№ 9 (2025) Modern Science and Research

Статьи

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  OʻZBEK TILI DARSLARIDA NUTQIY KOMPETENSIYANI RIVOJLANTIRISHDA AI NING OʻRNI VA AHAMIYATI Tezisda oʻzbek tili darslarida o‘quvchilarning nutqiy kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish jarayonida sun’iy intellekt (AI) texnologiyalaridan foydalanish masalasi tahlil qilinadi. Sun’iy intellekt vositalarining til o‘qitishdagi imkoniyatlari, ularning interaktiv muhit yaratish, o‘quvchini mustaqil fikrlash va og‘zaki hamda yozma nutq ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Shuningdek, nutqiy kompetensiyani rivojlantirishga xizmat qiluvchi innovatsion yondashuvlar, o‘qituvchi va sun’iy intellektning o‘zaro hamkorligi, bu jarayondagi samaradorlik va amaliy ahamiyat masalalari ochib beriladi.

  Sitora Bobojonova

  5-7

    

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  ATTENTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEK PHILOSOPHY IN THE 21ST CENTURY, UZBEK PHILOSOPHERS AND THEIR SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE This article analyzes the development of Uzbek philosophy in the 21st century and its role in shaping the idea of national independence and spirituality. The main focus is on the scientific heritage and philosophical views of modern Uzbek philosophers – academics I. Muminov, M. Baratov, M. Khayrullaev, S. Shermukhamedov, O. Fayzullaev – highlighting their importance in youth education, national self-awareness, and societal development. The renewal of philosophical thinking during the independence period, its significance and tasks in social life are also examined. Furthermore, the article analyzes the historical roots, current state, and future prospects of Uzbek philosophy on an international scale.

  Oybek Ergashev

  8-10

    

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  THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT This article analyzes the historical formation and developmental stages of socio-philosophical thought. Social philosophy examines the relationship between individuals and society, the nature of social systems, and the essence of concepts such as justice, freedom, and equality from a philosophical perspective. The article highlights the evolution of these ideas from ancient Eastern and Western philosophy to modern social theories, with particular attention given to key directions and the ideas of thinkers. The contribution of Central Asian thinkers to the development of social philosophy, as well as the significance of philosophical perspectives in modern society, is examined.

  Oybek Ergashev

  11-12

    

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  THE JADID MOVEMENT IN TURKESTAN AND ITS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE This article analyzes the emergence of the Jadid movement in Turkestan, its socio-political foundations, main directions, representatives, its role in national awakening, and its historical significance. The educational activities of the Jadids, their literary heritage, contributions to the press and theatre, as well as their struggle against colonialism are examined in detail.

  Oybek Ergashev

  13-15

    

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  THE IMPACT OF THE DEATH OF THE ACCUSED AND CONVICTED ON THE ENFORCEMENT OF PUNISHMENTS: PERSPECTIVES FROM AFGHAN CRIMINAL LAW It is an undeniable and fundamental principle that every individual is accountable for their criminal actions and consequently subject to punishment. Punishment serves not only as a necessary and legitimate means of social protection but also as an instrument for the rehabilitation of the offender. However, the implementation of certain forms of punishment—especially corporal penalties—may become impracticable or impossible when the accused or convicted individual passes away. It is therefore essential to determine which punishments are extinguished by the death of the offender and which remain unaffected. This study aims to explore the effects of the death of the accused and the convicted on the enforcement of punishments from the perspective of Afghan criminal law. Employing a library-based, descriptive-analytical approach, the researcher draws on relevant literature to investigate the issue. Findings reveal that if the accused dies during pre-trial judicial procedures—such as investigation or prosecution—the proceedings are halted and discontinued. Conversely, if the convicted dies following the issuance of a final court verdict, all corporal and capital punishments, including imprisonment and execution, become null and void. It is noteworthy, however, that the death of the accused terminates civil liabilities and confiscation of illicit assets, while the death of the convicted does not impede the enforcement of financial penalties, compensation claims, or the seizure of unlawful property.

  Abdul Raqib Zargham , Omid Shah Ahmadi, Kambiz Rahmani

  16-21

    

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  FROM CRIME TO LIABILITY: A STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT ROLES IN THE COMMISSION OF OFFENSES UNDER THE AFGHAN PENAL CODE In the Afghan criminal justice system, criminal liability is determined in a simple and direct manner only when all elements of the offense are committed by a single individual. However, when multiple persons are involved in the commission of an offense, identifying the type and degree of liability for each requires precise legal analysis. The central question of this research is: How has the Afghan legislator classified and defined the different forms of participation in an offense within the Penal Code? Proceeding from the assumption that the legislator distinguishes in the Penal Code between principal offenders, co-perpetrators, accomplices, and other subsidiary forms of participation, this study examines the relevant legal provisions and seeks to clarify the scope of criminal liability for each party involved. The main objective of the research is to provide a clear understanding of the jurisprudential and legal concepts of direct commission, co-participation, and complicity in crime. The research method is descriptive–analytical, and the data has been gathered from library sources, particularly the Afghan Penal Code and scholarly opinions. The findings demonstrate that the Afghan Penal Code, in Articles 57, 58, 59, 70, and 71, explicitly addresses various forms of participation in crime and assigns appropriate criminal liability to each. This legal differentiation plays a significant role in achieving criminal justice.

  Mohammad Abrahim Masoun, Abdul Haq Qaderi

  22-33

    

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  REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS AND SCOPE OF THE RULE “IDRĀʾ AL-ḤUDŪD BI AL-SHUBUHĀT” (DEFERRAL OF HUDŪD DUE TO DOUBTS) In jurisprudential terminology, doubt means confusion and error in religious rulings, in such a way that a matter seems permissible from one perspective and forbidden from another. One of the important types of doubt is doubt of the path, which results from the ijtihadist disagreement of jurists based on conflict or convergence of evidence. In such a case, due to the impossibility of definitively preferring one of the opinions, the issue remains in a state of ambiguity that makes it difficult to apply the Islamic hadd to it. From the perspective of jurisprudential principles, the principles of abolishing the limits in doubt of the path include the principles of precaution, consideration of differences, conflict of evidence, and the principles of ratification and error. The purpose of this research is to examine the concept and scope of the rule of the adre al-hudud based on doubts. The question raised in this research is: What is the concept and scope of the rule of the adre al-hudud based on doubts? It seems that the rule of "adrā' al-hudūd bil-shubahat" is one of the fundamental principles of Islamic criminal jurisprudence, which aims to prevent the implementation of hadīth punishments in case of doubt. This research was conducted using library tools and an analytical-descriptive method. The findings of the research show that whenever jurisprudential opinions on a hadīth issue are formed based on strong but conflicting reasons, this same difference will lead to the removal of the hadīth, because in Sharia, the application of hadīth punishment requires certainty in the verdict. The aforementioned rule, in line with the principle of caution in blood, property and honor, plays an important role in protecting defendants against hadīth punishments.

  Mohmmad Younes Nadaie, Mohammad Younes Mohammadi, Abdul Qadeer Nadei

    

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  THE ROLE OF THE VICTIM (MAJNI ‘ALAYH) IN THE COMMISSION OF TAʿZIR CRIMES The present research, entitled “The Role of the Victim (Majni ‘Alayh) in the Commission of Taʿzir Crimes”, examines the position of the victim in the process of criminal occurrence. In classical legal systems, the victim was predominantly regarded as an innocent party, deserving unconditional protection; however, modern victimology reveals that the victim may also play an active role in the genesis of crime. The value of this research lies in its focus on taʿzir crimes, demonstrating how the conduct, personal characteristics, and social conditions of the victim can contribute to the commission of crime and, in certain cases, influence the determination of the type and degree of penal response. The importance of this subject stems from the fact that identifying the role of the victim not only assists criminal policymakers in adopting preventive measures, but also serves as a decisive factor in judicial proceedings and criminal justice. The objective of this research is to analyze legal and jurisprudential cases in order to clarify the relationship between the victim’s actions and the commission of crime, thereby uncovering dimensions of the issue that have received less scholarly attention. The principal research question is centered on the extent to which the victim can play a role in the commission of taʿzir crimes, and how this role impacts criminal policy and penal response. The research method is library-based, relying on legal, jurisprudential, and criminological sources, and the type of research is descriptive–analytical. The findings indicate that in crimes against persons, property, and individual freedoms, the victim’s role may range from provocation to facilitation of the crime; in some cases, the legislator has even adjusted or modified the penal response based on the victim’s conduct. These findings underscore the necessity of incorporating victimology into Afghanistan’s criminal policy and reconsidering the framework of victim protection.

  Mohmmad Younes Nadaie, Qadarddin Akbari, Abdul Qadeer Nadei

  44-56

    

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  PALATINE TONSILS: CURRENT EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The palatine tonsils, commonly referred to as tonsils, are paired lymphoid structures located in the oropharynx and play an essential role in mucosal and systemic immunity. They are a part of the Waldeyer’s ring, which also includes the pharyngeal tonsil, lingual tonsils, and tubal tonsils. Despite their relatively small size, the palatine tonsils contribute significantly to immune surveillance by being the first line of defense against inhaled or ingested pathogens. In recent decades, the importance of tonsillar tissue has gained attention not only in the context of recurrent infections but also in relation to autoimmune diseases, microbial colonization, and even oncological conditions. With the development of advanced laboratory methods, a surge of experimental research has been directed towards understanding the immunological, morphological, and molecular characteristics of the palatine tonsils. This article provides an overview of the anatomical and physiological aspects of the tonsils, highlights current research trends, and discusses modern treatment approaches.

  Umida Khamraeva

  57-60

    

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  ОБЗОР КОНЦЕРТА N 3 ДЛЯ ФОРТЕПИАНО И ОРКЕСТРА ГАИПА ДЕМЕСИНОВА В данной статье рассматриваются концерты одного из профессиональных каракалпакских композиторов, Гаипа Демесинова, которые являются одними из самых ценных произведений. В статье подробно обсуждается его концерт No3 для фортепиано и оркестра с музыкальной точки зрения.

  Гульдана Сегизбаева

  61-68

    

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  MONETAR SIYOSATNING TIJORAT BANKLARIDA CHAKANA BANK XIZMATLARIGA TA’SIRI VA ULARNI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH YO‘LLARI Ushbu maqolada monetar siyosatning tijorat banklari chakana xizmatlariga ta’siri nazariy va amaliy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Asosiy e’tibor Markaziy bank tomonidan qo‘llaniladigan pul-kredit siyosati instrumentlariga, ularning O‘zbekiston sharoitida qo‘llanishi hamda tijorat banklarining chakana xizmatlari rivojlanishiga ko‘rsatgan ta’siriga qaratilgan. Shuningdek, xalqaro tajribalar asosida takomillashtirish yo‘llari ishlab chiqilgan.

  Zafar Abdixamidov

  69-73

    

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  BOLALARDA RAXIT (NUTRITIV VA NO-NUTRITIV SHAKLLAR): ETIOLOGIYA, KLINIKA, TASHXIS VA DAVOLASH Raxit — o‘sayotgan suyaklarda mineralizatsiya buzilishi bilan kechuvchi kasallik bo‘lib, asosan D vitamini yetishmovchiligi yoki parhezdagi kalsiy tanqisligi natijasida yuzaga keladi. Ushbu maqolada raxitning etiologiyasi (nutritiv D vitamini yetishmovchiligi, kalsiy yetishmovchiligi, irsiy va buyrak kasalliklari bilan bog‘liq shakllar), patogenezi, klinik belgilari (kraniotabes, "rachitik munchoqlar", Harrison egati, bo‘g‘imlar kengayishi, oyoqlarning qiyshayishi), laborator va rentgen tashxisi, differensial tashxis, asoratlar, shuningdek zamonaviy davolash va profilaktika yondashuvlari yoritiladi.

  Fayzullo Zokirov, Abdulloh Maxmudov , G’afur Maxmanazarov

  74-76

    

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  FUTBOLCHILARNI SARALAB OLISHNING ILMIY-NAZARIY TAHLILI Maqolada futbolchilarni tanlab olish va saralash muammosining o‘rganilganligi, mavjud muammolari va ularni qanday hal qilish yo‘llari muhokama qilingan. Futbolda saralab olish bo‘yicha olib borilgan ishlarni dolzarbligi, bugungi kunda futbolchilarni saralab olish va tayyorlashda amalga oshirilishi lozim bo‘lgan tadqiqotlar bo‘yicha xulosalar berilgan.

  Obidjon Igamberdiyev

  77-85

    

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  THE SECRET LIFE OF YOUR BRAIN AROUND PLANTS This article explores the profound and often overlooked relationship between plants and the human brain, drawing on insights from neuroscience, psychology, and therapeutic practice. Beginning with humanity’s evolutionary roots in nature, it examines the concept of biophilia and how modern urban living has disrupted this connection. The discussion then turns to the contemporary revival of houseplants, highlighting evidence that even brief exposure to greenery enhances happiness, productivity, and emotional well-being. The psychology of green is presented as a central factor, with studies showing its calming influence, restorative effects, and ability to improve cognitive performance in both daily life and workplace settings. Finally, the article emphasizes gardening as a form of horticultural therapy, underscoring its capacity to reduce stress, strengthen social ties, and promote mindfulness. Together, these findings reveal that plants are far more than ornamental, they are vital companions that nurture human health, creativity, and resilience in an increasingly urbanized and digital world.

  Zakhro Sodikova

  86-88

    

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  SURUNKАLI TONZILLITNING YOSHGА BOG’LIQ HOLDА KECHISHI Tadqiqot izlanishlarimiz BVKTBK LOR-boʼlimida va Buxoro shaxar 3 OP da oʼtkazildi. Tekshirishda jami 70 ta 3 yoshdan 7 yoshgacha bo’lgan bolalar tashkil etdi, shulardan 50 (71%) ta bola - surunkali tonzillit tashxisi bilan davolangan bemor bolalar - asosiy guruxni va taqqoslovchi guruxni 20 (29%) ta sog’lom bola tashkil etdi.

  Umidа Xаmroevа

  4-5

    

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  BIRINCHI SINF O'QUVCHILARI OG'ZAKI NUTQ MALAKALARINI O'QUV TOPSHIRIQLARI ORQALI SHAKLLANTIRISH METODIKASI Kichik yoshli o'quvchilarda og'zaki nutqni rivojlantirish zamonaviy ta'limning muhim vazifalaridan biridir. Og'zaki nutq bola rivojlanishida muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lib, kelajakda yozma va kognitiv rivojlanishning asosini tashkil etadi, shuningdek, bolalar o'rtasidagi ijtimoiy o'zaro ta'sir vositasi sifatida ham ishlatiladi.

  P.I. Abdalieva

  6-8

    

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  ǴÁREZSIZLIK JILLARINDA ARXEOLOGIYA ILIMINDE QARAQALPAQSTANDA ALIP BARILǴAN XALIQARALIQ BIRGE ISLESIWLER HÁM ONIŃ NÁTIYJELERI Maqalada ǵárezsizlik jıllarında Qaraqalpaqstanda alıp barılǵan arxeologiyalıq izertlewler hám ashılıwlar, arxeologiya tarawına bolǵan itibar, sırt el mámleketlerdiń ilimpazları menen birgeliktegi arxeologiyalıq izlenisler haqqında sóz etiledi.

  Raxat Ilauatdinov

  9-12

    

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  BOSHLANǴICH SINF DARSLARINI ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR ASOSIDA TASHKIL ETISH Maqola boshlangʻich sinf oʻqituvchilarining kasbiy mahoratini oshirish yoʻllariga bagʻishlangan. Unda yangi avlod darsliklarining yaratilishi, oʻquvchilarda kreativ, kritik va kollovarativ qobilyatlarining shakillanishida oʻqituvchilarining zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalardan samarali foydalanish zarurati, 1-sinf “Informatika” darsligi yuzasidan namunaviy dars ishlanma yoritib berilgan.

  Gulshiraxan Yusupova

  4-7

    

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  JADIDLAR TAFAKKURI VA FAOLIYATIDA MAORIF MASALALARI Jadidchilik harakatining eng muhim tomonlari ma’rifatparvarlik g‘oyalari bo‘lib, bu g‘oyalar o‘qish va o‘qitish usullariga isloh kiritish – yangi usul maktablarini tashkil qilish, o‘quvchilarga zamonaviy bilimlar berish, Sharq va G‘arb tillarini o‘rgatish, darsliklar yaratishda, ayniqsa yorqin ko‘rinadi. O‘zlari tashkil qilgan maorif tizimi orqali shakllanib kelayotgan yoshlarga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatishga intilganlar. Yangi usul maktablari Turkistonda jadid ma’rifatchiligining dastlabki qadami bo‘lishi bilan birga to bu harakat siyosiy tus olguniga qadar o‘z ahamiyatini yo‘qotmadi.

  Nargiza Nosirova

  8-9

    

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  BODOMSIMON BEZLARNING AUTOIMMUN YALLIG‘LANISHI: KLINIK VA PATOGENETIK XUSUSIYATLARI Otorinolaringologiya va klinik immunologiyada bodomsimon bezlarning surunkali yallig‘lanishi keng tarqalgan patologiya hisoblanadi. So‘nggi yillarda ushbu kasallikning autoimmun mexanizmlar bilan bog‘liqligi alohida ilmiy qiziqish uyg‘otmoqda. Autoimmun tonzillit (AIT) immun tizimining o‘z limfoid to‘qimalariga nisbatan toleransiyaning buzilishi natijasida rivojlanadi. Bu holatda bodomsimon bezlarda davomli yallig‘lanish jarayoni kuzatilib, u nafaqat mahalliy, balki butun organizmning immunologik disbalansiga olib keladi.

  Umidа Xаmroevа

  10-11

    

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  NEFT BITUMINING KIMYOVIY TARKIBI VA XUSUSIYATLARI Mazkur maqolada neft bitumining kimyoviy tarkibi, molekulyar tuzilishi, fizik-kimyoviy xususiyatlari va ularning sanoatdagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Asfaltenlar, smolalar, aromatik uglevodorodlar, parafin va boshqa komponentlarning bitum tarkibidagi roli ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Bitumning qovushqoqlik, yumshoqlik, penetratsiya ko‘rsatkichlari hamda qarish jarayonlari keng yoritilgan. Bundan tashqari, bitumning yo‘l qurilishi, gidroizolyatsiya, qurilish materiallari ishlab chiqarish va modifikatsiyalangan bitum turlari orqali qo‘llanilish imkoniyatlari haqida ma’lumotlar berilgan.

  Muxtor Maxmudov , Duysenbay Abdikamalov

  5-8

    

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  АДВОКАТУРАНИ ИНСТИТУТИНИНГ ҲУҚУҚИЙ АСОСЛАРИ ВА АҲАМИЯТИ Ушбу мақолада адвокатура институнинг жамият хаётидаги аҳамияти ва унинг ривожланиши мустақилликнинг дастлабки йилларидан бошлаб ёритилган. Бундан ташқари адвокатура фақат тизим сифатида ўрганилмай, илмий тадқиқот обекти сифатида олимларимиз томонидан ўрганилганлик масалалари ҳам чуқур таҳлил этилган.

  Дилноза Шокирова

  9-13

    

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  EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NATIONAL MUSIC This article discusses the special role of wise words in national music in education, leading to intelligence, humanity, and in the upbringing of a person.

  Uldawlet Sarsenbaeva

  14-15

    

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  ЖАНР НОКТЮРН В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ Г.ДЕМEСИНОВА В данной статье рассматриваются произведения в жанре ноктюрн, созданные известным профессиональным композитором каракалпакского народа Гаипом Демесиновым. В статье в основном анализируются его Ноктюрны No1, 2, 3 и ноктюрны, написанные для ансамбля альтистов и фортепиано.

  Гульдана Сегизбаева

  16-21

    

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  O'ZBEKISTON TIJORAT BANKALARINING KAPITAL KO'RSATKICHLARI VA MOLIYAVIY BARQARORLIK INDIKATORLARI ORASIDAGI BOG'LIQLIK Ushbu tadqiqot O'zbekiston tijorat bankalarining kapital ko'rsatkichlari va moliyaviy barqarorlik indikatorlari orasidagi bog'liqlikni tahlil qilishga qaratilgan. Tadqiqotda Basel III talablariga muvofiq kapital yetarligi koeffitsienti, asosiy kapital nisbati va moliyaviy barqarorlik ko'rsatkichlari o'rtasidagi korrelyatsiya tahlil qilinadi. Natijalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, kapital ko'rsatkichlarining yaxshilanishi moliyaviy barqarorlikni mustahkamlashga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Tadqiqot moliyaviy tizim barqarorligini ta'minlash uchun optimal kapital siyosatini ishlab chiqishda amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi.

  Ozoda Kobilova

  22-25

    

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