper provides a comparative analysis of these two approaches, examining their theoretical basis, practical application, and impact on learners. By analyzing strengths, weaknesses, and contextual suitability, the study suggests that the most productive approach to grammar teaching is not to treat inductive and deductive methods as opposing forces but as complementary strategies.

  Mahliyokhon Soliyeva

  278-283

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  OLIY TA’LIM MUASSASALARIDA TAHSIL OLUVCHI TALABA QIZLARDA SPORT MUQOBAQALARIDAN SO‘G TIKLANISH JARAYONINI SMARADORLIGINI OSHIRISH METODIKASI Ushbu maqolada Jahonda malakali basketbolchi qizlarning yuklamalarga moslashish va organizmini qayta tiklanishi bo‘yicha murakkab sport yig‘inlaridan so‘ng organizmda sodir bo‘ladigan jarayonlar, lokal va global toliqish yoki o‘ta toliqish alomatlarini paydo bo‘lishi sabablarini aniqlash va ularni bartaraf qilish yuzasidan ko‘plab ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari olib borilgan.

  Umidaxon Eshmanova, Sabrina Raximova, Zaynab Ikramova

  284-290

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  IQLIM OZGARISHINING O‘ZBEKISTON IQTISODIYOTIGA TA’SIRI VA YECHIMLARI Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda iqlim o‘zgarishining asosiy sabablari va uning oqibatlari yoritilgan. Haroratning ortishi, yog‘ingarchilikning kamayishi va suv tanqisligi qishloq xo‘jaligi hamda iqtisodiyotga bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatayotgani tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, iqlim o‘zgarishiga moslashish choralaridan — suvdan samarali foydalanish, ekologik monitoringni kuchaytirish va aholining ekologik ongini oshirish zarurligi haqida fikrlar bildirilgan.

  Sevinch Abdushukurova

  291-294

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  TAʼLIMDA INNOVATSION TADQIQOTLAR VA TEXNOLOGIYALAR: IMKONIYATLAR, TAHLILLAR VA ISTIQBOLLAR Ushbu maqola taʼlim sohasida innovatsion tadqiqotlar va zamonaviy texnologiyalarning joriy etilishi, ularning imkoniyatlari va istiqbollarini tahlil qilishga bagʻishlangan. Maqola zamonaviy taʼlim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalar, sun'iy intellekt, virtual va aralash reallik kabi innovatsion vositalarning pedagogik jarayonlarga taʼsirini koʻrsatadi. Natijalar shuni koʻrsatadiki, innovatsion texnologiyalarning maqsadli va tizimli joriy etilishi taʼlim sifatini sezilarli darajada oshirishi, talabalarning motivatsiyasi va faol ishtirokini kuchaytirishi mumkin.

  Gulnoza Abduqayumova

  295-298

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  SHAHAR JAMOAT TRANSPORTI YO‘NALISHLARINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISHDA DIJKSTRA ALGORITMINING AHAMIYATI (FARG‘ONA SHAHRI MISOLIDA) Shahar jamoat transporti tizimida yo‘lovchilar oqimini samarali boshqarish va marshrutlarni optimallashtirish dolzarb masalalardan biridir. Ushbu tadqiqotda Dijkstra algoritmining nazariy asoslari va graflar nazariyasidagi o‘rni tahlil qilinib, uning avtobus yo‘nalishlarini rejalashtirishdagi qo‘llanish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqildi. Farg‘ona shahri transport ma’lumotlari asosida algoritmning amaliy qo‘llanilishi o‘rganilib, foydalanuvchilar uchun eng qisqa marshrutni tanlashga yordam beruvchi konseptual model ishlab chiqildi. Tadqiqot natijalari algoritmning transport tizimida samaradorlikni oshirishdagi ahamiyatini ko‘rsatdi.

  Zamirbek Xametov

  299-304

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  METODIKA FANINING TA'LIM JARAYONIDAGI O‘RNI VA AHAMIYATI Metodika fani ta'lim jarayonining samarali bo‘lishini ta'minlashda asosiy o‘rin tutadi. Ushbu maqolada metodika fanining ta'limdagi roli, metodik yondashuvlar va uslublar, o‘qitishning turli metodlari va ularning samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada metodikaning o‘quvchilarni ta'lim olishga qiziqtirishdagi ahamiyati, o‘qitish va o‘rganish jarayonlaridagi innovatsion metodlarni qo‘llashning zaruriyati va maqsadlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shu bilan birga, metodika fanining o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlashda qanday muhim o‘rin tutishi haqida ham so‘z yuritiladi.

  Tursunoy Abdullayeva

  351-353

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  HAMSHIRALIK ISHIDA BEMOR BILAN SAMARALI MULOQOTNING O‘RNI VA AHAMIYATI Hamshiralik ishida bemor bilan samarali muloqot tibbiy yordamning asosiy elementlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Ushbu maqola muloqotning hamshiralik jarayonidagi o‘rnini va ahamiyatini nazariy jihatdan tahlil qiladi, uning bemorlarning ruhiy va jismoniy holatini yaxshilashdagi rolini ko‘rsatadi. Maqolada samarali muloqotning nazariy asoslari, strategiyalari, to‘siqlari va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari muhokama qilinadi. Muloqotning bemor markazli yondashuvdagi o‘rni ta’kidlanib, hamshiralarning kasbiy malakasini oshirish zarurligi ko‘rsatiladi.

  Bibixonim Moʻsaxonova , Visolaxon Xomidova

  354-357

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