№ 4 (2025) Models and methods in modern science

Maqolada bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilarning ijodiy fikrlashini shakllantirishga yordam beradigan pedagogik texnologiyalar haqida umumiy ma'lumot berilgan. Bu bo‘lajak o‘qituvchilarda ijodkorlikning shakllanish darajalari, ijodiy fikrlashidagi farqlar va tasvirlangan shakllar va o‘qitish usullarining ijodiy fikrlashni shakllantirishga ta'siri haqida yoritilgan.

The purpose of the subject of mother tongue is to form language-related knowledge, skills and competencies in the student, to form logical, critical, and creative thinking skills, to develop students' speech culture and communication skills, at the same time, to form spiritual and moral qualities such as national pride, patriotism, humanity, correctness, and honesty, to equip them with the skills of adhering to literary and moral standards, to develop social, emotional, and civic competencies in students and, through this, to understand their place in society and civic duty, to form competencies such as a critical approach to problematic situations, to develop skills aimed at turning students into active participants in social life, to help students become mature individuals, that is, to form qualities such as independent thinking, self-management, and setting life plans in them, to take into account their individual characteristics, abilities, needs, and interests, and to provide them with the necessary support for their individual development. Achieving the goal of today's native language education is a priority in the teaching of the native language.

This article highlights the importance of children's reading. The author emphasizes the role of reading in the formation of children's psyche, thinking and worldview. Children's reading is not only a source of knowledge, but also develops their creative thinking, helps to master emotional and moral values. The article considers the need for children's books to be of high quality and enlightening, as well as the need to develop a reading culture in children as an important issue. The social and educational role of reading, the role of the family and society in promoting a reading culture are also discussed.

Mazkur ilmiy maqolada Tamarix turkumiga mansub yulg‘un o‘simligining biologik, ekologik, xo‘jalik va landshaftsozlikdagi ahamiyati batafsil tahlil etiladi. Yulg‘unning turli tabiiy muhitga moslashuvi, ekologik muvozanatni ta’minlashdagi o‘rni, cho‘l va yarim cho‘l hududlaridagi tabiiy jarayonlardagi ishtiroki, inson faoliyatidagi amaliy qiymati – ilmiy asosda yoritiladi. Shu bilan birga, yulg‘unni ko‘paytirish texnologiyasi va parvarishlash xususiyatlari ham keltirilgan.

The incidence of spleen injury is 22.3-30% in abdominal organ trauma and ranks second among parenchymatous organ ruptures.

Pedagogical skills are fundamental in the teaching of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), as they directly influence language acquisition, learner engagement, and classroom management. This paper examines the significance of key pedagogical competencies such as lesson planning, classroom management, differentiated instruction, and assessment strategies. Through a combination of empirical data from real classroom observations and theoretical perspectives from educational psychology, this study highlights the positive correlation between well-developed pedagogical skills and effective language teaching. Specific examples from observed EFL classes are included, along with theoretical discussions drawing on key language acquisition theories. The study concludes by offering practical recommendations for educators to refine their pedagogical strategies for optimal learning outcomes.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), a condition requiring renal replacement therapy such as hemodialysis (HD). The advent of HD has significantly increased the life expectancy of patients with ESRD, extending survival by an average of 10–12 years. However, the prospect of lifelong dialysis treatment remains a source of physical, psychological, and social distress for many patients. The treatment involves considerable lifestyle adjustments, including restricted mobility, strict dietary controls, limited fluid intake, dependence on medical technology, and a marked reduction in the quality of life (QoL).

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida diniy erkinlikning konstitutsiyaviy va huquqiy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Diniy erkinlik tushunchasi, uning davlat siyosati va huquqiy-me’yoriy asoslari o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekistonda diniy erkinlikni ta’minlash borasidagi islohotlar va xalqaro tajribalar bilan taqqoslash keltiriladi. Maqolada mavjud qonunchilik bazasi hamda diniy erkinlikni ta’minlashga qaratilgan huquqiy mexanizmlar muhokama qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada talabalarni baholash uchun mo‘ljallangan test tizimining ishlash prinsiplari, dasturiy ta’minoti va samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Test tizimi talabalar bilimini avtomatlashtirilgan tarzda baholash imkoniyatini yaratib, inson omilining ta’sirini kamaytiradi. Maqolada test tizimining arxitekturasi, asosiy komponentlari va uning dasturiy yechimi ko‘rib chiqiladi. Bundan tashqari, test tizimining ta’lim jarayoniga ta’siri va undan samarali foydalanish usullari ham tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada jadidchilik harakatining O‘zbekistondagi milliy uyg‘onish jarayoniga ta’siri tarixiy-adabiy yondashuv asosida tahlil etiladi. Jadid adiblarining asarlarida milliy uyg‘onish g‘oyalari qanday ifoda etilgani yoritiladi.

Несмотря на хорошие анатомические и функциональные результаты хирургии, дисфункция поверхности глаза может оказывать значительное влияние на качество жизни, снижая удовлетворенность пациента после хирургических вмешательств.

Ревматоидный артрит является одной из самых распространенных патологий в мире. По статистике, в Узбекистане он встречается у 6-10% мужчин, у 20-25% женщин и поражает в основном женскую половину населения. В последнее время в литературе все чаще появляются исследования, посвященные изучению физиологического состояния печени. По данным некоторых исследований, присоединение патологии со стороны гепатобилиарной системы существенно влияет на качество жизни больных с системными заболеваниями, в частности ревматоидным артритом.

In educating the young generation as a well-rounded person, music culture lessons taught in schools have a great spiritual, educational, and educational significance. In such a situation, music is a fine art based on national values, a science, a folk art, a language, a language, a tool that helps to deeply understand the educational significance of the content of spiritual, cultural, and educational events. A music culture teacher has his own place and position as a specialist who promotes national enlightenment, spirituality, culture, and moral education in general secondary schools and out-of-school institutions, in music culture lessons and through musical festive events. At the stage of development of our society, the spiritual, educational, cultural formation of our youth as individuals is an urgent problem.

Ревматоидный артрит является одной из самых распространенных патологий в мире. По статистике, в Узбекистане он встречается у 6-10% мужчин, у 20-25% женщин и поражает в основном женскую половину населения. В последнее время в литературе все чаще появляются исследования, посвященные изучению физиологического состояния печени. По данным некоторых исследований, присоединение патологии со стороны гепатобилиарной системы существенно влияет на качество жизни больных с системными заболеваниями, в частности ревматоидным артритом.

This thesis is dedicated to the importance of interdisciplinary integration in developing the 4K skills (critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration) essential for modern education in future biology teachers. It explores how an interdisciplinary approach, by linking biology with other subjects such as chemistry, geography, and physics, enhances students' analytical, creative, communicative, and collaborative abilities.

In the process of education and upbringing, which are the basis of society, human qualities, worldview, personal and professional abilities are formed and developed. After all, a person changes a person, and a person is changed by education and upbringing. Especially today, at the new stage of development of Uzbekistan, on the threshold of the third renaissance, there is a growing need for a new conceptual concept that unites society, promotes cohesion and ensures national solidarity.

Mazkur maqolada talabalarga algoritmik tillar va dasturlash asoslari fanini oʼqitishning umumiy xususiyatlari shu bilan birga dasturlash asoslari taʼlimida metodik innovatsiyalarning mazmun-mohiyati haqida fikirlar yuritilgan, Аlgoritmik faoliyatni oʼzlashtirish, algoritmlarni yaratish va ularni bajarish koʼnikmasini shakllantirish oʼquvchi mustaqil ravishda hal qila oladigan amaliy masalalar sinfini kengaytirish imkonini berishi, algoritmik tillarga oid manbalarning nazariy va amaliy aspektlari atroflicha tahlil qilingan.

This study proposes a numerical method for investigating the isothermal state of an elementary section of a pipe with a given inlet pressure, outlet mass flow rate, and known initial distributions of mass flow and pressure. A quasi-one-dimensional model reflects the linear relationship between fluid density and pressure, considering the quadratic resistance law and the volumetric compressibility coefficient of the fluid. The governing equations and conditions were modified through the introduction of dimensionless variables and opposing wave propagation. To solve the nonlinear equations of moving waves, a first-order accuracy scheme and an anti-flow scheme were applied. The nonlinear boundary condition was satisfied with high accuracy using the Newton’s iteration method. The study identifies the characteristics of the transition process to a new operating regime of the linear pipe section, where the mass flow rate, pressure, and velocity are represented by multi-joint curves. The results show the influence of sharp boundary condition changes on the system's response and provide a detailed analysis of the flow's behavior.

В статье описана точка зрения автора на проблемы развития миграции, которая считается актуальной в современном обществе, а также предпринята попытка объективно проанализировать состояние процессов миграции среди молодежи.

Environmental noise—commonly referred to as unwanted or harmful sound—is increasingly recognized as a significant urban health hazard. Originating from traffic systems, industrial operations, construction sites, and communal activities, noise pollution disrupts urban living and contributes to a range of health complications. Prolonged exposure to high sound pressure levels can lead to auditory damage, cardiovascular disorders, sleep irregularities, and psychological stress.

This study evaluates the impact of functional MRI (fMRI) and MR-tractography on surgical outcomes in children with brain tumors in eloquent areas. A cohort of 100 pediatric patients was assessed, including 60 patients who underwent fMRI and tractography-guided surgery and 40 control patients treated without functional imaging. The integration of advanced imaging allowed for individualized surgical planning, resulting in reduced complications, shorter hospitalization, and higher functional preservation. Gross total resection was achieved in 82% of cases with imaging guidance. Postoperative neurological deterioration occurred in only 6.7%, compared to 25% in the control group. Functional imaging improved confidence in surgical decisions.

Currently, the role of innovations in our country is significantly increasing. This is due to the fact that in a market economy, innovation has begun to be recognized as a means of competition, since innovation helps to reduce costs, increase profits, create new needs, increase cash flow, improve the image of the manufacturer of a new product, organize new domestic and foreign markets and directly conquer them. In the article, the author substantiates the necessity and importance of innovative development of the tourism industry based on logical arguments.

Мазкур мақолада буқоқ касаллиги, унинг келиб чиқиш сабаблари, белгилари ва оқибатлари ҳақида маълумотлар берилган. Шунингдек, уни олдини олиш чора-тадбирлари, йод етишмаслигига қарши кураш усуллари ва аҳолини соғлом турмуш тарзига ўргатишнинг аҳамияти ҳақида сўз боради. Мақола тиббий соҳада ўқувчи талабалар ва аҳоли учун фойдали манба бўла олади.

Ushbu  adabiyotlar  tahlilida  oxirgi  yillarda  yangi tug‘ilgan chaqaloqlarda  ko‘p  uchrayogan  gipoksik  ishemik  ensefalopatiyaning  uchrashi,  etiologiya  va  patogenezi,  sabablari,  tashxislash  va  davolash  to‘g‘risidagi    asosiy  ma’lumotlar  keng  yoritilgan. Ensefalopatiya – bu miya faoliyatining buzilishi bilan kechadigan kasalliklar guruhi bo‘lib, turli sabablar tufayli yuzaga keladi. Ushbu patologiya miyaning modda almashinuvi, qon aylanishi yoki intoksikatsiyasi natijasida rivojlanishi mumkin. Kasallik tug‘ma yoki orttirilgan bo‘lishi mumkin. Tug‘ma ensefalopatiya odatda homiladorlik yoki tug‘ruq jarayonidagi asoratlar natijasida paydo bo‘ladi. Orttirilgan shakllari esa gipoksiya, intoksikatsiya, travma, metabolik kasalliklar yoki qon aylanishining buzilishi natijasida yuzaga keladi.

The decisions of the State Committee for Tourism Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted within the framework of its powers are mandatory for implementation by state and economic management bodies, state and local government bodies, economic entities, regardless of their forms of ownership and departmental subordination. In the article, the author analyzed the strategic directions of tourism development in Uzbekistan.