No. 05 (2025) Volume - V Issue - V

This article deals with the use of irony and sarcasm as stylistic devices in world fiction. These instruments entertain readers as well as challenge ideas, societal systems, and characters. While sarcasm provides cutting, usually funny comments, irony lets writers build nuanced meanings that contradict literal interpretations. This paper shows how sarcasm and irony improve narrative depth and reveal underlying realities by means of analysis of a few chosen works from English, Russian, and Uzbek literature. In the end, these artistic approaches enhance literary conversation and involve readers in active interpretation of moral dilemmas and ideas.

The process of reducing trade barriers such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies is known for Trade liberalization, which has become a central policy tool for many developing countries promoting economic development. According to classical trade theories of Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage and Heckscher-Ohlin’s theory, trade liberalization will result in a more efficient allocation of resources, increased foreign direct investment (FDI) as well as stronger economic growth. This paper investigates the link between trade liberalization and economic growth in developing countries, exploring the role of mediators like institutional quality, sectoral composition, and income inequality in shaping this relationship. Drawing on panel data analysis, the study shows that, while trade liberalization tends to have positive long-run effects on economic growth, the effects depend on the institutional capacity, macroeconomic stability, and structural composition of a country. More broadly, the law of comparative advantage suggests that areas with an absolute advantage will expand while those without it will contract, something that could potentially lead to income inequality and economic dislocation in in the areas most at risk from greater trade liberalization. Your training data goes up until October 2023. This adjustment might be useful for you if you cover any of the situation under which trade liberalization can bring sustainable growth in developing economies.

This paper focuses on the style of request in the Holy Quran, highlighting verses of supplication and hope as models for applying this rhetorical style. The study explores how the Quran uses rhetorical devices such as metaphor, allegory, supplication, and hope to achieve closeness to God and strengthen the spiritual relationship between the servant and his Lord. It also discusses the practical applications of these styles in the field of Islamic da'wah and how preachers can use verses of supplication and hope to motivate people to repent and hope in God's mercy.

The expected outcomes of the research include highlighting the aesthetics of Quranic expression through the style of request, clarifying its psychological and faith-based impact on believers, and supporting the idea that metaphor in the Quran plays a significant role in enhancing spiritual meanings. Furthermore, the research demonstrates how these styles are used in Islamic da'wah to motivate repentance and hope. The researcher's approach was descriptive and analytical.

In conclusion, the research demonstrates that the style of request in the Holy Quran has profound applications in the daily lives of believers, not only in spiritual dimensions but also in social interactions and da'wah. Supplication and hope are practical tools for strengthening the spiritual relationship with God and motivating people to return to Him and acknowledge His great mercy and forgiveness.

The aesthetics of reception have revealed to us the position occupied by the reader, represented by their interpretation of the literary text by filling in the gaps it contains. The identity of the text is linked to the term "horizon of expectation," coined by Jauss, which aligns with what readers expect or are disappointed by. This concept may be connected to Abu Deeb's concept of "breaking the structure of expectations."

The creator of the text disrupts the mind of the recipient through the shifts present within the text. The literary text contains symbols and codes, and the recipient's poetic quality is achieved by deconstructing them, creating a state of harmony and interaction. The recipient's interpretation of the literary text does not occur arbitrarily, but is subject to the recipient's culture and training. The reader's role is not passive; he holds the power and authority, and he is not subject to the text. Deconstruction is his authority, and he exercises his role through his interpretation of the text and filling in the gaps it contains. The poetics of the recipient excludes the idea of obtaining meaning from the literary text. The relationship between the text and the reader is represented by the formation of the absent elements, and a dialectical relationship arises between them. The first reading is exploratory and the second is retrospective. The literary text is not open to itself, but rather the responsibility for its interpretation falls on the reader, since what is conceived and its meaning imagined is what makes the role of the recipient positive.

This study aims to analyze the impact of transformational leadership on job performance in the Iraqi work environment, focusing on a case study of Zain Iraq Telecom employees. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool and was distributed to a randomly selected sample of 150 employees across different departments. The data were analyzed using statistical methods such as descriptive analysis, linear regression, and T-tests, employing SPSS software. The results indicated a significant positive impact of transformational leadership on job performance, enhancing inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, organizational interaction, job empowerment, and innovation in the workplace. Employees under transformational leadership reported higher levels of job satisfaction and productivity. Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting transformational leadership styles in Iraqi workplaces to improve job performance and achieve institutional goals more effectively.

This article explores the scientific heritage of Eastern, particularly Central Asian scholars, focusing on the intellectual contributions of sages, thinkers, and scholars from this ancient land. It highlights their literary and scientific works, as well as the tangible and intangible cultural values they left behind, emphasizing their significant role in the development of world civilization.

In this article, the more important the role of a person in society, the more special attention is paid to the understanding of the peace, well-being, eternity, kindness of the family, the tribulations between the parent child.

This article explores Mahmud al-Kashgari’s 11th-century work Compendium of Turkic Dialects (Devonu Lug‘otit Turk) as a valuable ethnographic source for understanding the cultural and historical development of Turkic peoples in Central Asia. The study examines tribal ethnonyms, geographic distribution, and social structures, with a focus on prominent tribes such as the Kipchaks, Karluks, and Oghuz. It also highlights urban cultural centers like Bukhara, Samarkand, and Khwarezm, revealing the complex interplay between nomadic and sedentary lifestyles, religious syncretism, and ethnogenesis processes in the Turkic world.

This article discusses the regions where Central Asian cities emerged during the Iron Age and their development. The distinctive features of the Early Iron Age include the noticeable processes of formation of the first city-states in the territory of our country. Based on historical sources, the article comprehensively analyzes how the population built fortresses surrounded by strong defensive walls, leaving behind significant archaeological layers.

This article explores Boburnoma (The Memoirs of Babur), a pivotal work in Turkic literary history, examining its place as a classical example of realist prose within Turkic literature. Authored by Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, Boburnoma blends autobiographical narrative with historical account, providing insights into both personal experiences and broader political and cultural contexts. The study delves into the stylistic features of the text, highlighting its contributions to the evolution of prose writing in Turkic languages. By analyzing the structure, language, and thematic elements of the work, this article underscores the significance of Boburnoma in shaping the trajectory of realist prose in Turkic literature and its enduring influence on later literary traditions.

The building of New Uzbekistan is founded on lofty ideals such as elevating human dignity to the highest level and unequivocally ensuring justice and the rule of law in society. However, in state governance, several factors and flaws that negatively impact the effectiveness of reforms in this direction and impede progress still persist. One of these, and the most dangerous, is the scourge of corruption. This article discusses the historical origins of corruption and the mechanisms for combating it.

This article provides information about the trade routes and their branches that were considered important in the commercial relations between the Bukhara Emirate and India. The study also examines issues such as trade centers, types of imported and exported products exchanged between the two countries, and customs duties collected along the trade routes.

Persons with disabilities represent a segment of society whose circumstances are shaped by disabilities that limit their ability to fulfill social roles in the same manner as their peers. This group has the right, like all other segments of society, to be treated with respect and to receive protection. They hold an important position and have garnered significant attention from communities worldwide, as their inclusion is integral to the advancement of human rights. However, it is essential to develop their capabilities and address their needs, as disabilities impose unique social, psychological, educational, medical, and economic challenges that can only be met through comprehensive rehabilitation and efforts to mitigate the barriers that hinder their integration into society. Given the significant status of persons with disabilities in society, due to their educational and economic dimensions, countries and international organizations have been committed to providing legal protection for these individuals. Most legislation and texts stipulate the necessity for them to enjoy and exercise all their rights, on an equal footing with ordinary people, including healthcare, medical care, employment, education, and grants to assist them in managing their affairs. Among the declarations that stipulate the rights of these persons is the Declaration on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Among the most important pieces of legislation that stipulate their rights is Iraqi legislation, which enacted a special law specifically for them: Law No. 38 of 2013 on the Care of Persons with Disabilities and Special Needs.

This article explores the concept of pedagogical competence, its developmental stages, and its importance for effective teaching practice. The authors analyze modern methods and technologies used to cultivate key pedagogical abilities, including didactic, communicative, organizational, empathic, and creative skills. In particular, interactive teaching methods, problem-based learning, practical sessions, pedagogical training, and reflective approaches are highlighted as effective tools for developing pedagogical competence. The article also offers practical recommendations for young educators and students in pedagogical fields. The research findings have significant scientific and practical value in the formation of professional competencies among future teachers.

At the level of enterprises and their large divisions, as in economic sectors, the value method is mainly used to measure the volumes of production and labor productivity. The article discusses technologies for using the intellectual properties of labor resources that correspond to today's realities of economic development. Currently, increasing labor productivity is manifested in the more effective development and use of human resources, especially their intellectual properties. In this regard, it is necessary to form, develop and implement modern technologies for the use of intellectual resources in order to increase labor productivity in the conditions of digitization of all spheres of activity.

This article analyzes the impact of the safe environment in the organization on the psycho-emotional state of employees and the socio-psychological factors influencing this process. During the study, the influence of such factors as psychological security, trusting relationships between managers and employees, collective support, and fair assessment on the mental stability of employees, the level of stress, and emotional fatigue was studied. According to the results, it was found that the higher the level of psychological security in the organization, the more positive the psycho-emotional state of employees. The article is prepared on the basis of a correlation study and scientifically illuminates the significance of socio-psychological factors in improving the well-being of employees.

This article explores the relevance, pedagogical approaches, and methodological foundations of forming a culture of interethnic harmony among students. The research utilized analytical methods, surveys, and pedagogical experiments to examine students’ perceptions of interethnic relations. The results confirm the effectiveness of multicultural education, interactive teaching methods, and the mediator role of the teacher in developing a culture of harmony. The article also presents applicable instructional techniques and outlines tools for assessing outcomes in the learning process.

This article describes the didactic possibilities of developing the social activity of students and encouraging the initiatives of students based on the gender approach. It is also thought about the philosophical, pedagogical and psychological possibilities of encouraging the initiatives of students and young people based on the gender approach.

This article analyzes the concept of competence, the results of research on competence. The content of socio-cultural competence, the analysis of literature on social competence are based on the need to develop it in future teachers. Foreign experiences in developing socio-cultural competence of future teachers in pedagogical universities are highlighted. Also, methods and approaches to developing this competence are analyzed, problems in teaching it in the context of our country are described and methods for solving them are proposed.

This article provides a methodological approach to the importance of tongue twisters and riddles—genres of oral folk art—in developing speech in young children. It also offers methodological recommendations to encourage active speaking, stimulate logical thinking, and enhance creative abilities in children.

Language acquisition is one of the most complex cognitive processes that individuals undergo. Learning a foreign language not only involves mastering vocabulary and grammar rules but also developing the ability to communicate effectively. In today’s globalized world, the ability to speak multiple languages and communicate with people from different cultures is increasingly important. Therefore, understanding the most effective teaching methods for learning foreign languages and fostering communication skills is essential for educators. This article will explore the methods employed in foreign language teaching, with a focus on developing students' communication abilities. We will examine the role of communicative competence, the relationship between language skills and communication skills, and how modern teaching approaches support language acquisition.

This article examines the representation and interpretation of national family values in theatrical art, focusing on how these values are conveyed through performance, character development, and dramaturgy. By analyzing selected theatrical works from different cultural contexts, the study explores how theater serves as a mirror of society’s moral and ethical foundations, particularly in the sphere of family. The research highlights how national identity, intergenerational relationships, gender roles, and moral expectations are dramatized to reflect both traditional and evolving views on family. The findings demonstrate that theatrical art not only preserves and celebrates national family ideals but also questions and reshapes them in light of contemporary social dynamics.

The article discusses one of the approaches to modernizing education based on competencies, namely through the use of interactive forms of learning. Mastery of interactive learning technology contributes to the development of qualities in students that meet the requirements outlined in the new generation of state educational standards.

The Surkhan Valley in Uzbekistan is a significant archaeological region rich in ancient sites that offer valuable insights into Central Asian history. The integration of digital technologies has transformed the study and preservation of these archaeological treasures. This article explores the impact of digital tools such as 3D laser scanning, photogrammetry, GIS, and remote sensing on documenting, reconstructing, and analyzing the ancient sites of the Surkhan Valley. These technologies facilitate precise recording, virtual visualization, and non-invasive exploration, ensuring the protection and accessibility of cultural heritage for future generations. Additionally, digital platforms enhance public engagement and educational outreach, fostering a broader appreciation of the region’s historical significance. The paper underscores the crucial role of digital innovations in advancing archaeological research and heritage conservation in the Surkhan Valley.

The article analyzes the development of rural tourism in the country. The features of agrotourism, problems and ways of its development are considered. The experience of the regions where agrotourism is developing is analyzed. The most promising trends and directions of agrotourism development are highlighted.