№ 8 (2025) Theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences

The article  examines the profound impact of J.R.R. Tolkien's work, particularly The Lord of the Rings, on the fantasy genre and its cultural significance. It highlights how Tolkien's unique background, including his academic expertise, personal experiences, and social context in postwar England, shaped his narratives, rich world-building, and thematic exploration of loss and resilience in the face of war. The influence of his work is evident in contemporary fantasy literature, as many authors cite Tolkien's pioneering contributions as foundational. The enduring appeal of Tolkien's stories is underscored by their ability to resonate across generations and cultures, emphasizing universal themes of good versus evil and the importance of fellowship. Lastly, it notes the ongoing relevance of Tolkien's work in adaptations and discussions surrounding literary interpretation, ensuring his legacy in storytelling remains impactful for future audiences.

Ushbu maqolada axborot texnologiyalarining og‘zaki nutqni rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni va ahamiyati yoritilgan. Interaktiv vositalar, multimedia materiallari, shuningdek, texnologiyalarning ijobiy va salbiy ta’siri, ularni to‘g‘ri qo‘llash usullari haqida fikr yuritiladi. Maqola ta’limda zamonaviy yondashuvlardan foydalanish orqali og‘zaki nutq ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishni takomillashtirishga qaratilgan.

This article shows the importance of course developments in improving the quality of education in medical and biological physics at medical universities. On the topic of "Heat Radiation".

Maqolada Surxondaryo viloyatining iqlimiy va geografik xususiyatlari asosida energiya samaradorligini oshirishga qaratilgan arxitektura yondashuvlari ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Ushbu hududning keskin kontinental iqlimi, yuqori haroratli yoz mavsumi, quyosh radiatsiyasining katta miqdori va past yog‘ingarchilik darajasi, energiyani tejashga yo‘naltirilgan innovatsion qurilish yechimlarini joriy etish zaruratini keltirib chiqaradi. Muallif Surxondaryoda mavjud tabiiy qurilish materiallari, mahalliy an’anaviy me’moriy tajriba va zamonaviy texnologiyalar uyg‘unligida energiya tejovchi arxitektura konsepsiyalarini ishlab chiqish imkoniyatlarini ko‘rib chiqadi. Xususan, passiv va aktiv energiya tejash yondashuvlari – binolarni optimal joylashtirish, tabiiy shamollatish, issiqlik izolyatsiyasi, quyosh panellari va avtomatlashtirilgan boshqaruv tizimlari orqali energiya sarfini kamaytirish usullari tahlil qilinadi.

Indoor air quality has become a critical public health concern, particularly in densely populated urban environments. One of the most overlooked yet dangerous indoor air pollutants is radon — a naturally occurring, colorless, and odorless radioactive gas that can accumulate in residential buildings. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of radon significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer globally, after smoking.

Ushbu maqolada texnologiya fanini o‘qitishda o‘quvchilarda ijodiy fikrlash ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirish va rivojlantirishning samarali yo‘llari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy pedagogik yondashuvlar asosida dars jarayonini tashkil etish bo‘yicha takliflar keltirilgan.

This article examines the main phonetic features of the Old Church Slavonic language, one of the oldest Slavic written languages. Particular attention is paid to the sound system, phoneme distribution, and typical phonetic processes such as palatalization, vowel reduction, and digraphic features. Vowel and consonant phonemes, their classification, and functions in the sound structure of the language are analyzed.

Mazkur maqolada agressiya va uning turlari hamda yigit-qizlarda agressiyaning ko‘rinishlari, tajovuzkor xatti-harakatlar haqida ma’lumot berilgan.

This article examines the importance of the Russian language as a major cultural phenomenon that plays a key role in the spiritual and moral development of society. Particular attention is paid to the historical mission of Cyril and Methodius, the creators of the Slavic alphabet, and their contribution to the development of culture and literature. The author also focuses on the problems of modern speech culture, such as the simplification of language, the disappearance of traditional and significant words in speech, as well as the low level of speech culture in the media. The work emphasizes the need to preserve and develop the Russian language as an important component of the national heritage, as well as the importance of pedagogical work in educating the culture of speech in young people.

Zamonaviy dunyoda raqamli texnologiyalar hayotning ajralmas qismiga aylandi, ammo bu rivojlanish bilan birga kiberxavfsizlikka oid tahdidlar ham keskin o‘sib bormoqda. Kiberhujumlar endi faqat individual shaxslar yoki tashkilotlarga emas, balki butun davlatlarning iqtisodiy, siyosiy va ijtimoiy barqarorligiga xavf solmoqda. Ushbu muammoning global xarakteri tufayli kiberxavfsizlikni ta’minlashda xalqaro hamkorlik muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Xalqaro bitimlar ushbu sohada umumiy qoidalar ishlab chiqish, tajriba almashish va kiberjinoyatlarga qarshi birgalikda kurashish uchun muhim zamin yaratadi. Biroq, mavjud kelishuvlarning samaradorligi ko‘pincha savollar tug‘diradi: ular zamonaviy tahdidlarga qanchalik mos keladi va qanday yo‘llar bilan yanada samarali bo‘lishi mumkin?

This articlе analyzеs thе thеorеtical foundations of rеlativе syntax in modеrn Еnglish. First, thе structurе and sеmantic rolе of rеlativе clausеs arе considеrеd, and thеir syntactic catеgoriеs - rеlativе pronouns, rеlativе conjunctions and thеir intеrnal mеchanisms arе highlightеd. Thеn, thеorеtical concеpts rеlatеd to rеlativе syntax within thе framеwork of thе gеnеrativе grammar, structuralist approach and cognitivе linguistics schools arе comparеd. Thе articlе discussеs thе fеaturеs of complеx rеlativе constructions found in modеrn Еnglish and thеir functional rolе using thе еxamplе of various grammatical modеls. It also indicatеs thе problеms еncountеrеd in thе study of rеlativе syntax and thе dirеctions of futurе sciеntific rеsеarch.

Ushbu maqolada favqulodda vaziyatlar yo‘nalishi kursantlarining muloqot madaniyatini shakllantirish va rivojlantirish metodikasiga doir fikrlar keltirilib tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, kursantlarda samarali muloqot ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirish orqali ularning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini yuksaltirishga qaratilgan metodik g‘oyalar ilgari surilgan.

Academic writing is a critical skill for students and scholars worldwide, requiring a strong command of both subject matter and language. Non-native writers face additional challenges, particularly those writing in a language that is not their mother tongue. For non-native Uzbek writers, these challenges are compounded by a unique blend of linguistic, cultural, and institutional barriers that hinder their academic writing. Uzbek, as the official language of Uzbekistan, has distinct grammatical structures, vocabulary, and writing conventions that create difficulties when students and scholars write in foreign languages such as English or Russian. This work aims to explore the challenges faced by non-native Uzbek writers in academic contexts, focusing on linguistic difficulties, cultural influences, and institutional support. Additionally, it will provide strategies for overcoming these challenges and improving academic writing skills.

Ряд патологических изменений, возникающих при пневмосклерозе, т. е. хронических и    дегенеративных изменений, развивающихся на всем протяжении бронхов, альвеол и интерстициальной ткани, описаны многими нашими учѐными. При этом отмечается вовлечение в этот процесс легочных сосудов, нервных волокон и лимфатических сосудов, а также развитие различных патологических изменений в ряде дополнительных органов, особенно в сердце, на фоне пневмосклероза. В основе нарушений кровообращения лежат многие клинические синдромы, которые тесно связанные между собой патогенетически различными взаимосвязями. Нередко тяжелая сердечная недостаточность возникает при пневмосклерозе. Развитие данной сердечной недостаточности происходит в результате работы миокарда с длительной стрессорной нагрузкой [1; 2; 3; 4; 5].

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common pathologies in the world. According to statistics, it occurs from 6-10% in men, 20-25% in women in Uzbekistan and it affects mainly the female half of the population. Also, great importance should be given to the state of the liver in this autoimmune nature, in particular the general biochemical activity of the liver. Recently, the book has increasingly been conducting scientific research devoted to the study of the state of the liver and the hepatobiliary system. According to some authors, the addition of pathological abnormalities in the hepatobiliary system significantly affects the quality of life of patients with systemic diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis.

Interethnic harmony is interethnic harmony, international friendship. Interethnic harmony is one of the main ideas of the ideology of national independence, and is a concept that expresses the harmonious, joint, and cooperative activities of representatives of different nationalities in a certain territory or state without any conflicts. Interethnic harmony can be called the spiritual basis of mutual respect, kindness, friendship, and solidarity between people of different nationalities and ethnicities living in one society and working towards a common goal. Not losing sight of common noble goals between nations forms the basis for the development of ancient values.

Mazkur maqola O’zbekiston SSR tarixining murakkab hayotini ifoda etadi. Mustabid tuzum O’zbekistonni Markaz tarkibidagi mustamlaka sifatida o’z iskanjasida doimiy saqlab qolish va uni metropoliyaning xomashyo bazasi va mahsulot bozori sifatidagi holatini yanada mustahkamlashga intildi. Bunday siyosat oqibatida respublikaning iqtisodiy rivojlanishi bir tomonlama kechdi, uning qishloq xo’jaligi tobora ko’proq paxtachilik yo’nalishiga ega bo’lib bordi, shu alfozda paxta yakka hokimligi qaror topdi. Davr tarixini yorituvchi asarlar haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilgan.

This article investigates classical and modern metric problems within the framework of multidimensional Euclidean space . It explores key mathematical tools such as Euclidean distance, inner products, orthogonal projections, and optimization techniques. Theoretical constructs are connected to practical applications in data science, robotics, and computer vision, where metric computations are essential for decision-making and geometric analysis. The paper highlights both the analytical foundations and computational aspects of metric problems and discusses the impact of dimensionality on geometric intuition and algorithmic efficiency.

Avstraliyaning sharqiy va janubiy hududlarida tarqalgan endemik turlardan biri bo`lmish koala o`zining yoqimtoy ko`rinishi va bir tutam sochlari bilan ko`pchilikni o`ziga jalb qiladi. Kolaning faqatgina shu hududlarga yashashiga asosiy sabab esa uning asosiy oziqasi bo`lmish evkalipt daraxtining o`sishi uchun shu hududlardagina namlikning yetarli ekanligi hisoblanadi. Koala so‘zi aborigen tilidan olingan bo‘lib, "suv ichmaydigan" degan ma’noni anglatadi, chunki mahalliy aholining fikricha, bu hayvonlar umuman suv ichmaydi. XVIII asrlarda Yevropaga kelgan ilk ko`chmanchi odamlar bu hayvonni yumaloq tana shakliga ega ekanligini ko`rib uni koala ayiqchasi deb nomlashgan. Shuningdek, urg`ochi koalalarning qornida bolasini olib yurishi uchun maxsus xaltachasi ham mavjudligi, ushbu hayvinlarning ayiqlarga aloqasi yo`qligini ko`rsatadi. Hozirda koalalar koala oilasining yagona turi hisoblanadi.

Milliy iqtisodiyotning barqaror rivojlanishi va raqobatbardoshligini ta'minlash uchun chet el investitsiyalari muhim ahamiyatga ega. Chet el investitsiyalari nafaqat milliy iqtisodiyotning o'sish sur'atlarini tezlashtirish, balki yangi ish o'rinlarini yaratish, texnologiya va boshqaruv tajribalarini o'zlashtirishga yordam beradi. Shu bilan birga, investitsiya muhiti, qonunchilik bazasi va infratuzilma sohalarida amalga oshiriladigan islohotlar orqali chet el investitsiyalarini jalb qilishni faollashtirish mumkin.

В условиях усиливающихся глобальных вызовов, таких как пандемия COVID-19, геополитические напряженности и изменения климата, устойчивость глобальных цепочек поставок (ГЦП) стала критическим фактором для мировой экономики. В данном исследовании анализируется роль Всемирной торговой организации (ВТО) как основного института регулирования международных торговых отношений в поддержании и укреплении стабильности ГЦП. В статье раскрываются ключевые механизмы, с помощью которых ВТО способствует обеспечению бесперебойности поставок: устранение тарифных и нетарифных барьеров, развитие транспарентности торговой политики стран-участниц, функционирование эффективного механизма разрешения споров.

The works of many talented poets, historians, and translators who created immortal masterpieces in the Turkish language, such as Sulayman Boqirgoniy (12th century), Rabghuzi (early 13th-14th century), Khafiz Khorezmi (14th century), Qutb Khorezmi (14th century), Haydar Khorezmi (late 14th-early 15th century), Abulghazi Bahodirkhan (1603-1664), Andalib (1710-1770), Munis (1778-1829), Ogahi (1809-1874), Kamil Khorezmi (1825-1899), Muhammadrasul Mirzo (1840-1922), Muhammad Rahimkhon Feruz (1844-1910), Ahmad Tabibiy (1869-1911), Mutrib Khonakharobi (1870-1925), Avaz Utar (1884-1919), and Muhammad Yusuf Bayoni (1840-1923), has been of interest and studied since their time. In this context, we find it necessary to briefly express the scientific foundations for researching the creative activities of some Khorezmian Turkish poets and their poetic masterpieces.

This article highlights the didactic and methodological significance of linguistic analysis of literary works, in particular Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre", in the process of teaching a foreign language. Literary texts serve not only to master language units in language learning, but also to develop intercultural competence. The article considers methods for developing analytical thinking, language sensitivity and contextual understanding skills in students by analyzing the lexical, grammatical, stylistic and pragmatic aspects of the work. The figurative language, speech style and socio-cultural connotations of the work "Jane Eyre" are studied, and suggestions are made for its effective use in foreign language lessons. The study is aimed at ensuring the harmony of language and culture through literary texts in foreign language teaching.

This paper presents the important role of metaphorical expressions as a key stylistic device in Ernest Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms and examines how metaphors are used in the Uzbek translation. By using stylistic and comparative analysis, the study investigates the key metaphorical expressions that contribute to the novel’s emotional tone, thematic depth, and narrative structure. The results show that while most metaphors are preserved during translation, some experience a modification, reflecting cultural adaptation and linguistic difficulties. The results highlight the importance of metaphor in Hemingway’s style and the difficulties translators face in maintaining stylistic authenticity across languages.

В статье рассматриваются методические основы изучения морфемики и словообразования в школьном курсе русского языка. Автор подчёркивает значимость данных разделов для формирования орфографической грамотности, развития языкового чутья и речевой культуры учащихся. Приводятся методические приёмы и формы работы, направленные на активизацию учебной деятельности, формирование умений морфемного и словообразовательного анализа. Раскрываются основные трудности, возникающие у школьников при изучении данной темы, а также предлагаются пути их преодоления. Делается акцент на необходимости комплексного, системного подхода в преподавании, сочетающего традиционные и современные технологии обучения.