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BRAIN DISEASES AMONG MIDDLE-AGED PEOPLE: SYMPTOMS AND
TREATMENT APPROACHES
Po‘latova Sarvinoz Islomjon kizi
Kokand University Andijan branch
Faculty of Medicine treatment direction group 116
+998946158825
Senior lecture:
Nargiza Sobirova
Abstract:
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of common brain diseases among
middle-aged individuals, including their main symptoms, diagnosis, and modern treatment
methods. Research shows that neurological disorders are most prevalent in the 40-60 age
group. This paper includes detailed scientific and practical information on early detection,
prevention, and effective treatment approaches for these diseases.
Keywords:
brain diseases, neurological disorders, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's
disease, migraine, epilepsy, brain aneurysm, diagnosis, treatment, prevention.
Аннотация:
В данной статье представлен всесторонний анализ распространённых
заболеваний мозга у людей среднего возраста, включая их основные симптомы,
диагностику и современные методы лечения. Исследования показывают, что наиболее
часто неврологические расстройства встречаются в возрастной группе 40-60 лет. В
статье содержится детальная научная и практическая информация о раннем
выявлении, профилактике и эффективных методах лечения данных заболеваний.
Ключевые слова:
заболевания мозга, неврологические расстройства, инсульт,
болезнь Паркинсона, болезнь Альцгеймера, мигрень, эпилепсия, аневризма мозга,
диагностика, лечение, профилактика.
Middle-aged individuals are at the peak of their physical and mental activity. However, this
stage of life is also associated with the increased risk of developing various pathological
conditions. Brain diseases are particularly prevalent among individuals approaching old age,
often leading to severe neurological conditions, reduced quality of life, and, in some cases,
disability. This article provides an in-depth review of the most common brain diseases in
middle-aged individuals, their causes, main symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment
options.[1]
Brain diseases: Stroke
Stroke is a serious neurological condition caused by a sudden disruption of blood circulation
in the brain. It is classified into two main types: ischemic stroke, resulting from blocked
blood vessels leading to oxygen deficiency, and hemorrhagic stroke, caused by the rupture
of a cerebral blood vessel and subsequent bleeding. Risk factors include hypertension,
atherosclerosis,
heart
arrhythmias,
diabetes,
and
an
unhealthy
lifestyle.[8]
Symptoms of a stroke include sudden headaches, speech disturbances, facial drooping on
one side, limb paralysis, loss of balance, and unconsciousness.
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Diagnosis is carried out using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), and laboratory tests.
Treatment for ischemic stroke involves thrombolytic therapy, which dissolves the clot
blocking the blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke, on the other hand, may require surgical
intervention to stop the bleeding.
Prevention strategies include blood pressure control, a healthy diet, physical activity, and
avoiding harmful habits.[5][7]
Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily associated with dopamine
deficiency.
It
develops
gradually,
affecting
movement
and
coordination.
Key symptoms include tremors, bradykinesia (slowed movements), muscle stiffness, and
balance impairments.
Causes involve genetic predisposition, environmental toxins, and age-related
neurodegenerative processes.
Diagnosis
is
based
on
neurological
examinations
and
MRI
scans.
Treatment includes dopamine replacement therapy with levodopa, dopamine agonists,
physical therapy, and in some cases, deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery.[3][9]
Alzheimer’s disease
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Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to memory loss
and cognitive decline. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common cause of
dementia and mainly occurs in individuals over 65 years old. The disease gradually worsens,
leading to severe cognitive decline and loss of independence.
Genetic factors – APOE ε4 gene increases risk; mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2
cause early-onset AD.
Brain changes – Beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles disrupt neuron function. Other risks –
Aging, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and head trauma.
Symptoms
Early stage: Mild memory loss, difficulty concentrating, misplacing objects.
Middle stage: Confusion, personality changes, trouble recognizing people.
Late stage: Severe cognitive decline, inability to communicate, loss of motor function.
Diagnosis : Cognitive tests – MMSE, MoCA.
Brain imaging – MRI, CT, PET scans.
Biomarker tests – Cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
Treatment and Management
Medications – Cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, Rivastigmine), NMDA antagonists
(Memantine).
New therapies – Aducanumab targets amyloid plaques
Non-drug approaches – Cognitive therapy, exercise, and social engagement.
Caregiving – Support for daily activities, specialized care for advanced stages.
Prevention and Risk Reduction : Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a Mediterranean diet,
mental stimulation.
Managing chronic conditions: Controlling blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol.
Avoiding risk factors: No smoking, limiting alcohol, stress management. Alzheimer’s
remains incurable, but early diagnosis and proper management can slow progression and
improve quality of life
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Prevention methods include mental exercises, a healthy diet, and regular physical
activity.[4][8]
Migraine
Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by severe, recurrent headaches, often
accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. It affects millions of
people worldwide and can significantly impact daily life.
Rsk factors: Genetic factors – Family history increases the risk.
Hormonal changes – More common in women, especially during menstruation.
Neurological triggers – Abnormal brain activity affects blood flow and neurotransmitters
like serotonin.
Lifestyle and environmental factors – Stress, lack of sleep, dehydration, and certain foods
(caffeine, alcohol, processed foods).
Symptoms: Migraine attacks develop in four stages, though not everyone experiences all of
them:
1. Prodrome (Warning Signs) – Mood changes, food cravings, neck stiffness, frequent
yawning (hours or days before).
2. Aura (In Some Cases) – Visual disturbances (flashing lights, blind spots), tingling
sensations, speech difficulties.
3. Headache Phase – Severe throbbing pain, usually on one side of the head, lasting 4-72
hours, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light/sound..
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms. Treatment involves triptans, analgesics, and stress
management techniques.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by
abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It affects people of all ages and can vary in severity,
ranging from mild, brief seizures to prolonged and life-threatening convulsions.
Epilepsy can develop due to various factors, including:
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1. Genetic factors – Some types of epilepsy run in families, indicating a hereditary
component.
2. Brain injuries – Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) from accidents, strokes, or infections can
trigger epilepsy.
3. Stroke and vascular diseases – Reduced oxygen supply to the brain can lead to seizure
activity.
4. Brain tumors – Abnormal brain growths may disturb neural function and cause seizures.
5. Infections – Meningitis, encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis are known to cause epilepsy.
6. Developmental disorders – Conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and
neurodevelopmental delays increase epilepsy risk.
7. Metabolic disorders – Electrolyte imbalances, hypoglycemia, and mitochondrial disorders
can contribute to epilepsy.
Symptoms include seizures, temporary loss of consciousness, and involuntary muscle
contractions. Diagnosis is done through electroencephalography (EEG), MRI, and CT
scans.[10]
Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs (Valproate, Lamotrigine) and, in some cases, surgical
procedures.
Conclusion
Brain diseases are highly prevalent among middle-aged individuals, and early diagnosis is
crucial for effective treatment. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, engaging in physical activity,
and regular medical check-ups can help reduce the risk of neurological disorders. Preventive
measures, such as blood pressure control, cognitive stimulation, and avoiding harmful habits,
play a vital role in protecting brain health. Modern medicine continues to develop new
medications and treatment techniques, providing promising outcomes in the fight against
brain diseases. Every individual should take proactive steps to safeguard their neurological
health by following preventive guidelines and seeking medical attention when necessary.
References
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3. Parkinson’s Foundation. (2023). Understanding Parkinson’s Disease: Symptoms and
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Retrieved
from
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4. Alzheimer’s Association. (2022). Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures. Retrieved from
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5. Mayo Clinic. (2023). Migraine: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. Retrieved from
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