№ 1 (2025) International journal of medical sciences

The authors analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 1929 patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis (CCC). In the course of the study, the indications and contraindications to various methods of cholecystectomy were clarified, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of them were identified. This has significantly improved the effectiveness and safety of surgical interventions. The results of the study demonstrate the possibility of a personalized choice of surgery method, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient and the characteristics of the disease.

Human morphology, the study of the structure and form of the human body, plays a critical role in advancing medical science and practice. This article explores the significance of human morphology research in various medical fields, including anatomy, pathology, and surgical procedures. By examining the structural variations in human bodies, researchers can enhance diagnostic accuracy, improve surgical outcomes, and develop personalized treatment plans. The integration of advanced imaging techniques and 3D modeling has revolutionized the way medical professionals understand human morphology, leading to innovative approaches in education and clinical practice. This article also discusses the implications of human morphological studies in understanding genetic disorders, aging processes, and the development of new medical technologies. Through a comprehensive review of literature and recent findings, this study aims to highlight the indispensable role that human morphology research plays in modern medicine.

The liver is a heterogeneous tissue, the functional unit of which, the lobule— continues to baffle morphologists for more than 300 years. Surprisingly, regardless of the angle at which the liver is cut, it mostly has the same histological appearance, i.e. multiple units with a hepatic venule (also known as a central vein) surrounded in the center by about 4-6 portal areas. This phenomenon is the basis for the liver to be called having an "isotropic parenchyma," and it contributes to a mysterious, complex, three-dimensional architecture. Trying to understand three-dimensionality has helped us better understand liver function.

90 women were under observation. Of these, 60 patients (main group) operated on with a diagnosis of follicular ovarian cysts, taking Midiana® as an adjuvant therapy in the postoperative period, and 30 operated patients with the same diagnosis, but who refused hormonal adjuvant therapy. The use of the combined estrogen-gestagenic drug Midiana as part of adjuvant therapy confirmed its high efficiency in restoring fertility by 4.1 times (in 85% of patients) and preventing recurrence of follicular ovarian cysts, which allows it to be recommended to women after laparoscopic surgery.

The article is devoted to diagnostic methods, therapeutic options, and management algorithms for patients with isthmic-cervical insufficiency (ICI). Acquired and congenital abnormalities of the cervix are risk factors for the development of ICI. The diagnosis is valid only during pregnancy. A shortening of the length of the cervix of less than 25 mm indicates the presence of ICI and the risk of premature birth. The optimal time for the initial assessment of the length of the cervix is 16-20 weeks. If the length of the cervix is more than 25 mm, but less than 30 mm, micronized progesterone 200 mg is prescribed into the vagina for preventive purposes from 19 to 34 weeks. When ICI is detected after 24 weeks, the method of choice is the appointment of micronized progesterone and the installation of an obstetric discharge pessary. Shortening of the length of the cervix up to 24 weeks of pregnancy is an indication for surgical correction and cerclage followed by micronized progesterone therapy. The use of a differentiated management algorithm for patients with ICI reduces the likelihood of unexpected premature birth and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Keywords: isthmic-cervical insufficiency, premature birth, miscarriage, cerclage, obstetric pessary, micronized progesterone, cervicometry, elastometry.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the most common infectious pathologies of women of childbearing age. Bacterial vaginosis is a condition in which the normal vaginal microflora, represented mainly by lactobacilli, is replaced by numerous anaerobic and other opportunistic flora. Dysbiosis has been linked to complications such as rupture of the membranes, premature birth, infections of the chorion, amnion, and amniotic fluid., intrauterine fetal death. This suggests the need for screening for bacterial vaginosis and its treatment before pregnancy.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a qualitative and quantitative disorder of the microflora of the urogenital tract. In BV, there is an absence or decrease in the total number of lactobacilli and an increase in the number of anaerobic microorganisms, such as Gardrenella vaginalis, Prevotella, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus, Bifidobacterium, Sneathia, Leptotrichia, and other BV-associated bacteria [1]. BV is common in patients of reproductive age. The prevalence of BV in pregnant women is 8-51% [2]. BV in pregnant women is caused by complications during pregnancy, in particular chorioamnionitis, spontaneous miscarriage, premature rupture of the membranes, premature birth (PR) and a deficiency in the child's body weight at birth. Globally, the rate of neonatal mortality associated with HIV reaches 2.9 million. Over 80% of neonatal mortality is accounted for by newborns with OD, 2/3 of whom are premature, 1/3 are full–term infants with low body weight [3]. In the study by X. Zhang et al. Of the 186 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 106 had an abnormal composition of the vaginal microflora. Patients with abnormal microflora showed a high incidence of premature rupture of the membranes (32.1%), PR (7.5%) and choriamnionitis (2.5%) [4]. 

Currently, statistics show that women of reproductive age are prone to oncological diseases. The onset of the disease and the death rate depend on the geographical features of the permanent place of residence of women, and this indicator differs in the west and east of Eurasia. At the same time, the main problem of medicine remains timely detection of oncological diseases.

The article considered the main indices aimed at determining the degree of gum inflammation and methods of their application.