№ 1 (2025) International journal of medical sciences

The article analyzes the necessity and importance of the transition to a green economy, the structure of the green economy and its features, the problem of the development of environmental awareness, aspects related to the definition of its psychological characteristics. The current problems of the sustainable development of the national economy of Uzbekistan, the formation of the science of “green economy” in the world and the development of human capital for the “green economy” as a practical direction for ensuring “green growth” are studied.

Myocarditis in children is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) that occurs in most cases as a result of infectious damage or an autoimmune process [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), myocarditis remains one of the important causes of hospitalizations in pediatric practice, especially in preschool and early school-age children [3]. Meanwhile, the true prevalence of childhood myocarditis may be underestimated due to diagnostic difficulties and frequent asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic course [4].

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent one of the most significant challenges in pediatric cardiology and cardiovascular surgery worldwide [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of CHDs ranges from 8 to 12 per 1,000 live births [2]. In the structure of childhood mortality, cardiovascular pathology remains one of the leading causes, with CHDs accounting for 30–45% of all mortality associated with congenital developmental anomalies [3].

The prevention of secondary adentia—a progressive tooth loss phenomenon following initial dental extractions or periodontal degradation—is a critical challenge in dental medicine, particularly among women of childbearing age. Given the central role of calcium in bone metabolism and alveolar bone preservation, the strategic application of calcium medications has garnered increasing attention as a prophylactic measure. This review synthesizes current evidence on the algorithmic use of calcium supplementation, evaluates its effectiveness in stabilizing alveolar bone density, and outlines an integrated clinical approach for reducing the incidence of secondary adentia in this vulnerable population.

This article discusses modern methods of preventing gingivitis in adults. Gum disease is one of the most common dental problems affecting the quality of life of patients. Despite the availability of effective treatments, in the early stages many people do not pay enough attention to the primary symptoms such as redness, bleeding gums and discomfort in the oral cavity. However, the lack of timely treatment can lead to the development of serious complications, including chronic periodontitis and tooth loss. The article analyzes the main causes of gingivitis, risk factors, modern preventive measures and treatment methods to reduce the likelihood of inflammatory processes in the gums.

The article analyzes the problems of agriculture in Samarkand region in the early years of independence, the decisions taken by the Republic of Uzbekistan, the regional administration to address these issues, the development of agriculture in the region and international cooperation in agriculture.

In this article, we will provide information after studying hereditary metabolic diseases (HMD) where epilepsy manifests prominently. In the process of analyzing the database, we identified IMD associated with various types of epilepsy, which we classified according to the IMD classification based on classical pathophysiology and classified according to the factors associated with the selected seizure (neonatal seizures, infantile spasms, myoclonic seizures, and characteristic EEG patterns) and the possibility of treating the underlying metabolic defect. In addition, we analyzed the clinical severity level to compare the phenotype with biochemical characteristics, genotype, and delayed initiation of pyridoxine. As a result, we classified according to the clinical severity scale as follows: 1) global developmental delay/intellectual disability; 2) age of seizure onset before pyridoxine treatment; 3) current seizures during treatment. An expanded list of IMD, an overview of the main clinical signs, and the recommended diagnostic and therapeutic approaches may be useful for epileptologists and healthcare professionals assisting patients with metabolic disorders.

 This article explores the suicidal motives and behaviors of patients who have engaged in incomplete suicide attempts. It examines the psychological, emotional, and situational factors driving these behaviors, as well as the key risk factors and behavioral patterns associated with incomplete suicide. The piece highlights the complexities of ambivalence, the desire to escape pain, and the role of self-harm and impulsivity in these cases. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of comprehensive clinical assessments, psychotherapy, crisis intervention, and support systems in preventing future suicide attempts and improving mental health outcomes. The article serves as a resource for healthcare professionals working with individuals at risk of suicide.

This article discusses the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system in children, other organs of the nervous system, the number of nerve cells in the cerebral hemispheres of the baby, blood vessels, the subcutaneous fat layer of babies, baby care, brain development, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, the predominance of reflex activity, high excitability, insufficient development of inhibitory processes, the peculiarities of the development of the autonomic nervous system, and factors affecting the development of the nervous system in children.

This article discusses digestive disorders in children, causes of dyspepsia, causes of the increase in the disease among children, abnormal nutrition, intestinal microflora disorders, lack of digestive enzymes, viral and bacterial infections, stress and psychological factors, body weight loss of 500-800 g in one or two days, a sharp decrease in urine output, the issue of hospital treatment of toxic dyspepsia, prevention of dyspepsia, aphthous stomatitis of the oral mucosa in children, the use of complex treatment due to the viral nature of the disease.

This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the etiology, clinical course, complications, and treatment methods of recurrent exudative otitis media (REOM) in children. Exudative otitis media is a common pediatric condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear due to inflammation. The disease often progresses asymptomatically, leading to hearing impairment, decreased concentration, and the risk of chronic otitis. The article examines the primary causes of REOM, including infectious, anatomical, immunological, and allergic factors. The main pathogens include bacterial infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) and viral agents (influenza, adenovirus). Additionally, adenoid hypertrophy and anatomical features of the Eustachian tube play a crucial role in the disease's pathogenesis. Diagnostic methods include otoscopy, tympanometry, audiometry, and laboratory tests. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and include conservative and surgical approaches. Pharmacological therapy involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, mucolytics, and immunomodulators. In cases of recurrent or persistent fluid accumulation, surgical interventions such as myringotomy, tympanostomy, and adenoidectomy are recommended. The article also highlights the importance of preventive measures, such as protecting children from respiratory infections, strengthening immunity, managing allergic factors, and early diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy. The study results indicate that early diagnosis, comprehensive treatment, and preventive strategies for REOM in children help prevent hearing loss and improve overall health. This article serves as a valuable resource for pediatricians, otolaryngologists, and other specialists.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of common brain diseases among middle-aged individuals, including their main symptoms, diagnosis, and modern treatment methods. Research shows that neurological disorders are most prevalent in the 40-60 age group. This paper includes detailed scientific and practical information on early detection, prevention, and effective treatment approaches for these diseases.

In medicine, surgical practice holds a special place. A common belief among people is that "if a patient does not recover with medication, surgeons will operate and fix the problem." Compared to therapeutic practice, surgical procedures are often a significant psychological test for both patients and their loved ones. Therefore, just like in other medical fields, psychological support plays a crucial role in surgical practice. Every student choosing surgery as a profession must understand this aspect. Minor surgical procedures have become widely used in medicine in recent years and are considered among the most effective treatments. These procedures are designed to address various medical issues in a convenient and safe manner. This article examines the effectiveness, safety, and impact of minor surgical interventions on patients.

The article examines the psychosocial aspects of the obesity problem in Uzbekistan, with a focus on the influence of socio-cultural factors, psychological traits, and lifestyle on the development of this disease. Obesity in Uzbekistan has become a serious public issue that requires a comprehensive approach, including both medical and social measures. The paper analyzes statistical data on the prevalence of obesity in the country, dietary habits, physical activity, and attitudes toward health among various age and socio-economic groups. Special attention is given to the influence of traditions and cultural norms on body perception, as well as the role of stress and depression in the development of obesity. The study emphasizes the need for the implementation of preventive and educational programs aimed at changing lifestyle and improving the psychosocial climate to address this issue in Uzbekistan.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study examines MS among physicians, analyzing its genetic predisposition, external risk factors, and pathophysiological mechanisms. The role of insulin resistance, adipocyte dysfunction, and free fatty acids in exacerbating metabolic disturbances is discussed. Various definitions and diagnostic criteria for MS are compared, highlighting inconsistencies in global prevalence estimation. Finally, pharmacological interventions, particularly metformin, are reviewed as a treatment option for MS when lifestyle modifications prove insufficient.

The article presents the results of physical and mechanical characteristics of cellulose materials, the composition of element-containing fire retardant compositions for modifying cellulose materials, during wet processing of samples of modified textile material based on cellulose with a fire retardant, it is possible to judge by the change in the mass of samples. Moreover, short-term heat fixation, especially under some pressure, contributes to the simple fixation of the mixture on the material. They show the absence of strong chemical bonds in the samples obtained during short-term processing of the vermiculite mineral to obtain a fire retardant suspension for materials to impart thermal and fire-protective properties.

Tooth loss accelerates the physiological age-related atrophy of the alveolar processes and jaws in general. Tooth extraction quite often remains a traumatic procedure, leading to direct destruction and loss of bone tissue of the alveolar process and surrounding soft tissue. The morphological changes that occur after the removal of a tooth or tooth root can be reduced by using techniques aimed at preventing these changes. The effectiveness of osteoplastic materials is largely due to the presence of minerals and soft collagen fibers in their composition. In biochemical blood tests, the study of indicators reflecting metabolic processes in the bone tissue of the jaws revealed differences in the content of water-soluble proteins and peptides, as well as enzyme activity, depending on gender.

This study investigated the impact of maternal stress on pancreatic development in rat offspring. Morphological analyses of the pancreas at various postnatal stages revealed a developmental delay and altered acinar cell development in the experimental group compared to controls. Notably, changes in both exocrine and endocrine cells were observed from the third day of the experiment in all stressed animals, including destructive changes in the mitochondria of acinocytes. Specifically, morphometric analysis showed a decrease of up to 4% in pancreatic acini diameter and an 18% reduction in acini height in the experimental group relative to controls. These hemomicrocirculatory changes, characterized by interstitial stroma swelling and cellular dystrophic changes, were most pronounced on day 14 and correlated with destabilization of acinocyte membrane structures. These findings suggest that maternal stress induces significant morphological changes in offspring pancreatic cells, potentially leading to chronic pancreatitis. The experimental design involved subjecting pregnant rats to a stress-inducing maze environment, with offspring pancreases examined histologically at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days postnatal.

This article focuses on the analysis of modern 3D navigation methods in orthognathic surgery for precise control of bone fragment positioning. The advantages and features of navigation systems, their impact on surgical accuracy and postoperative outcomes are examined. Based on literature analysis, key aspects of intraoperative control using 3D technologies are presented.

Back pain is often the leading cause of activity limitation in people of working age and sharply reduces the quality of life in older patients. Studies show that from 60% to 80% of the population of industrially developed countries suffer from back pain of various origins [Burulin A.A., 1986, Jennifer L.K., Anne L.G., 1990, Kuznetsov V.F., 2004, Pedachenko E.G., Kushchaev S.V., 2004].

Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the pressing medical and social problems of our time [Vereshchagin N.V., Piradov M.A. 2002; Vilensky B.S. 1995,1999; Gusev E.I., Skvortsova V.I. 2001; Skvortsova V.I. et al. 2001; Murray C.J.L., Lopez A.D. 1997J. In the last decade, there has been a clear tendency towards an increase in the incidence of stroke at a young age [Begidova N.M. et al., 2003, Burtsev E.I. 1986; Deev A.S., Zakharushkina I.V. 2000; Deev A.S. et al., 2003; Elchaninov A.P. et al., 2002]. In our country, as in most countries of the world, the problem of cerebral circulatory disorders, the basis of which are vascular lesions of the nervous system, continues to be one of the most important in modern medicine [Vereshchagin N.V., Varakin Yu.L. 2001; Gusev E.I. et al., 2001; Zakharushkina I.V. et al., 2003; Kalashnikova L.A. et al., 2003]. In most cases, vascular damage to the brain is multifactorial - caused by a combination of several risk factors, including genetic ones [Vereshchagin N.V., 2003; Skvortsova V.I. et al., 2001; Suslina Z.A. et al., 2004; Heiss W.-D., 2003; Shlonkowska A., 2003]. One of the important risk factors for cerebrovascular accidents in young people is rheumatic diseases [Ivanova M.M., 2001; Kazanchyan P.O. et al., 1991; Kalashnikova L.A., 1997; Nasonov E.L. et al., 1999]. Rheumatic diseases (RD) belong to a group of diseases that are characterized by the development of autoimmune processes against antigens of almost all organs and tissues of the body, which is often combined with the formation of autoantibodies with organ-nonspecific properties [Nasonov E.L., 1998; Nasonov E.L. et al., 1999]. Over the past decade, Russia has seen an increase in the total number of patients with rheumatic diseases by more than 3,230 thousand or 35% [Folomeeva O.M. et al., 2001, 2002].

The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism in the general population is 0.2 - 2%, but in certain groups of the population, in particular, among the elderly, it reaches 15%, so hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Overt hypothyroidism is an absolute indication for replacement therapy with thyroid hormones. Currently, L-thyroxine monotherapy is mainly used for replacement therapy of hypothyroidism, although studies that would directly compare it with L-T4 + LТЗ combination therapy have been virtually non-existent to date. In recent years, reports have begun to appear in the literature on some advantages of L-T3 + L-T4 combination therapy for hypothyroidism. A number of studies indicate positive dynamics of psychological indicators against the background of L-T4 + L-T3 combination therapy compared to L-T4 monotherapy. On the other hand, some studies have not confirmed the advantages of combination therapy compared to L-T4 monotherapy. Thus, to date, there is no clear data on the possible advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy L-T4 + L-T3 compared to L-T4 monotherapy. It should be noted that, despite the simplicity and convenience of L-T4 monotherapy, some patients, for various reasons, are in a state of chronic decompensation of hypothyroidism, or, despite maintaining a normal TSH level, present complaints characteristic of hypothyroidism, which to some extent may be evidence of the imperfection of this replacement therapy.

Is accompanied by an expansion of indications for surgical interventions previously considered impossible, in particular, in elderly and senile patients (Gorilovsky L.M., 1993; Kosachenko V.M., 2005, etc.) - According to epidemiological data from the Russian Federation, in recent years the proportion of gerontological patients undergoing hospital treatment has been significantly increasing, and according to UN forecasts, the number of elderly and senile people in the world by 2010 will amount to 15% of the total population (Burov N.E., 2000; Gorilovsky L.M., 1999; Seltsovsky A.P., 1999, etc.). In this regard, the problem of treatment and, in particular, anesthetic care for this category of patients is extremely urgent. It is well known that during the aging process, numerous involutional changes occur in the body, characterized by a decrease in the functional capabilities of organs and systems, a decrease, and in some cases, a perversion of metabolic processes, a decrease in the reactivity of the body and resistance (or resistance) to stress effects (Fedorovsky N.M., 2002; Folkes-Crabbe.D., 1993, etc.).

 This article provides extensive information about hepatitis B, C, D, and liver cirrhosis. The origins, clinical course, diagnostics, treatment methods, and prevention measures of these viral diseases are described in detail. The global epidemiology, statistical indicators, and the impact of liver diseases on human health are highlighted. The article also focuses on modern treatment methods and innovative approaches.

This article provides information about the negative effects that bronchoectasis disease and its causes can have on human health. Based on practical experiences, various processes are presented in tabular form, and the information collected by the author serves as a practical guide for specialists in the field and individuals with a high interest in the subject.