No. 1 (2016)

Topicality and relevance of the dissertation. As there is not a unique and complete theory for the phraseological units in the sphere of world linguistics the issue of the essence of the phraseology is always disputable and their peculiarities should be studied thoroughly.
The integration of Uzbekistan to the world community, the development of science and technologies, and becoming competitiveness in multicultural world require from the youth learing several foreign languages by comparison with the Uzbek language. Even in the book «High Spirituality is an Undcfcatablc Power» there arc a number of essential tasks such as «...publishing etymological and comparative dictionaries, working out important terms and phrases, concepts and categories, ...creating all the necessary conveniences to our younger generation in order they could learn information communication technologies and foreign languages effectively» are pointed out which arc to be solved in the nearest future*7. There arc a number of issues to be investigated more thoroughly such as complexity of phraseological materials and partial existence of general phraseological theory in the study of phraseological units in spite of successful comparative and contrastive investigations of languages in Uzbekistan.
Phraseological units (hereinafter as PhU) arc the symbolic expressions and descriptive means of a nation created within centuries and proverbial phraseological units (hereinafter as PPhU) arc a certain part of phraseological fund. PPhUs arc the result of a nation’s creative thinking and they consist of brief and definite attitude of a human being towards the nature and social events, so they serve to strengthen one’s speech providing beauty, effectiveness and figurativeness, and will develop communicative competence in learners. Particularly, PPhUs in French, Uzbek and Russian languages will contribute to the development of sociolinguistic competence in learners of foreign languages by expressing the intercultural peculiarities of these nations. According to some scientists, every person understands about 800 proverbs, sayings and aphorisms in a language88, and most of them arc included in the works by writers and linguists (30,7%) used in order to express the moral. Aristotle, dccribcd PhUs as a figurative sense of a word and said the followings “A figurative word does not belong to anything, its meaning is transferred from one gender to another or from one type into another and it is carried out according to the similarities of the objects”89. Socrates described the term «proverbe» as a compact, brief and unforgettable word combination90. Even though using PhUs and PPhUs might seem as daily and simple case for a speaker, actually, their linguistic nature arc so complicated that they require a thorough research. That is why, contrastive analysis of semantic, stylistic and cultural peculiarities of PPhUs points out the topicality of the current dissertation. The issue of the PPhUs has not been thoroughly investigated in the Uzbek linguistics, their theoretical peculiarities have not been identified according to the lexical fund of the Uzbek language, there was not any research subject in comparison with various structured languages, particularly, with French and Russian. So, the present research is the first one in this sphere of linguistics.
So, the topical issues point out the necessity of the research, besides this is the first scientific dissertation dedicated to this sphere of linguistics.
The present dissertation can serve to implement some tasks indicated in Presidential Decree №1875 «On Further Measures on Improvement Foreign Languages Teaching System» by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan as of December 10, 2012, the Presidential Decree № PD4797 «On Instituting the Tashkent State Uzbek Language and Literature University named after A.Navoiy» by the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan as of May 13, 2016, and Resolution №124 “On Approval Educational Standards in Foreign Languages of Contrunuous Educational System” by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan as of May 8, 2013 and other related normative documents.
The aim of the research is to investigate the semantic-stylistic and ethnocultural peculiarities of PPhUs in French, Uzbek and Russian and to work out recommendations for using the outcomes in the Uzbek linguistics.
The scientific novelty of the research arc as follows:
Semantic peculiarities of phraseological units, especially, proverbial phraseological units, in French, Uzbek and Russian, their allocation in phrasco-scmantic fields and their etymology have been revealed;
General phraseological units existing in the literary languages and authentic speech of these three nations and the comparison of the occassional and comtamination changes in the proverbial phraseological units and their lingvostylistic peculiarities have been highlighted using eight types of transformational methods;
National and universal peculiarities of French, Uzbek and Russian languages have been investigated with the participation of proverbial phraseological units exisiting in three compared languages for the first time and the importance of ethnocultural layer have been revealed;
Peculiarities, signs, scope of usage and the role of proverbial phraseological units among other types of phraseological units have been investigated; the alternatives of comccptual terms related the proverbial phraseological units in French, Uzbek and Russian languages have been found and adjusted and the term, proverbial phraseological units, has been used for the first time.
The scientific and practical suggestions related to the usage of brief, figurative and colourful proverbial phraseological units in learning foreign languages and particularly, the French and Russian languages can also point out the scientific novelty of our research.
CONCLUSION
Having analyzed the proverbial phraseological units in French, Uzbek and Russian languages we may conclude the followings:
1. Even though there arc a number of researches carried out in comparison of French phraseology with Russian one in the theory of comparative-historical, typological and contrastive linguistics the proverbial phraseological units in phraseological units have never been studied comparing the semantic-stylistic and intercultural peculiarities in etymological, linguistic and translation points of view.
2. PPhUs arc set phrases, high flown words, phrases, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms and flickering expressions which have got set components, semantic unity, various structures, independent development, ready-made forms, partly or complete figurative meaning, expressive and emotive senses. PPhUs express a clear finished idea and this idea will be described strictly and briefly. They do not have unnecessary words or expressiveness, because the brief idea itself implicates a wide esthetic feature. PphUs evaluate an event from positive or negative point of view and expresses it through a figurative meaning. PPhUs reflect all the conflicts and events of all the existing sphere of people’s life. Through the centuries every PphU allows various amazing expressions to occur in their semantic nature. And this thing lets some PPhUs be used in several contexts with different themes. The instructive nature of the PPhUs is that fact that they provide ideological directions to the people and they make people develop their positive ideals and go for them more actively and sometimes fight for them.
3. The study of phrascoscmantic fields provided an opportunity an opportunity to identify their semantic features, expressiveness and the relations between phraseological and lexical meanings. Lexical semantic and phraseoscmantic fields must be investigated in one single system. There arc nucleus, center and periphery in the phrascoscmantic field. As intercultural peculiarities of three languages have been investigated in the dissertation phrascoscmantic field has been developed in various themes in three languages. For instance, the theme «Amour -муҳаббат (love)», «Amitie -дўстлик (friendship)» and «Prudcnce-эҳтиёткорлик (carefulness)» in the French language show that the French language is the language of love, the loyalty of the French to their friends and their carefulness in everything; taking into consideration the kindhearted features of the Uzbek nation the antonymous phrases such as «Кўздан нари-кўнгилдан нари», the Russian phrase «На Руси не все караси-есть и ерши» expresses the Russians specific cultural features, so the antonymous phrases such as, «Смелость города берет», «У страха глаза велики» which arc close to the character of the Russians were selected and interpreted as the nucleus of the phrascoscmantic field of antonymous PPhUs.
4. Etymological comparative analysis of the French, Uzbek and Russian PPhUs reveals the ideological content of the history, specific words (realia), customs, traditions and lifestyle of the nations. The PPhUs in French, Uzbek and Russian (15 in each) were compared in three languages and their origination was identified. We could even identify some phrases existing in the Uzbek languages had been borrowed from the Russian language and at the same time it turned out that those phrases had been borrowed to the Russian language from French.
5. The transformation of proverbial phraseological units, the occasional changes made by nationwide proverbial phraseological units of the compared languages in a literary text while the study of their stylistic peculiarities, the use of these phraseological units by the masters and their stylistic achievements were proven.
6. Based on the investigated materials the occassional transformations of the phraseological units: a) structural enlargement of the phraseological units; b) Insertions; c) contamination of the phraseological units; d) synonymic, antonymous and situational substitutions and neologisms; e) Ellipsis; f) Secondary actualization; g) phraseological convergence; h) Allusion were available in all three language.
7.We could prove that proverbial phraseological units arc the most essential factors expressing the intercultural peculiarities of the French, Uzbek and Russian languages, that is, intercultural peculiarities arc expressed by the phrases reflecting the culture, traditions, customs, outlook, lifestyle, ethic and esthetic norms of a nation and the phrases with figurative meaning which arc available in written and verbal speeches. The national peculiarities of the PPhUs arc directly expressed by existence of social, economic, cultural and everyday life of the nations, participation of animal and plant names, toponymies, use of feelings and emotions, traditions and customs of the nations.
Alongside with the intercultural peculiarities, it was identified that the universal phraseological units available in the aphoristic works of French, Uzbek, Russian and other nations of the world, on the one hand, originated by the influence of development and the lifestyle of these nations and on the other hand, by the influence of proverbs of other nations.
In addition to the above mentioned facts, we could identify that a great contribution to the development of sociolinguistic competence in learners and students by using PPhUs in learning foreign languages. 
8. Comparison of the PPhUs in French, Uzbek and Russian languages and study the national and universal features of them shows the national and universal peculiarities in PPhUs reflect the specific features of every nation. This comparison revealed several factors:
The past, history and present life of three nations differ from each other significantly. These nations possess their rich heritage, cultural and spiritual views and resources. If we have a look at the history, the influence of France on Russian culture, lifestyle and language was very strong in 1750-1800, and so the influence of the Russian language on the Uzbek language and culture was significant from 1917 to 1991. And this helps to create universal features by borrowing words, and provervial phraseological units from a language into another one.
In most cases French use the names of food like cheese, wine and frog, while Russian phraseological units include the plants and animals of the forests based on their geographical locations, unlike the French language, in the phraseological units of the Uzbek language there the notions like “guest and host” and these PPhUs reflect the national color and intercultural peculiarities of the Uzbeks.
9. In this research it was found that PPhUs arc used more in the Uzbek languages rather than French and Russian, in addition, we managed to identify that PPhUs could be borrowed from one language into another and enrich the phraseological fund of that language.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. The damage caused by termites around the world is growing year after year. The countries of Western Africa spend about 10% of the finance assigned for the repair of constructions on buildings damaged by termites. In the USA alone the restoration of buildings after termites costs $1.5 billion annually, while the annual figure around the world is $20 billion1.
Termites destroy all wooden elements in various constructions, such as architectural and cultural monuments, strategically important constructions, hydraulic structures and residential and administrative buildings. One termite family consisting of 25 thousand individuals and occupying a space of 100 cm3 consumes an average of 50,000 cm3 of different types of cellulose. At the same time, they have a huge impact on the global carbon cycle, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. The ability to digest cellulose, which results in the emission of CO2 is the outcome of combining termites’ digestive secretions and the simbionts’ enzymes and, the consequential biochemical processes.
Termites’ hidden life and strong resistance to environmental factors, as well as the functional specialization of their castes and their ability to restore populations within short periods, complicate the control. Thus, to develop up to date biological control methods and to research into termites’ population ecology and their relations with vertebrate and invertebrate animals and microorganisms arc the most important steps to be taken.
It should be noted that the available scientific knowledge is not sufficient to protect residential and other constructions from termites. A better understanding of the reasons why termites moved from their natural environment and distributed in urban ecosystems would significantly improve the protection of susceptive infrastructure. Thus, among today’s most urgent tasks arc to determine the current distribution of the termite population, to study the physiological and biochemical processes associated with the digestive secretions and the activity of the simbionts’ enzymes, to identify new nematode species parasitizing termites and to improve control methods through the development of new poisonous baits based on pathogenic fungi and microorganisms.
The research of this dissertdtion in a certain degree serves to the solution of tasks stipulated in the decree № PD-1940 of March 20 2013 «On the program of tourism development in Khorezm region for 2013-2015» of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the decree № 27 2 February 2012 «On the acceleration of works aimed to control the termite population in the Republic of Uzbekistan and to prevent the harm they cause» of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and also in other legal documents adopted in this area.
The aims of the research is a comprehensive definition of population ecology of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes in natural and urban ecosystems of Uzbekistan and to develop of effective biological control methods of termite population.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
for the first time for the global termite fauna nematode species Caenorhabditis sp. was discovered in termites;
the activity of the lactase enzyme in the salivary gland of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes was established;
for the first time 24 species of fungi inhabiting the termite’s body, its food and the termitarium’s chambers were identified and their species composition were established;
the virulence of the strain of Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85, which use in the fight against termites extracted from the moroccan locust was increased;
for the first time a pathogenic bait out of the sunflower stem and strain Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85, Bacillus thuringiensis was created, which can be used to control the termite population.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the conducted research on a doctoral dissertation on the theme «The population ecology of termites and their role in natural and urban ecosystems» the following conclusions were presented:
1. The natural and urban territories of Uzbekistan arc populated by two termite species mainly: A. turkestanicus Jacobson, 1904 and A. ahngerianus Jacobson, 1904 of the genus Anacanthotermes
2. The population ecology and structure of termites from the genus Anacanthotermes in urban and natural ecosystems was identified. In such ecosystems, the life of termites is directly and indirectly associated to various vertebral and invertebrate animals.
3. The main reasons for the population and spread of termites over urban ecosystems. The distribution of A. turkestanicus and A. ahngerianus is impacted by a series of ecological as well as anthropogenic factors.
4. The digestion of oligomers by termites is defined by an effective exo- and cndoccllulase system. The study findings showed that the wood damage caused by termites, is associated to the carbohydrase activity of the salivary as well as intestinal glands and symbiotic enzymes.
5. Carbossimctilcellulose and cellobiase was inactive in the enzymes structure of all termites of the genus Anacanthotermes. For the first time the lactase enzymes participating in the digestion of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes were studied.
6. Twelve species were identified as symbiotic, flagellated protozoa that were involved in the digestion by A. turkestanicus and A. ahngerianus. The existence was proven of symbiotic relations between flagellated protozoa and termites of the genus Anacanthotermes, that from an evolutionally perspective points at close trophic and metabolieal link.
7. 24 fungus species were discovered in the soil of termite hills. In addition, the involvement of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Stemphylium, Stachybotry and Helminthosporium sp. was proven during the digestion by termites’.
8. For the first time for the global termite fauna nematode species Caenorhabditis sp. was discovered in termites. Micromycetes of Aspergillus, Beauveria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium sp. were present in termites nests. Therefore the efficiency of fluids containing the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus orysae, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria tenella, Scopulariopsis brevicaidis and Fusarium sp. was tested for infesting termites. The results showed, infection rates ranging between 82% and 100%.
9. It was proven that cntomopathogenic bacteria emitted chemical substances of the Bacillus thuringiensis group known for its anti-termite activity against A. turkestanicus. The findings demonstrated that strains of Bacillus thuringiensis LMD and LME-22 were the most toxic to the termites species studied.
10. For the first time, an effective bait was developed - based on a mixture sunflower stems (Helianthus annuus L.) and strains of Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85 and Bacillus thuringiensis L. The developed baits, attracted termites and consequently were effective in controlling termite populations.
11. The developed baits containing the fungus Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85 could be transferred in a way that permits producing such baits in a form that can be used for as a large-scale, antitermite campaign.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. At present, cereals arc cultivated on an area of more than 215 million ha worldwide and provide in total more than 730 million tones' of grain every year. Meeting the population’s demand for food production, ensuring the secure production of grain crops, and in particular, increasing yields of wheat and quality of grain is considered to be one of the most important tasks. Due to the implementation of complex measures to meet the population’s demand for bread and bakery products, the independence from exports of grain products into Uzbekistan was achieved in a short period of time.
Two main types of wheat varieties arc produced in Uzbekistan. Soft wheat types (Triticum aestivum) arc cultivated in a majority of the agricultural areas, while the hard types (Triticum durum) arc grown in smaller areas. The hard (durum) wheat varieties registered in the State Register arc distinguished by resistance to cold and warm climate, drought and various diseases, while the ripened grains do not fall off of the spike .
However, despite the high quality of the grains, the produced durum wheat does not fully meet the requirements of the macaroni and confectionery industry. Currently, the yields of durum wheat in our country arc low and do not allow fully meeting the demand for grain products.
It is known that the durum wheat is produced to obtain food cereals. Taking into account a high demand for durum wheat products in both the local and global markets, it will be appropriate to expand the suitable agricultural areas in the Zarafshan valley and in the rainfed regions of Uzbekistan for cultivation of the durum wheat.
To obtain high-quality grain yields from newly bred and imported durum wheat varieties suitable for macaroni products, the development of the wheat cultivation agro-technologies that account for the biological properties and suitable for the soil and climatic conditions of the region, and allow to benefit from the full potential of durum wheat varieties will lead to further development of the wheat cultivation in the country.
Research on the effects of planting dates and rates of durum wheat varieties, application of mineral fertilizers, irrigation regime and weed control on grain quality, wheat productivity features, germination in various field conditions, formation of the above-ground biomass and root system, resistance to cold, assessment of growth and development phases, growth dynamics, resistance of wheat spikes to fall, tillering , photosynthesis processes, accumulation of dry matter and photosynthesis, with the purpose to assess the net productivity of durum wheat is considered to be among the pressing present-day activities in conditions of the Zarafshan Valley.
This research study facilitates to a certain extent the fulfilment of the tasks identified by the Decree of the President of Uzbekistan No. PK.-2460 “On measures for additional reforms and development activities in agriculture in 2016 -2020”, in the regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of 29 December 1994 "On the measures to improve the breeding and seed production of cereal crops," and other pertinent regulatory and legal documents.
The Purpose of the study is to develop a methodology for the selection of promising durum wheat varieties suitable for new agricultural zones based on their biological properties and local soil - climatic conditions of the region and the provision of high quality and quantity yields.
Scientific novelty of the research is in the following: The agro-technological elements of the promising durum wheat varieties registered at the State Register and accounting for their biological properties were developed for the first time for the conditions of the Zarafshan Valley;
The effects of the various external factors such as germination, grain technological quality, plant physiological processes, root system, resistance to winter cold and other unfavorable conditions for the production of the durum wheat varieties were determined;
The methods for improving the durum wheat grain quality of the Istiklol and Alcksandrovka varieties through improving the planting dates and rates, fertilizer application rates, irrigation regimes and weed control activities;
In the process of the durum wheat agrococnosis development, the agro-technical measures for weed control were developed through an assessment of weed types and their damage levels;
Production of high-quality durum wheat grains that meet the requirements of the macaroni and confectionery industry, was achieved.
Conclusions
1. The soil and climatic conditions of the Zarafshan Valley arc favorable for the cultivation of durum wheat varieties and provide conditions to obtain the high-quality yields. Seed germination rate of the Istiqlol durum wheat variety planted earlier or later than the optimal period of 16/X was lower for 8.0 to 11.8 % and of the Alcksandrovka variety for 6.4 to8.5 % lower. Planting the Istiqlol variety with the rate of 4.0 million seeds and Alcksandrovka with 5.0 million seeds is the most optimal rate.
2. Delays of planting dates from November 1st to 16th causes prolongation of the growing period of durum wheat varieties from 12 to 14 days, while increasing the seeds from 3.0 to 6.0 million per ha reduces the growing period by 5 - 6 days. Depending on the planting rates and the biological properties, the field germination of the Istiqlol variety increases from 72.0 to 86.0 %, that of Alcksandrovka from 69.3 % to 84.0 %.
Increasing nitrogen application rate in the irrigated areas from 115 to 235 kg extends the growing period by 7 - 20 days, while 4 times irrigation extends this period by 25 days compared to the control. Reduction of the growing period allows speeding crop maturity, but decreases yield and grain quality of wheat.
3. The delays of planting causes the decreased development of plant roots, above-ground biomass and provision of plants with roots. Planting the Istiqlol variety later than the optimal dates causes a decrease of root mass of wheat by 0.13 g/plant in the stem elongation phase, above-ground biomass by 0.90 g/plant, provision with root system by 15.1 % compared to the planting in the earlier dates. This pattern remains until the end of the plant development period.
4. Under 4 irrigations, the growth rates of wheat increased: the height difference reached 13 cm by the end of growing period. The main cause of this is the fact that in the absence of irrigation, the demand for water increases under conditions of high air temperature and intensive sunshine.
5. Under optimal planting dates (16/X) and rates (Istiqlol 4.0 million seeds per ha, Alcksandrovka 5.0 million seeds per ha), the highest values of leaf area, plant biomass and net photosynthesis occurred during the wax phase with 9.84 and 8.97 gm2 day for the Istiqlol and Alcksandrovka varieties, respectively.
Increased number of irrigations causes increased moisture contents in the wheat leaves and photosynthesis productivity. The highest photosynthetic productivity in both varieties occurs during the wax maturity phase, being 3.6 % higher than in the control.
During the entire growing season this value was 1.6 %. The highest photosynthesis productivity has occurred under 4 irrigations, resulted in positive influence on plants.
6. Temperature fluctuations in winter, especially low temperature, exert negative impact on the development of wheat planted in autumn. Wheat planted on October 16 with the rates of 4.0 million seeds per ha had high survival rates. The glucose contents were on average 1.5 - 2.5% higher compared with the other planting dates and rates. Increasing the nitrogen application rates resulted in better accumulation in plant tissues up to the harvesting period and increased from 61 % to 74%.
7. The yields of the Istiqlol and Alcksandrovka varieties planted at the optimal dates and rates in autumn were on average 7.46 and 6.36 t ha'1, respectively. The grain yield of wheat planted on October 01 was 1.1 t ha'1, while late planting on October 16 caused the yield to be 2.11 t ha'1, i.e., decreased by 1.63 t ha'1.
During the planting period in spring, when the temperature increases quickly, since February 20, the grain quality and weight become higher compared with those planted late. The yield of the wheat planted on March 10 decreases by 15 % and on March 20 by 50 %.
Increasing nitrogen application rates caused a proportional increase in the wheat productivity, and application of the most optimal nitrogen rate of 215 kg ha'1 resulted in the wheat yield of 6.95 t ha'1, or 3.81 t ha'1 higher compared to the control.
Increasing the number of irrigation events allowed receiving higher yields of both studied wheat varieties. Irrigating the Istiqlol and Alcksandrovka varieties four times 4 allowed receiving the yields of 3.04 - 7.83 t ha'1 and 3.02 - 7.53 t ha'1, respectively. The yield increase of these varieties was 4.79 and 4.51 t ha'1, respectively.
The highest yields of the Istiqlol (7.48 t ha'1) and Krupinka (7.10 t ha'1) varieties were obtained with application of Stella 75 % solution with rate of 0.8 1 ha'1. Compared to the control, the yield of the Istiqlol variety was 1.47 t ha'1 and those of Krupinka 1.3 t ha'1.
8. Wheat cultivation technology studied in this research had a substantial effect on the yield components of durum wheat. The Istiqlol variety planted in autumn during the optimal date of October 16 with a rate of 4 million seeds per ha had higher spike length of 0.8 cm, grain number per spike of 8.1 , spike grain weight of 1.1 g, spikelet number per spike of 7.2 , 1000 grain of 5.4 g; the Alcksandrovka variety had highcre spike length of 0.6 cm, number of grain per spike of 5.4 , spike grain weight of 0.8 g, number of spikelets per spike of 5.1, 1000 grain weight of 4.1 g compared to the control treatment.
During early planting, the grain-unit of the Istiqlol and Alcksandrovka varieties was on average 799 and 793 g Г1, respectively. The difference of the grain-unit between the optimal planting dates was 9.8 g Г1 higher compared with that of the wheat planted earlier or later.
Yield components of wheat planted in spring was the best in crops planted on February 20. Grain number per spike was higher for 11.6 pieces,, grain weight per spike for 0.8 g and f 1000 grain weight for 5.7 g of the Istiqlol variety. Similarly, high indicators were observed with the Alcksandrovka variety.
Application of nitrogen fertilizers allowed increasing total and productive biomass, spike length number of spikesin 1 m2 and grain weight per spike. High rate of nitrogen fertilizer caused reduction of 1000 grain weight, but had a positive impact on the grain-unit and glassiness.
Protein contents increased from 11.3 % to 14.7 % following an increase of the nitrogen rate from 155 to 215 kg ha’1. Moreover, the optimal nitrogen application rates had a positive impact on the protein and gluten contents.
Increase of the number of irrigations allowed increasing the plant height, spike length, number of spilelets per spike , grain weight per spike and grain number per spike. The number of spikes per nr increased for 111 pcs with the Istilol and 101 pcs with the Alcksandrovka varieties.
The Stella 75 % solution herbicide, applied with a rate of 0.8 1 ha’1 showed the highest performance. The grain number per spike in both varieties increased for 6.7, spikelet number per per spike of the Istiqlol variety for 2.7 and the Krupinka variety for 2.5 compared the control treatment.
The increase of the spike grain weight of the Istiqlol variety was 0.1 g, of the Krupinka variety 0.1 g, the highest spike length of the Istiqlol variety was 0.6 cm, and of the Krupinka variety 0.5 cm.
9. Protein and gluten contents of the durum wheat varieties planted in the optimal period were 1.1 - 0.8 % and 4.7 - 2.9 % higher compared to those in crops planted earlier. Grain weight of the Istiqlol variety irrigated four times was 12.4 g, grain-unit 0.5 g I1, grain glassiness 88.1 %, protein contents 17.2 % and gluten 34.2 % higher than in the control.
The research showed that protein (18.9 %) and gluten (17.0 %) contents in the wheat planted in February, 20 and March, 1, were high. The accumulation of protein and gluten heavily depends on planting dates and climatic variability.
Gluten contents in crops planted on February 20 and March 01 were 57 -58 %, those planted in March, 20 were 55 %. Late planting caused reduced yellow color by 2 - 3 %.
10. The Istiqlol variety planted in October, 16 with the rate of 4 million seeds per ha allowed obtaining 521000 soum ha’1 of the conditional net income and the Alcksandrovka variety (same planting date and a rate of 5 million seeds per ha) 406000 soum ha’1. Profitability of these varieties was 23.1% and 17.6%, respectively.
Economic efficiency of crops planted mainly in early spring (February, 20) with the net profit of 90000 soum per ha higher compared with crops planted later (March 20) in the first trial and 141000 soum ha’1 higher in the second trial.
Application of 215 kg ha’1 of the nitrogen fertilizer allowed receiving 314000 soum ha’1 more of the net income, compared to the control. The net income of the Istiqlol and Alcksandrovka varieties irrigated 4 times was for 479 000 and 451 000 soum ha'1 higher compared to the control treatment.
The use of herbicides allowed increasing the net profit by 97000 soum ha'1 compared to the control treatment. The net conditional profit of the Istiqlol variety was for 38 000 soum ha’1 higher compared with the Krupinka variety.
11. In conditions of the irrigated meadow gray soils of the Samarkand province, the recommended planting rates and dates of the intensive type of facultative Istiqlol variety are 4.0 million seeds per ha and Alcksandrovka 5.0 million seeds per ha in the second decade of October.
The optimal planting dates in spring depend on climatic variations and recommended in the third decade of February or the first decade of March without delay.
12. In conditions of the irrigated meadow gray soils of the Samarkand province, it is recommended to irrigate the intensive types of the facultative Istiqlol and Alcksandrovka varieties 4 times, i.e., during tillering, stem elongation, heading and milking stages with the rates of 800 mJ ha'1.
It is recommended to apply nitrogen fertilizer with the rate of 35 kg before planting the Istiqlol variety, 40 kg at tillering stage, 90 at stem elongation stage, 50 at heading stage and in total 215 kg ha'1.
13. In durum wheat production using Istiqlol and Krupinka varieties under conditions of the irrigated areas of the Kashkadarya province it is recommended to apply Sprout-extra BP (140 1 ha‘')-3,7 g ha’1 against annual dicotyledonous, cereal and perennial weeds before planting, Stella 75 % solution with an application rate of 0.8 1 ha’1 against annual cereal weeds, Entostar 75 % solution with an application rate of 20 g ha’1 against annual dicotyledonous weeds.

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. In the world of cocoons arc produced in more than 35 countries and is prepared annually on average 640 000 tonnes of cocoons. Among the countries that produce cocoons, arc the leading people's Republic of China, Uzbekistan, Japan and Korea and these countries produced 92% of the cocoons. Reception cocoon raw materials on the basis of quality indicators and the application of the most efficient technologies of their processing, in the processes of deepening globalization and increasing competitiveness of products on the market cocoon of raw materials remains one of the most important tasks.
In the years of independence in Uzbekistan special attention was paid to the effective development of sericulture, and the development of high quality competitive on the world market of raw materials and silk products. In this aspect, the improved food base, improving the productivity and quality of fibre, the cultivation of resistant pests and diseases of silkworms and development on the basis of modem requirements of production and processing of cocoons achieved tangible results.
Increase productivity and improve the quality of the cocoons by reducing the share of defective cocoons is essential to increase the efficiency of the economy. In this aspect, targeted research, including implementation of the following areas arc considered to be one of the important tasks: biological properties of cocoons, physical and mechanical properties taking into account quality indicators, development of modem methods of determining the qualitative parameters; automation and control of technological processes through the creation of a highspeed device; receiving the cocoons on quality indicators and the organization of this process; organization of control on every stage of cultivation of cocoons and a detailed study of the impact on the quality factors, the development of new technologies; saving of raw materials and high-performance of achievements of science and technology, development of machines and devices the creation of new generation energy-saving controls and automation. The above analysis of scientific studies and trends indicate the relevance of the topic of this thesis.
This dissertation research was to a certain extent is the implementation of the tasks stipulated in the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-512 «About measures for further reforming of silk industry of Uzbekistan» dated 15 November 2006, PP-1512 «On additional measures to stimulate the development of textile industry» on 28 March 2011, and other regulatory instruments adopted in this field.
The object of the study arc the processes of sericulture, new devices for these processes and live cocoons.
Scientific novelty of research consists in the following:
developed and justified statistical methods to determine quality parameters (volumetric stiffness, silkiness of the cocoons, maturity of pods, density and shell thickness) of cocoons on the basis of the rigidity of their shell;
developed a device for determining the volume of solids of complex shape, which is used to determine the amount of cocoons that arc required for the calculation of the correction factor in the calculation of silkiness samples of live cocoons in rented party;
developed a method and apparatus for determining the percentage of immature and cocoons with a large specific volume (capercaillie). Given this information, calculation of silkincss of the cocoons;
there arc three types of method and apparatus for the more accurate determination of actual mass of silk cocoons, as well as the maturity, thickness and density of the shell cocoons hardness of the shell of the delivered consignment of cocoons;
upgraded device for measuring specific volume of cocoons PTI-1M with fixing a constant sample mass of live cocoons (3kg) and automatic removal of the layer height cocoons measuring cylinder, designed to determine silkiness of the cocoons without cut. Developed a rapid method for the determination of silkincss of the cocoons.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of conducted research we can draw the following conclusions:
1. To determine the qualitative parameters of silk cocoons proposed the use of non-destructive statistical methods on the basis of the rigidity of their shell. As a result, receive signals, analyzing and processing using mathematical methods and computer software, it is possible to define such quality parameters as the volumetric stiffness of the sample cocoons, the cocoons silkincss of the cocoons, maturity of pods, thickness and density of the shell cocoons.
2. To determine the correction factor required in calculating silkiness samples of live cocoons in rented party developed a device for determining the volume of solids of complex shape, which allows to determine the average volume of cocoons. The relative error of the developed device is equal to 0,17%.
3. To improve the measurement accuracy of the developed method and device for determining the percentage of immature cocoons and cocoons with a large specific volume, given this information, calculation of silkiness live cocoons. The relative error of the developed device does not exceed 1%.
4. The developed device for determining silkiness, ripeness and thickness of the shell silk cocoons without cut, allow high precision to determine the actual quantity of silk mass of cocoons, ripeness and thickness of the shell cocoons of the delivered consignment due to their rigidity of the shell.
5. To reduce the percentage of immature cocoons, bringing severe economic damage to sericulture, it is proposed modernized version of the instrument PTI-1M with an automatic removal of the layer height of the cocoons of the measuring cylinder. The standard error of live cocoons, defined in relation to without cut device FTI-1M is 0,456 %.
6. Proposed and experimentally proven mathematical model to calculate the correction factor for the volume of live cocoons, which it is proposed to use in determining silkiness in party live cocoons.
7. Developed a rapid method for the determination of silkiness live cocoons without their without cut, providing increase of accuracy and efficiency when determining live cocoons of any breed. The standard error of silkiness specific Express method (PTI-1M) relative to without cut less than 2 times the standard error of a particular silkincss cocoons method, PTI-1 относительно of without cut.
8. The optimal weight of 3kg live cocoons with the use of the device PTI-1M, is designed to determine silkincss live cocoons without cut. It also takes into account the presence of cocoons-grouse and muscardini of the cocoons, as an amendment in the calculation of silkiness of live cocoons in the computer version.
9. A method was developed to determine silkiness live cocoons hardness of their shell device PTI-1M, and implements software. The increase of accuracy of definition of live cocoons is achieved by taking into account the thickness of their shells. The standard error of silkiness determined by the proposed method relative to without cut is 0.4%.
10. Proposed and implemented the definition of the volumetric stiffness of the sample live cocoons with the help of the device PTI-1, which evaluated the technical and economic value of the game, both living and dry cocoons. It is shown that the value of the volumetric stiffness defined by the proposed technology, agreed with the experiments performed with single cocoons and calculating the average volumetric hardness.
11. Experimentally investigated the influence of different vibration modes on the degree of tapped and quality of cocoons. Determined the most optimal amplitude, frequency and time of vibration, ensuring a relatively uniform density of packing of cocoons in a cylindrical tank.
12. The influence of the moisture content of the cocoons on the accuracy of determining silkincss when conducting without cut, when determining the correction factor K, as well as with industrial acceptance of the cocoons.
13. The experimentally determined degree of influence of percentage content of cocoons-grouse on the readings of PTI-1M in the direction of overstatement. The Express-method of determination of the percentage of cocoons with a large specific volume and is given the formula for amendment in determining the real silkincss live cocoons at the time of their collection points cocoon of raw materials.
14. Justified and recommended to use sorting of cocoons in terms of specific volume (SCWA) grantovogo to separate the cocoons from the Persian aparsc. He is replacing manual labor increases the rate of separation 4 times on coronaricnnc points in the season harvesting of live cocoons and increases the accuracy of determining silkincss live cocoons without their without cut device of PTI-1, by pre-culling of cocoons-grouse with large specific volume of the sample.
15. Based on the comparison of the results of silkiness live cocoons of a certain method without cut, apparatus PTI-IM, and the proposed new Express technique it is shown that the values of silkiness live cocoons defined in the last two cases close to the value of silkiness on without cut and absolute root mean square error of a certain silkiness live cocoons less than one .

The relevance and demanding of the dissertation the theme. Today, the world's countries with different level of provision of electric power, the average power consumption is 37% in the industry, including mining and metals industry accounted for 12 In connection with the depletion of easily recoverable reserves of mineral resources and the involvement in the exploitation reserves localized in more difficult geological conditions, energy consumption for mining industry is constantly growing. According to statistics, the annual consumption of electrical energy in the mining industry in the world is 913.2 TWh. By results of researches by 2030 the growth of electrical energy consumption will be average 1.8% per year. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of measures to ensure the needs and requirements of industry, energy saving and efficiency of the process, optimization of electric energy consumption.
Mining and metallurgical industry is one of the largest energy consumers in the Republic of Uzbekistan, in which special attention is focused on the organization of effective measures for the implementation of high-performance technologies. In this regard, notable progress has been made in creating high-performance process control systems, standardization of electric energy consumption, improvement of management systems of technological process on the based of intelligent systems.
Acquired issues of particular importance to reduce energy intensity of process ore beneficiation process and energy efficiency technologies for processing mineral resources in view of its inherent characteristics. In this area, the implementation of targeted research is a priority, while highly relevant research in the following areas: the development of a rational law of variable frequency drive, identifying energy-saving modes of operation of the induction motor with static and dynamic processes and the creation of its mathematical model, the development of the wear pattern of the pump unit, the development of a mathematical model of the process and electricity rationing electricity consumption, taking into account the definition of the significant factors influencing the process, to develop an algorithm of forecasting of electric energy consumption. Ongoing scientific research on research areas above indicated is the actuality of the dissertation topic.
This dissertation research is to a certain degree perform tasks provided for in the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the rational use of energy" (1997), Decree of the of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PD No. 2343 on May 5, 2015 "On the program to reduce energy consumption measures, the introduction of energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 " and the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 333 on November 28, 2012 "On additional measures to reduce manufacturing costs and reduce production costs in the industry", as well as in other regulatory documents adopted in this area.
The aim of the research is to develop technical solutions based on the variable speed drive with electricity rationing parameters that provide energy efficiency enrichment processes.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
identified the most important factors affecting the wear of pump components, developed a mathematical model of wear as a function of the main factors influencing it in the course of operation;
developed energy- and resource-saving operation of variable frequency drive system, "asynchronous motor - pump pumping pulp";
depending on the efficiency of installed electric power consumption of the degree of loading of the balls of the mill second-stage grinding the orc;
developed a comprehensive method of valuation and modeling of energy consumption parameters for the evaluation of energy saving efficiency;
developed a model for predicting the electrical energy consumption of the basic technological parameters of the function.

Actuality and claimed of theme of dissertation. Development of the Infrastructure of the world and the requirements for resistance to without danger and erected constructions putting new challenges increase the strength and reliability of the bearing structural elements. One of the most urgent and fundamental problems of mechanics is to develop Refine numerical calculation method for predicting the strength and stability of structures in their design. In fundamental research and development to ensure the safe operation of buildings and structures allocated 4-5% of the total costs of research and education, including Europe and the CIS 3-4% in industrialized countries 7-8%.
In the conditions of the economic reforms which are carried out in our country special attention it is paid to safe operation and durability of the built designs and constructions. In particular, for ensuring safe flight flying and spacecrafts, stability and seismic stability of elevated and underground constructions, and also durability of the bearing elements of devices of drilling in geological exploration works, the solution of tasks of calculation of durability of their constituent elements like plates and flat covers is of particular importance.
With development of modem technologies, creations of constructional materials with unique physicomcchanical properties, become actual questions of development of nonclassical theories and methods of calculation of rigidity, durability and stability of plates and covers. Enhancement of theories of a bend and development of numerical methods of calculation of durability of the difficult bearing elements of designs, using modem information technologies has important scientific and practical value.
This dissertation research to a certain extent is the task of development and introduction of modem computerization and information and communication technologies, science and educational process of higher educational institutions of advanced learning systems, based on the acquisition and active use of modem computer technology in the development of numerical methods for solving problems of mechanics provided in Presidential decree number PF 3080 of 30 May 2002 "on further development of computerization and introduction of information and communication technologies" and the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministry of Construction. The Republic of Uzbekistan № 200 of 6 June 2002 "On measures for further development of computerization and introduction of information and communication technologies"
Purpose of the research arc solutions of no classical problems for plates and shallow shells; development of numerical resolution of differential approach problems in spectral problems for the stability of structures.
The scientific novelty of the research it is as follows:
developed numerical approach permits differential sample-Lcmc in spectral problems for self-adjoint operators;
Developed an improved method of differential and variational sweep iterations for solving static and dynamic problems of mechanics;
methods have been developed to address emerging danger zones to internal stresses in the complex areas of deformation of bearing structural elements;
develo Ihods for halving the resonance amplitudes using dynamic dampers in p rly high-rise buildings
The critical skorasti to flutter in aerodynamics, which may differ in the order in accordance with the terms Fastcn-tion plates.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of studies on a doctoral dissertation on the topic of "non-classical tasks of plates and shallow shells and methods of their numerical solutions" presents the following conclusions:
1. The construction of non-classical theories of plates and shallow shells without hypotheses based on the three-dimensional equations of motion of nonlinear elasticity theory in non-canonical regions of deformation, confirming its effectiveness by comparison with the known theories is of particular importance in solving applied mechanics problems.
2. The modification of the method of differential driving the development of numerical approaches to the resolution of differential problems in spectral problems for self-adjoint and non- operators, the justification of the reliability of numerical methods increases the effectiveness of solving problems in applied mechanics.
3. The obtained results of solving the three-dimensional problem of Rcnovo-these thick hinge-plate secured under the action of a sinusoidal load confirms the extension of the limits of applicability to non-classical theories of plates.
4. The stress-strain state of plates under action of concentrated force located at an arbitrary point in the front plane at a different aspect ratio and thickness. For the first time calculated the values of the emerging longitudinal force, under the action of transverse loads.
5. The dynamic effect of suddenly applied concentrated forces moving on a thick plate. Identified areas of longitudinal compression and extension when exposed to moving concentrated forces. For the first time investigated the distribution of the stationary longitudinal waves at a sudden impact piecewise constant transverse loads on the thin rods and plates.On the basis of the survey on his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Non-classical problems of plates and shallow shells and numerical methods for their solution" presented the following conclusions:
6. The tasks considered in the light of the longitudinal force of its own weight leads to a twofold increase in the resonant amplitudes of steady oscillations in sobolyata structures. Change the fixing conditions for a reason especially highrise buildings leads to the appearance of new resonance regions. Based on the conducted research on the selection of optimal parameters of dynamic vibration absorbers and their location, the facilities, like TV towers, achieved a reduction of the resonance amplitude is almost two times. We carried out a theoretical study with application of modem information technology, for engineers and designers provide a reliable tool for the daily control of safety of high-rise buildings.
7. The numerical solution of two-dimensional spectral problems under various conditions of fixation plates under dynamic loads. The values of the critical speeds of the streamlined gas in the study of flutter in the plates at different ratios of physical and geometrical parameters. The critical speed depending on the conditions of fastening can vary considerably. Studied flutter in the plates at various angles of attack streamlined air. If you change the critical angle of attack can vary up to three times.
8. With the help of isoperimctric coordinate system in non-classical fields determined by the values of the eigenvalues and plots of basic functions for standing waves under different conditions of fixation, non-canonical plates.

Диссертация мавзусининг долзарблиги ва зарурати. Тилшуносликда антонимия ва синонимия каби семантик категорияларни ўзида бирлаш-тирувчи градуонимик муносабатлар нутқ равонлиги ва мазмундорлигини таъминлашга хизмат килади. Бу эса, ўз навбатида, маънодош лексемаларнинг даража ва микдор жиҳатидан фаркларини илмий асослаш, хар бир тилнинг серқирралигини очиб беришга имкон яратади. Таъкидлаш керакки, семантик категория ва ходисаларни қардош бўлмаган тиллар билан киёслаш, уларнинг ўхшаш ва фарқли хусусиятларини очиб бериш хар бир тил назарий асосларини такомиллаштиришга, янги тушунча, атама ва категорияларни пайдо бўлишига олиб келади.
Мустакиллигимизнинг илк кунларидан бошлаб миллий тилимизни хар томонлама тадқиқ этиш ва ривожлантиришга қаратилган изланишлар кўлами сезиларли даражада кенгайди. Зеро, «...она тилимизнинг қўлланиш доираси-ни кенгайтириш, унинг тарихий илдизларини чуқур ўрганиш ва илмий асосда хар томонлама ривожлантириш бугунги кунда ўта долзарб масалага айланмоқда».
Жаҳон тилшунослигида миллий тил ҳодисалари ва категорияларининг семантик-структур хусусиятларини аниклашга доир тадқиқотлар олиб бориш билан бирга уларни қардош бўлмаган тиллар билан киёслаш тобора долзарб бўлиб бормокда. Бу борада сўзлараро маъновий муносабатларни турли тизимли тилларда семантик ва структур хусусиятларини очиб бериш, семантик категорияларнинг бир-бирига бўлган муносабатини аниқлаш ҳамда уларнинг фонологик, лексик, морфологик, синтактик ва стилистик сатҳларда намоён бўлишини далиллаш кабилар муҳим ахамият касб этади. Шулар қато-рида даражаланиш («градуонимия») ҳодисасини қардош бўлмаган миллий тилларда қиёслаб, даражавий муносабатларни лексик ва стилистик сатхдарда аниклаш, уларни тил корпусларига, луғат ва синсетларга киритиш бўйича тавсиялар ишлаб чикиш мақсадга мувофикдир. Юқоридагилар билан бир қаторда, қиёсланаётган миллий тиллардаги сўзларнинг даражавий фарқлари, уларнинг бошка семантик категорияларга муносабати, лексик ва стилистик сатҳларда вазифа жиҳатдан ўрни хамда аҳамиятини очиб бериш кабилар хам ушбу тадкикотнинг долзарблигини белгилайди.
Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2012 йил 10 декабрдаги ПҚ-1875-сон «Чет тилларни ўрганиш тизимини янада такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги Қарори, 2016 йил 13 майдаги ПФ-4797-сон «Алишер Навоий номидаги Тошкент давлат ўзбек тили ва адабиёти универ-ситетини ташкил этиш тўғрисида»ги Фармони, Ўзбекистон Республикаси Вазирлар Махкамасининг 2012 йил 26 сентябрдаги 278-сон «Олий таълим муассасалари педагог кадрларини кайта тайёрлаш ва уларнинг малакасини ошириш тизимини янада такомиллаштириш чора-тадбирлари тўғрисида»ги қарори хамда мазкур фаолиятга тегишли бошка меъёрий-хукукий ҳужжатларда белгиланган вазифаларни амалга оширишга мазкур тадқиқот
муайян даражада хизмат қилади.
Тадқиқотнинг мақсади градуонимиянинг турли тизимли тилларда семантик-структур хусусиятларини очиб бериш ва ўзбек, инглиз тилларида лексик ҳамда стилистик градуонимиянинг семантик категориялар сирасидаги ўрнини аниклашдан иборат.
Тадқиқотнинг илмий янгилиги қуйидагилардан иборат:
семантик муносабатларнинг бир тури сифатида градуонимия турли тизимли тилларда лингвистик ҳодиса эканлиги тавсифланган;
инглиз тилидаги от, сифат, феъл ва равиш каби сўз туркумларига оид муайян лексемаларда градуонимик муносабатлар аниқланган;
градуонимиянинг семантик категориялар билан муносабати ва уларнинг вазифадошлик, контекстуал маънодошлик каби семантик-структур хусусиятлари очиб берилган;
қиёсланаётган тилларда уникал градуонимик каторларнинг шакл ва ясалиш хусусиятлари ёритиб берилган;
градациянинг лексик градуонимиядан аффиксация, ёрдамчи сўзлар оркали ясалиши ва интенсификаторлар қўшилиши каби структур ҳамда луғавий ва контекстуал каби семантик хусусиятлари билан фарқланиши исботланган;
ўзбек ва инглиз тилларидаги стилистик даражаланишнинг гапдаги ўрни ва бошқа сўзлар билан богланиши каби синтактик хусусиятлари аникланган.
ХУЛОСА
1. Дунё тилшунослигида дастлаб ўзбек тадқиқотчилари томонидан ўрганилган даражаланиш, яъни градуонимия умумлингвистик ҳодисадир. Буни инглиз тили материалларининг тахдили хам исботлайди. Градуонимик қатор қиёсланаётган тилларда бир хил тамойил асосида тузилади, аммо уларда хар бир тилнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари ҳисобга олинади.
2. Градуонимик қатор камида уч аъзоли бўлиши шарт. Градуонимик қаторнинг ўнг ва чап томонларидан охирги аъзоси баъзан бир-бирига антоним бўлиши, баъзан эса антоним бўлмаслиги хам мумкин, бу даражаланаётган лексеманинг маъновий хамда контекстуал хусусиятларига боғликдир. Градуонимик қаторнинг кутбларида жойлашган лексемалар ўзаро антоним бўлса, 0 даражанинг ўнг томонидаги аъзолардан алоҳида, чап томонидаги аъзолар иштирокида алохида градуонимик қаторлар ҳосил қилиш мумкин. Бундай қаторларга нисбатан микроградуонимик цаторлар терминини кўллаш лозим. Агар ҳар иккала кутбда антонимлар бўлса, улар микроградуонимик крпюрлар хисобланади. Микроградуонимик катор ва макроградуонимик катор терминлари илмий муомалага киритилиши ва бу ҳодиса бошқа тиллар семасиологиясида хам алоҳида ўрганилиши лозим.
3. Узбекистан, Буюк Британия хамда Америка Қўшма Штатлари таълим тизимидаги билимни бахолашга оид лексемалар тахдили шуни кўрсатадики, хар бир тил нафакат лексик ва грамматик хусусиятларидан келиб чиқиб, балки шу тилда сўзлашадиган халқлар истиқомат қиладиган мамлакатда кабул қилинган баъзи бир атама, меъёр ва тушунчаларнинг хусусиятларидан келиб чикиб ўзига хос даражаланиш қаторига эга бўлади.
4. Белги, сифат ва ранг-тусни англатувчи лексемаларнинг даражала-нишида ҳам менталитет ва маданиятнинг ҳар хиллиги, предмет ёки нарсаларнинг хар бир халк тасаввуридаги ўзига хос ассоциация асосида номланиши, бу каби сўзларнинг даражаланишида хам муайян фарқларни юзага келтиради.
5. Сон компонентли, микдорни англатувчи лексемалар даражаланиши, бошка градуонимик қаторлардан фаркли ўлароқ, луғатларда ўсиш тартибида берилиши лозим. Бунда микдор белгиси сўз маъносидан англаниши, компонентларида саноқ сонлар мавжуд бўлса, уни ўсиш тартибида жойлаштириш, ўлчов бирлиги сифатида микдор, огирлик ва узунликни билдирадиган лексемаларда мазкур белгилар ортиб боришининг ифодаланиши кабилар назарда тутилади.
6. Қиёсланаётган тиллардаги феълларда харакат тезлигининг ошишига, муайян иш-харакатнинг бошланиш нуктасида номланишидан иш-харакат тугаши билан боғлиқ номланишигача, муносабат феълларида эса бўёкдорлик белгисининг ошишига кўра даражаланиш каторлари тузилиши бир хил. Баъзи бир феъллар градуонимик каторлари аъзолари ўзбек ва инглиз тилларида сон жиҳатидан фарк қилади. Таҳлиллар шуни кўрсатдики, хар иккала қиёсланаётган тилларда барча феълларнинг ҳам даражаланиш қаторларини ҳосил қилиш мумкин эмас.
7. Равишлар градуонимиясининг киёсланаётган тилларда аъзолар сони билан фарқланади. Баъзи равишларда бошланғич ҳамда охирги нукталар бир-бирига антоним бўлмаса ва айланма ҳаракатда бўлса, бундай характерга эга градуонимик каторларга циклик градуонимик к,апюр деб ном бериш мақсадга мувофикдир.
8. Тақлидий ва тасвирий лексемаларда даражаланиш субъектов бўлиб, уларни оғзаки нуткда кўтарилувчи интонация орқали ифодалаш мумкин, ёзувда эса ҳарфларни катталаштириш оркали тасвирлаш имконияти бор. Ундов лексемаларида хам субъективлик мавжуд, бунинг сабаби ҳар бир инсоннинг ўз ҳис-хаяжонини ўзига хос ифодалай олиши хамда ундов, ҳис-ҳаяжон лексемаларининг контекстларда турлича талкин этилишидир.
9. Инглиз талида мавжуд, аммо ўзбек тилида айнан битта сўз билан ифодаланиши ёки аталиши мумкин бўлмаган лексемаларнинг градуонимик қаторларини уникал градуонимик к,атор деб аташ мақсадга мувофиқ. Уникал градуонимик қаторларнинг хусусияти шундаки, уларнинг бошка тилларда эквивалент градуонимик каторлари мавжуд эмас.
10. Инглиз тилидаги барча феъллар хам градуонимик қатор хосил кила олмайди. Ҳаракат (activity verbs), мулоқот (communication verbs), тафаккур (mental verbs), таъсир (causative verbs), аспект (verbs of aspect) феъллари гуруҳидаги лексемаларнинг градуонимик қаторларини хосил қилиш мумкин. Содир бўлиш ҳолати (verbs of occurrence) ва мавжудлик ёки мупосабат феъллари (verbs of existence or relationship)ra оид лексемалардан эса градуонимик катор тузиш мумкин эмас.
11. Инглиз тилидаги равишлар градуонимияси куйидаги хусусиятлар билан характерланади: ўрин равишларида предметнинг объектдан узоқлаши-шига кўра градуонимик каторини тузиш мумкин; пайт равишларида хам градуонимия мавжуд; холат равишлари градуонимик катори сифатлар градуонимиясига ўхшашдир. Даража равишларининг турлари хисобланган интенсификаторлар ва кичрайтирувчилар хам градуонимик каторга эга бўла олади. Қўшилувчи/айирувчи, муносабат ҳамда богловчи равишларда эса градуонимия мавжуд эмас.
12. Градуонимик каторда бир хил маъно ва даражага эга бўлган лексемалар орасига «/» белгиси қўйилиб, ёнма-ён жойлаштирилади, уларнинг асосий фарқи ишлатилиш кўлами ва контекстуал маъноси турлича эканлигидадир.
13. Градуонимия, градация хамда градуаллик тушунчалари ўз моҳиятига кўра фаркли ҳодисалардир. Градуонимия термини остида факат битта лексеманинг лугавий маъноси асосида даражаланиш тушунилади. Градация эса стилистик фигурадир. Градуаллик - бу рус тилшунослигида тадкиқ этилган ҳодиса бўлиб, унинг градуонимияга ўхшаш томони шундаки, сўзлар даража жихатидан битта каторга тартибли жойлаштирилса, фаркли жиҳати эса градуалликда даражанинг кучайиши градуонимиядаги каби битта сўз оркали ифодаланиши шарт эмас. Шунингдек, градуалликда маъно, даража ёки ҳажм жиҳатларини оширишга ёрдам берувчи кўшимча, юклама, ёрдамчи сўз оркали ясалган сўз бирикмалари хам битта каторга киритилади. Назарий манбаларни ўрганиш шуни кўрсатдики, градуонимия интенсификация билан бир хил ходиса эмас.
14. Синонимия барча градуонимик каторлардан жой эгаллайди, баъзи қаторлар таркибида антонимлар хам учраши мумкин. Градуонимик каторлар хосил килишда киёсланаётган тиллардаги синоним ва антонимлар луғатларини чуқур ўрганиш муҳим аҳамиятга эга.
15. Градуонимия ҳодисаси гипонимия, меронимия/партонимия, холонимия хамда плесионимияга ўхшаш, айни вактда фаркли ҳодисадир. Булардан холонимия ҳамда плесионимия ҳодисалари ўзбек тили нутқида мавжуд, лекип алоҳида тадқиқот объекта бўлмагап.
16. Қиёсланаётган тиллардаги бадиий асарлар тахдили натижасига кўра стилистик градуонимия хам универсалиядир. Стилистикада лексик даражаланиш киёсланаётган тилларда турли структурага эга.
17. Синонимлар, маънодош сўзлар, контекстуал хамда окказионал синонимлар изохди лугатларда аралаш холда берилади, баъзи изохли луғатларда сўзларнинг антонимлари келтирилмайди. Контекстуал синоним ва антонимларни излаб топиш учун бир қанча манбаларга мурожаат қилишга тўғри келади. Бу эса тил ўрганувчилар, тил ўргатувчилар ҳамда таржимонлар учун жуда муҳим бўлган бир тилли градуонимик каторлар луғати, ўзбек ва инглиз тилларидаги градуонимлар лугати, яъни икки тилли лугатларни яратишни тақозо этади.
18. Семантик категориялар, стилистик воситаларнинг ўрганилиши таржимашунослик учун канчалик муҳим ҳисобланса, семасиология ва лексикография учун ҳам шунчалик зарурдир. Ҳар бир таржима килинаётган лексема маънодошларидан маълум бир жиҳати, даражаси, ишлатилиш кўлами билан фарқланади. Ушбу фаркланишни таржимон градуонимик қаторларни ўрганиш, градуонимик лугатларга мурожаат этиш оркалигина тушуниши ва таржимада тўғри ифодалай олиши мумкин бўлади.

Topicality and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. Now biodiversity conservation, inventory of biological objects, study of rare and endangered species arc of great importance all over the world. Vascular plants arc one of the most widespread on the globe and the most convenient object of botanical researches. “More than 340 thousand species of plants have been recorded in the world flora. 280 thousand of them arc flowering, and only 30% arc processed systematically and there arc data on the state of natural populations. At the same time, it should be noted that the floristics as a science is of great importance for the assessment of transformations of landscapes under the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors, and has a huge array of primary information for further analysis”1.
In Uzbekistan, determination of the composition of natural flora on the basis of modern research methods, assessment of the vegetation state, conservation and sustainable usage occupy a special place among the priority areas for biodiversity conservation. At this stage of intensive development of floristic studies and accumulation of a large array of new data, implementation of the system of research in order to preserve biodiversity is of great important. In connection with this, it is important to improve and conduct floristic studies in areas of high anthropogenic disturbances.
Kyzylkum and its relic mountains differ with the originality of floral composition as well as the presence of rare and endemic plant species. According to this, it is actual to preserve the flora of the territory. It must be emphasized that the study of the flora of the relic mountains located in the south-eastern part of the Kyzylkum (Pistalitau, Khanbandytag, Egarbclistag, Balyklitau and Kokchatau) is becoming increasingly important in understanding the flora of relic mountains throughout Central Asia, and in making borders of botanical and geographical areas between Turan and Central Asian Mountain provinces. Comparative analysis of the remnants of Kyzylkum, botanical and geographical regionalization, network mapping of distribution of the species, creation of electronic flora, preparation of electronic maps based on geographic information systems arc actual scientific problems.
This disscrtational research to a certain degree serves for the fulfilment of the tasks stipulated in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.409 “On the protection and use of flora” of 21 September 2016, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.343 “On approval of the regulations on the order of running the state cadastre of flora of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the regulations on the order of running the state cadastre of fauna of the Republic of Uzbekistan” of 5 September 2000, and the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 142 “On the program of actions on environmental protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2013-2017” of 27 May 2013, as well as other normative and legal acts adopted in this area.
The aim of the research is producing the summary of flora of the relic mountains of Southeast Kyzylkum and substantiating the independent botanical and geographical area in Central Asian Mountain province.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
The summary of the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains was produced, which contains 781 species, 355 genera and 69 families, of them 412 species arc indicated for the first time for the investigated area;
There was established a taxonomic composition and distribution of species by types of natural habitat; distinctive features of the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains from other relics were shown on the basis of a comparative analysis of leading families and vegetation covers;
Botanical and geographical characteristics of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains were presented; mountain origins of the flora were proven; independent location of Nurata mountainside botanical-geographical area as part of Nurata district was characterized;
The state cadastre of vascular plants, rare, endangered and endemic species was made;
The electronic database of flora and GIS maps showing the distribution of species was built.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the conducted studies on the theme of the doctoral dissertation “Flora of South-east Kyzylkum relic mountains” the following conclusions are presented:
1. The flora of vascular plants of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains has 781 species belonging to 355 genera and 69 families. Of these, 412 species of flowering plants arc adduced for the first time for the area.
2. The features of the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains arc determined by the cross formation of two - Central Asian and Turan desert floras.
3. The spectrum of leading families and genera characterizes the flora as typical to arid regions of Southern Highlands of Central Asia. This is confirmed by a high ranking of such genera as Astragalus, Cousinia, Allium, Gagea, Ferula, Tulipa and others.
4. The botanical and geographical analysis confirms the florigcnetic unity of the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains with floras of Ancient Mediterranean. The spectrum of the habitats of leading classes corresponds to the Central Asian Mountain floras. The results of geographic analysis suggest that the studied area belongs to Nurata district of Central Asian Mountain province.
5. According to the peculiarities of the floristic composition and vegetation cover, Nurata mountainside botanical and geographical area was identified as part of Nurata district of Central Asian Mountain province.
6. The results of biomorphological analysis showed a high position of annuals in the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains. Unlike the mountain floras of Central Asia, they occupy a leading position surpassing even the perennials (hemicryptophytes). However, unlike typical desert floras of Turan, in the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains we noticed concentrated annuals, mainly in such families as Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Lamiaceae and others.
7. The comparative floristic analysis carried out on the basis of the similarities and differences in the major taxonomic groups (Fabaceae, Astragalus, Lamiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae, etc.) confirmed the originality of the floral composition differing from Central and Southwest Kyzylkum relic mountains.
8. Unlike other relic mountains, a high-altitude zone is expressed in the flora of Southwest Kyzylkum relic mountains, which is similar to the character of the lower belt of the range of Nuratau and other ranges of the Northwest Pamir-Alai.
9. The modern state of the vegetation of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains is the derivative of mountain floriccnotypes with a notable predominance of native and ruderal curybiontic species. There is a high phytoccnotic activity of some Pamir-Alai elements in the composition of Phlomis, Phlomoides, Perovskia, Hypogomphia, Crambe, Allium and other genera.
10. Two endemic species were identified in the flora of Southeast Kyzylkum relic mountains - Ferula helenae Rakhm. et Mclibacv, Iris hippolyti (Vvcd.) Kamclin, and they were included in the latest edition of the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Modem fieldwork allowed to enrich the existing conception with new scientific evidences on the state of population, number and distribution of these species.
11. On the basis of the obtained data and analysis of existing material, an electronic database was developed with GIS maps of species distribution, which has no analogues among the arid mountains of Central Asia.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Nowadays in world practical person leading place occupies reasonable using the energy and resources, development and introducing the technologies and technical facilities into practice, that provide their saving. Soil tillage is the most power-consuming process in agricultural production, for which 40-50 % of whole spent energy for cultivation and cleaning the pat, as well as other agricultural cultures. If we consider that in effort to grow various types of cultures (crops) all over the world every year the land area1 of more than 1,6 billion hectares arc tilled1, then creating the power-resources saving soil tillage machines is one of the topical problematic matters. In this sphere a certain successes arc achieved in the leading countries of the world such as USA, Germany, England, Italy and etc., where the special attention is paid to application of less-power consuming technologies, machines and operating elements for soil tillage2.
In agriculture sphere of Uzbekistan the large-scale activities on reduction the reducing energy costs in soil tillage processes and organizing the creation, as well as introducing the high-performance modernized machines into practice arc being implemented. In this sphere, including, in a purpose of reducing the expenditures for fuel and lubricant materials, labour costs and the other expenditures at the account of saving the power (energy) and resources, as well as increasing production capacity a number of the scientific-research works, focused to creation of minimum technology on the soil tillage, as well as machines for its implementation into practice have been performed.
In the world in effort to reduce energy (power) consumption in the process of soil tillage the draught resistance reduction at soil-tillage machines gets an important significance; soil tillage machines enhancement on a base by ensuring the influence its operating elements onto the soil in terms of the free cutting; i.e. at the account of ensuring the interaction of operating elements with soil layers, having open-type furrows or loosened area on lateral sides. In this sphere implementation of the targcts-dircctcd scientific researches is a priority task. Herewith currently it is topical to undertake the research studies in the following spheres: development of new ways of the soil deformation and destructions as well as soil tillage facilities; creating technical facilities and machines ensuring soil tillage with less power expenditure; development of less power-capable passive and active types of operating elements for machines of the major soil tillage; development of the machines and instruments on which operating elements work in condition of the free cutting. Scientific researches on afore-cited scientific-research spheres show a topicality of subject of the present dissertation.
The present dissertation research at a certain level serves for implementation of tasks, determined by the Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-1758 dated May 21st of 2012: «About the Program for further modernization, technical and technological re-equipment of the Agricultural Productions for 2012- 2016 years», Resolution of the Cabinet of Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan No 215 dated July 14th of 2012 «About measures on ensuring the implementation of the program for further modernization, technical and technological re-equipment of the agricultural production in 2012 - 2016 years», as well as in other law acts, which have been accepted in this sphere.
The aim of the research work is development energy and resources-saving soil-tillage machines having operating clement interacting with soil in the free cutting condition.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
technical solutions on soil deformation and destruction processes under influence of operating elements in view of trihedral and vertical wedges in terms of free-acted cutting arc developed;
technological and design-engineering schemes of energy-saving chiselcultivator having operating elements running in free-acted cutting condition applied in pre-cropping period soil tillage proceedings arc developed;
technological and design-engineering schemes of less energy-consuming flatcutter deep loosening device applied in undumped deep soil tillage operations arc developed;
complex of the analytical dependencies and mathematical models for processes of soil deformation and destructions by operating elements in the manner of trihedral and vertical wedge, interacting with soil in condition of free cutting condition is created;
regularities of variations qualitative and energy performances of operating elements run, interacting with soil in the free cutting condition; depending on their parameters, tillage depth and movement velocity arc determined;
CONCLUSION
On a base of the implemented researches on doctoral dissertation on subject «Creating less power-consuming machines for soil tillage» the following conclusions arc provided herein:
1. In effort to reduce soil tillage machines energy consumption and consequently the power costs spent for tillage it is reasonable to ensure the interaction of their operating elements with soil in condition of the free cutting i.e. they must influence onto ground layers, having opened furrows or loozened zones at lateral sides.
2. Implemented theoretical and experimental researches showed that in condition of free cutting the soil under influence of operating elements is destructed by moving-off throughout horizontal plane, directed to the side of lateral open-type furrows or loozened zones, and by reducing power costs for deformation and soil destructions this outcomes to reduction of power consumption in soil tillage and draught resistance of operating elements at 1,8-3,5 times.
3. By increasing the tillage velocity and depth reduction the draught resistance of operating elements, working in condition of free cutting will be in accordingly 1,12 and 1,26 times less, than working in condition of blocked-type cutting shows that when applying them at deep and speedy soil tillage processes there will be obtained a high efficiency.
4. In a purpose of decreasing the power consumability in soil tillage by ensured running the most operating elements of machines in free-acted cutting condition is possible due to dual row and Л-shaped allocating them on the framework proper selecting the type and form of operating elements. When the operating elements arc laid out on dual row on the framework the operating elements of first row should be built-up in a form of dihedral wedges; operating elements located on the edge of the second row - in a form of right and left single sided; but operating elements laid out between them - in a form of dual sided trihedral wedges; when the operating element is laid out Л-shaped, the one laid out first in the movement direction, should be in a form of dihedral wedge; and the remaining right and left single-sided trihedral wedges.
5. In the event when operating elements arc allocated on dual row on the framework it is reasonable to apply wide-biting machines purposed for performing surface tillage works, but Л-shapcd allocation of operating elements on machines purposed for the deep soil tillage having less bite width.
6. In effort to achieve qualitative soil tillage under minimum power expenditures by chisel-cultivator it is recommended that incoming angle of loosened hoes into the soil must be 25°; solution angle of the arrow-type hoe - 60-80°; bite width of loosening hoe - at least 50 mm; bite width of arrow-type hoe -not more than 340 mm; length of working surface of loosening hoe - not less than 160 mm; cross-sectional distance between loosening and arrow-type hoes - not more than 190 mm; longitudinal distance between loosening and arrow-type hoes -at least 660 mm.
7. Angle of incoming the central operating clement into the soil - 25°; angle of incoming the lateral operating element into soil - 25°; solution angle of the central operating element - 30-40°; width of the central operating clement - not less than 75 mm; bite width of lateral operating element - not more than 250 mm; length of working surface of central operating element - not less than 190 mm; cross-sectional distance between the central and lateral operating elements - not more than 290 mm; cross-sectional distance between the lateral operating elements - not more than 250 mm; longitudinal distance between the central and lateral operating elements - not less than 950 mm; longitudinal distance between the lateral operating elements - not less than 760 mm; by applying flat-cutter deep loosening device qualitative deep soil tillage at less power costs is ensured.
8. Less draught resistance of designed energy and resources saving chiselcultivator and flat-cutter deep loosening device accordingly will be at 1,33-1,39 and 1,44-1,52 times than existing chisel-cultivator and flat-cutter deep loosening device have ones; provides the reduction in fuel consumption to 3,3-3,4 accordingly and 6,3-7,2 kgs at each hectare of the tilled land area.
9. Applying energy and resources saving chisel-cultivator and flat-cutter-deep loosening device allows to reduce in direct expenses on each hectare of tilled land area to 19,1 accordingly and 22,8 %, herewith economic effect shall amount accordingly 5863153 and 16831188 bags on one machine.

Actually and relevance of the subject of dissertation. Rational application of mineral fertilizer is the main factor for growing high and qualitative yield of agriculture plant. Therefore, optimal prevention of agriculture by mineral fertilizer is one of the topicality issues.
The chemical industry in the country after independence, modernization, technical and technological renovation, special attention is given to provide it with a strong base, in particular, by the government on the development of phosphate raw material reserves and local Jeroen-Sardara field step-by-step commissioning program in exploitation. As a result, Kyzylkum phosphorite complex with annual production capacity of 400 thousand tons of products was invaded to reduce import of the raw materials and after implementation of second stage with annual capacity of 716 thousand tons of phosphate concentrate can be stopped complete buy of this product form abroad.
At present, the world the special attention is given to the development of new methods of low-grade benefication, in research carried out in this regard, nitric acid and organic solvents on the basis of high-quality phosphate concentrate production technology is one of the most important tasks. When development low-grade phosphorite benefication by nitric acid in presence of organic solvents, should be based a number, including relevant scientific solutions in the following areas: development of effective ways of chemical benefication of raw phosphate; finding optimal condition process of leaching calcium nitrate, formed during the benefication of high calcareous phosphorite by nitric acid in presence of organic solvents; development of phosphoric fertilizer technology based on quality chemical benefication of phosphorite concentrate. Thesis topic is explained by the implementation of the scientific research in this area.
This dissertation research is to a certain extent the tasks provided for in the decree, and decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No PD-4707 on March 4, 2015 «On programme for measures of structural reforms, modernization and diversification of production in 2015-2019» and the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No 8 on January 22, 2015 «On additional measures to reduce production costs and reduce production prime cost in the industry», as well as other regulatory legal instruments adopted in this area.
The research objective is study Kyzylkum phosphorite enrichment by nitric acid in the presence of ethanol, followed by the processing of phosphorite concentrate in phosphorus compound fertilizers and calcium nitrate in the liquid and solid nitrogen-calcium nitrate.
The scientific novelty of the thesis research is as follows:
for the first time there have been obtained the new data on the chemical enrichment of the CK phosphorite with nitric acid followed by leaching of the resulting calcium nitrate by ethanol solution, depending on the norm of acid and the ratio of phosphorite to ethanol;
it has been established that ammoniation of nitrogen-calcium-phosphate slurry to pH = 3 that allows to completely prevent the loss of P2O5 in the liquid phase;
solubility diagram studied 4 fourfold component system of Ca(NO3)2 -NH4NO3 - C2H5OH - H2O, consisting of 3 triple: Ca(NO3)2 - C2H5OH - H2O; NH4NO3 - C2H5OH - H2O; Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 - H2O and 3 triple binary systems of Ca(NO3)2 - H2O; NH4NO3 - H2O and C2H5OH - H2O, result in which minimum amount of ethanol were defined, depending on the technological parameters of the nitric acid benefication of carbonate containing phosphorite;there have been defined the physicochemical properties nitrogen-ammonium-calcium solution and in case the addition of bentonite to the solution can be obtained a granulated calcium nitrate with improved properties;
there been found the optimum conditions of the conversion of calcium nitrate that is a by-product of the nitric acid benefication of CK phosphorite in NH4NO3 and CaCO3 using CO2 and NH3;
there been developed the technology for processing of chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate in WPA, PK- and NPK-fertilizer.
CONCLUSION
1. Solubility diagram 4 fourfold component system of Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 -C2H5OH - H2O has been studied, consisting of 3-triple: Ca(NO3)2 - C2H5OH - H2O; NH4NO3 - C2H5OH - H2O; Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 - H2O and 3 triple binary systems of Ca(NO3)2 - H2O; NH4NO3 - H2O and C2H5OH - H2O, justifying the process of extraction of calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate from nitrogen-calcium-phosphate slurry produced during nitric acid enrichment of phosphorite CK by ethanol in a wide temperature and concentration range. Diagram allows to define the range of variation of technological parameters of the extraction process based on CaO: P2O5 phosphate raw materials and the conditions of its nitric acid decomposition.
2. The process of enrichment of various kinds of carbonate phosphorite from CK in HNO3 at a norm of 30 to 60% of the stoichiometry on the decomposition of CaO in the raw material and a weight ratio of PR: EA = 1: (3-10). The overall picture of the results of enrichment of different types of phosphate rock in HNO3 is similar. Thus, the enrichment of relatively high concentrated OPF with the content (wt.%) P2O5 18.70; CaO 47.8; CO2 15.3; SO3 2.05 and CaO: P2O5 = 2.56 at a norm of HNO3 is 40% on the decomposition of CaO (100% for CaCO3) and the ratio of PR: EA = 1: 5 is obtained phosphorite concentrate containing 26.19% of P2O5, and calcium module 1.52. This concentrate is quite suitable for the production of concentrated phosphate fertilizers. To prevent the transition of P2O5 into a liquid phase before divide nitrogen-calcium-phosphate alcoholic suspension (NCPAS) into liquid and solid phases, it was ammoniated to pH = 3. This made possibility to use for enrichment much higher norm of HNO3 and thus reduce the value of CaO: P2O5 in the raw material. Norm acid is ranged from 40-80% stoichiometry for CaO in the raw material. Taking into account the cost savings of HNO3 its optimal norm for the enrichment of various types of Kyzylkum phosphorite can be considered 50% and the weight ratio of PR: EA =1:5. And for MM acceptable norm is of 60%. So, when RPF enrichment, containing 17.52% of P2O5; 47.53% of CaO; 15.23% of CO2 and CaO: P2O5 = 2.71 with a 50% norm of HNO3, pH of the slurry and the ratio of PR 3: EA =1:5 obtained concentrate composition (wt.%): P2O5tot. - 26.20; CaOtot. -38.25; CO2 - 2.80; CaO: P2O5 = 1.46. The yield of P2O5 in the concentrate is 100%.
3. The theoretical analysis of the regeneration of the NACS with the use of solubility diagrams of 4 fourfold component system of Ca(NO3)2 - NH4NO3 -C2H5OH - H2O, the result it was calculated alcohol recovery process and determined the interval of variation of process parameters, taking into account the composition of the starting water-alcohol solutions and final products. The kinetics of the distillation EA from NACS depending on the temperature and pressure has been studied. Applying a vacuum pressure of 0.3 atm. provides EA distillation for a short time (60 minutes at 80°C). When the regeneration EA from calcium nitrate solution, which is a by-product of the nitric acid concentration of CK phosphorite, degree EA return to the cycle reaches 98-99%. After distilling off the NACS has been obtained containing 50% Ca(NO3)2 and 3% NH4NO3.
4. Physicochemical properties of the initial and productional NACS depending on the concentration of Ca(NO3)2 and NH4NO3. It is shown that in the concentration range of 53.02-65.71% of NACS the crystallization temperature is in the range of (-75) + 12.0°C that allows to be used them in the spring and summer, as a liquid nitrogen-calcium fertilizer. NACS has good rheological properties. However, more concentrated NACS (67.83-84.77% of Ca(NO3)2, 3.83-4.77% of NH4NO3) before use should be diluted with water, as the crystallization temperature is 29-60°C. It was found that with increasing concentration NACS increases its the boiling point. NACS was processed in granular calcium nitrate. To improve the properties of the latter various bentonite clay deposits are used as additives. The products obtained with a ratio of Ca(NO3)2: Betonies = 100 : 6 nitrogen content is in a range of 14.49-14.69%. Physical and chemical properties of the resulting products have been defined. Optimal conditions for the conversion of calcium nitrate of NACS in NH4NO3 and CaCO3 using ammonium carbonate. Based on the results of studies recommended the following conditions conducting the conversion process: concentration of calcium nitrate solution is 37%, the norm of ammonium carbonate is 120% of the stoichiometry, conversion of temperature is 70°C, mixing time is 120 minutes. The degree of conversion of calcium nitrate is maximum 99.94%, and the concentration of ammonium nitrate solution is 45%.
5. Developed technology of Kyzylkum phosphorite enrichment by nitric acid in presence of ethanol has been tested in the model laboratory plant and pilot plant of JSC «Samarkandkimyo» with the output of an experimental batch of chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate. Material balance for enrichment process of phosphorite flour containing 17.52% of P2O5 has been complied. The circuit includes a step of decomposing the raw material by nitric acid repulping nitrogen-calcium-phosphate slurry with circulating alcoholic solution of calcium nitrate, neutralization with ammonia suspension two fold washing wet phosphoconcentrate by circulating calcium nitrate solution, and ethanol, as well as drying the final product.
6. Studies on preparation of WPA from chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate containing 26.2% of P2O5 in the dihydrate mode depending on the norms of H2SO4 103%; the concentration of circulating WPA is 15% P2O5, and the ratio of L: S = 3: 1. In this KeXp. = 98.73%; Kwas. = 98.57%, Kyej. = 92.87%, a filtration rate is 1312 kg / m2 • hour, and the concentration of phosphoric acid is 20.19% of P2O5. Content CaOtot.; SO3lot.; P2O5tot. and P2O5wat. is 31.21; 43.23; 1.43 and 0.27%, respectively in the dried phosphogypsum. Material balance of the process of obtaining one ton of P2O5 in the form of WPA has been estimated.
The process obtaining compound-mixed PK- and NPK- fertilizer in a wide range of ratios of nutrients has been studied by mixing wet phosphoconcentrate crystalline potassium chloride and ammonium nitrate. A block diagram of the complex processing of phosphorite of CK by HNO3 has been developed.
7. For the approximate determination of the economic efficiency of the organization of production of chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate made economic calculation productions of WCPC and chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate and ammophos based on them on the basis of processing of one thousand ton of phosphate ore averaged of Kyzylkum. It has been shown that the overall manufacturing cost of one ton of WCPC is 206155 sums and chemically enriched phosphoconcentrate is 149657 sums that 56498 sums cheaper. Thermal enrichment of 1,000 ton of phosphate rock 433.94 ton of WCPC is obtained, and when chemical processing is 668 ton of phosphoconcentrate. Of these, it is made 235.1 and 361.8 ton of ammophos to the amount of 258 255 469 and 397 434 406 sums, respectively. That is additionally produced the product in the amount of 139 million 179 thousand sums.

Actually and relevance of the subject of dissertation. At present it is worsen more that world food problems determined with high rate of population growth reduction such resources as arable land suitable, fresh water reserve. One of main tasks of agriculture food industry is in securing country population with food. In this connection, fertilizer industry makes important attention.
During the independent years there arc performed the wide fields activities on ensuring population by quality food. In this area special attention is given, incluiding quality nitrogen, phosphoprus and potash fertilizer productivity; growth of efficiency of mineral fertilizer and increasing humus in soil is base of its fertility. Moreover, organic fertilizer application in agriculture has singular importance, increases productivity and improvement of physico-chemical and land reclamation condition of soil.
In order to increasing fertilizer quality in the world there arc studied the number of reseaerhes espcccially attention includes the following guesstions: oxydation coal avilablc to obtain oxydized coal with high humic acids; determination of extraction way, generation stimulant from oxydized coal; determination of organic-mineral fertilizer obtain based on Kyzylkum phosphorite by mechanical and chemical activation, as well as development of pressing way; investigation of complex fertilizer production and development of technology development based on oxydized coal with ammophos and seprefos slurry, phosphogypsum and bentonite.
The present dissertation is focused on the implementation of tasks arising from the decision of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan №PP-1442 dated December 15, 2010 «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015», in the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan №PP-4707 dated March 4, 2015 «On program of measure for ensuring structural reformations, modernization and diversity of production in 2015-2019» and disposition of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan №8 dated January 22, 2015 «On additional measures for reduction of industrial costs and cutting of production costs in industry», as well as others normative-legal document accepted in this field.
The aim of research work is to develop a technology of organic-mineral fertilizer on the basis of oxidized brown coal from the Angren deposit using Kyzylkum phosphate rock, ammophos, suprefos, phosphogypsum and bentonite.
The scientific novelty of the thesis research lies in the following:
there has been found the optimal conditions for the oxidation of raw brown coal of the Angren deposit by nitric acid with addition of sulfuric acid, which improves the content of humic acids in coal from 4.1% to 61.62% and to reduce to a minimum (3.49% ) loss of nitrogen oxides in the gas phase;
for the first time it has been studied that kinetics of extraction of humic acids of oxidized brown coal of the Angren deposit by solution of sodium, potassium and ammonium hydroxides, as well as physico-chemical properties of humates;
there has been revealed the possibility of organic-mineral fertilizer from oxidized brown coal and CK phosphorite by combined mechanic-chemical activation and acid treatment and it has been developed that compressing for fertilizer mixtures granulation;
there has been found that optimal condition of novel kind of organic-mineral fertilizer based on oxidized brown coal and intermediate products of ammophos, suprefos, and phosphogypsum;
there has been used that granular coalhumic, bentonited fertilizer with high content of humic acid.
CONCLUSION
The main scientific and practical results obtained in the implementation of the dissertation arc the following:
1. It has been determined the optimal oxidation of Angren brown coal brand BOMSSH (brown, walnut, small, seed, rubble), containing 14.1% of moisture, 13.7% of ash, 72.2% of organic matter and 4.1% of humic acid to the organic mass, by the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids: nitric acid concentration is 30%, sulfuric acid concentration in solution of nitric acid is 5%, the oxidation temperature is 40°C, duration is 2 h, ratio of the organic portion of coal to nitric acid monohydratc is 1: 2. Under implementation of the oxidation, the oxidized brown coal containing 61.62% of humic acids has been obtained. Moreover, it is observed the least (3.49%) losses of nitrogen in the gas phase. The oxidation Angren brown coal by the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid, in the latter reactive functional groups content is increased, at that can be observed the same coal and its humic acid.
2. It has been studied that the leaching process of humic acids from oxidized brown coal depending on the type of alkaline extractant (sodium and ammonium hydroxides), its concentration, the temperature and duration of extraction, and the ratio of L: S (extractant: coal). Sodium hydroxide is more effective than the ammonium hydroxide. The largest amount of humic acid (70.82%) is recovered from the coal by 1% solution of sodium hydroxide at 80°C and 30 minutes of extraction. With increasing concentration of sodium hydroxide humic acid outlet decreases. With increasing concentration of ammonium hydroxide humic acid outlet increased, but the highest increase is observed in the range from 0.5 to 3% concentrations. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 80°C, the extraction time from 3 to 30 min and the ratio of L: S from 8 to 30 leads to an increase yield of humic acids. The outlet of humic acids in ease of using ammonium hydroxide with 3% of concentration at 80°C, L:S = 20 and for 30 min makes 47.53%. By evaporation of these solutions at 80°C humate solutions obtained with 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15%. Density, viscosity, saturation vapor pressure were determined in a wide temperature range and boiling point at different atmospheric pressure for the obtained solution sodium, potassium and ammonium humates.
3. It is shown that the deep dispersion of the mixtures of either ordinary phosphate flour or dust-like fraction of phosphorite from the CK with oxidized brown coal from the Angren deposit leads to obtain phosphorus containing organic-mineral fertilizers with high content in acceptable form of P2O5 and humic acids. When the initial weight ratio of phosphorite flour: oxidized coal, equal to 1: 1, in the fertilizers mixture after dispersing product containing PzOstotai- 8.56%, P2Osaccep. : PzOstotai- = 53.15%, 1.65% of nitrogen, 43.49% of organic matter and 33.39% of humic acids has been obtained. Fertilizer mixtures easily granulated by pressing after dispersion. The optimum compacting pressure is 200-300 MPa. The strength of the granules lies in the range 2.1-2.6 MPa.
4. There has been found the optimal process conditions for producing nitrogen- phosphorus-humic fertilizer on the basis of interaction of nitric-sulfuric acid coal slurry with different types of phosphorite from CK. Fertilizer containing 8.26% of P2O5totai, 6.45% of nitrogen, 22.78% of organic matter, 15.70% of humic acids, 12.15% of water-soluble CaO and in which the ratio РзОзассер. ■ PzOstotai is 92.4% was obtained. Commodity properties of products were defined. Fertilizer is not become caked. Even with a high moisture content, it saves complete friability. The high hygroscopicity requires packing of the product in bags. The strength of granules (2.2-2.6 MPa) exceeds the requirements of GOST 95.11-77. The principle technological scheme of the production has been proposed. The material balance and economic indicates of the production for 1 ton of OMF have been calculated and recommend for industry.
5. There have been determined the composition and properties of novel OMF produced by mixing the oxidized brown coal of the Angren deposit with intermediates production of ammophos and suprefos. Formed after mixing the slurries in the range of 30-80°C remains in the fluid condition, and there is no any difficult for their further processing. When the ratio of ammophos slurry : wet thick oxidized mass of coal in ratio of 100: 20 OMF containing 32.15% of PzOstotai.J РзОзассер. : P2O5totai.= 99.5%; 13.47% of nitrogen, 15.74% of humic acid, 20.92% of organic matter with the amount of nutrients 61.36% (N + P2O5 + humic acids) was obtained. When the weight ratio of suprefos slurry : wet thick oxidized mass of coal in ratio of 100: 20, nitrogcn-phosphorus-humic fertilizer containing 17.86% of P2O5totai., 15.29% of N, 0,42% of CaOwat.soi., 7.0% of SO3wat.soi., 14.67% of humic acids, with the total amount of nutrients 55.24% has been obtained. Resulting fertilizers have good physico-chemical and commodity properties. Hygroscopic point of fertilizers depending on the type of phosphate slurry used and its composition is in the range of 62-67% relative humidity.
6. It has been shown that such a large-capacity waste of wet-processing phosphoric acid production, as is the phosphogypsum, and which is thrown away into the blade, and it can be used for the production of organo-mincral-sulfur containing fertilizer. For that it is necessary to oxidize lignite by nitric acid in the presence of phosphogypsum with following by ammoniation of the oxidation products. The highest degree of conversion of phosphogypsum (over 50%) in calcium humatc and ammonium sulphate occurs at weight ratios of organic portion of coal: nitric acid monohydrate: phosphogypsum equal to 1: 1.2: 0.4 and 1: 1.6: 0.4, respectively. When weight ratio of 1: 1.2: 0.4, the fertilizer contains 14.19% of nitrogen, 20.70% of humic acids 32.26% of organic matter, 5.38% of water-soluble SO3 and 2.31% of water-soluble CaO. In the second one 14,89% of nitrogen, 22.47% of humic acid, 35.0% of organic matter, 5.17% of water-soluble SO3 and 2.25% of water-soluble CaO. The basic technological scheme has been offered. The optimal process condition has been presented. The material balance of production for organic-mineral and sulfur-containing fertilizer using oxidized brown coal and phosphogypsum has been calculated. Wholesale cost of 1 ton of the fertilizer, has been determined.
7. It is shown that a mixture of oxidized Angren brown coal with bentonite (Azkamarsk, Navbakhor, Lagonsk) at optimal regime by mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids arc perspective in order to obtain high-performance of OMF. When the ratio of the organic portion of coal: Azkamarsk bentonite is 100: 10, coal-humic bentonite fertilizer containing 3.14% of nitrogen, 73.02% of organic matter 54.92% of humic acids, with the strength of the granules is 2.28 MPa and humidity 5.2 % is obtained. The fertilizer is not become caked and retains friability even at high humidity.
8. Agrochemical and microbiological tests on effectiveness of the organic (oxidized in optimal regime by the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids of Angren brown coal containing humic acids up to 61.62%) and OMF (combination of oxidized coal with phosphorite flour) showed that both enhance soil fertility. Application of organic and OMF increases the number of microorganisms, agrichemical important groups such as: ammonicators, assimilators mineral nitrogen, oligotrophs, oligonitrophilic, actinomycetes. Active process of microbial transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds, introduced with organic and OMF, which increase the content of humus in the soil by 16.4% OMF-1000 kg/ha) and 23.0% (OF-IOOO kg/ha), as well as intensifies the chain transformation of macronutrients as soil and made with fertilizers. When application coal-humic bentonite fertilizer on 25 kg/ha of nitrogen in the phases of budding and flowering during the fertilizing of cotton in common with 50 kg/ha of nitrogen from ammonium nitrate, cotton crop made 40 c/ha, which is 2.3 c/ha as compared with mineral fertilizers in an equivalent amount (control option).
9. Technical and economic accounts on the production of OMF have been performed. Wholesale price makes from 261 061 to 309 597 sums without taxable income and 313273 to 371516 sums, respectively with taxable income depending on the type of fertilizer. Low cost and high agrochemical efficiency of OMF determines the suitability of the organization of large-scale production.

Topicality and demand of the subject of dissertation. At present, globally cotton is grown by 84 countries on the area of 32 to 33 million hectares, and 25 million tons of raw cotton is produced annually1. Summer pulse crops arc grown for grain on the area of 91.6 million hectares with average yield of 1.2 Mg ha’1 and total yield of 206.4 million tons2. Meeting the country population’s demand for food and other agricultural products and industry by raw materials is considered to be one of the most important tasks of Uzbekistan’s agriculture.
Amount of raw cotton production in Uzbekistan is increased year by year due to implementation of complex and in-depth measures in cotton production of the country. It is developed new crop rotation systems to maintain and increase soil fertility. Areas of summer crops (soybean, cowpea and mungbean) grown after winter wheat harvest arc increasing.
Presently, multiple large fields with cotton monoculture and cotton-alfalfa rotation arc lost their importance in the cotton growing countries, particularly in Uzbekistan. To develop perspective production agro-tcchnologies with the aim to achieve higher crop yields with high quality of products, modernization of existing agro-tcchnologies, increase amount of agricultural products, proper selection of crops for inclusion in cropping systems to sustain and improve soil fertility arc important tasks of our days. The tasks is directly related to increase of soil fertility, application of mineral and organic fertilizers, widely use of crop rotations, inculcation of land and water resource saving agro-technologies into agricultural production. However, despite of existing cotton-cereals sequence in the Uzbekistan’s cotton production, it is not sufficient to sustain and increase soil fertility. Taking this into consideration, attention should be now paid on grain, pulse and vegetable crops production with the aim to maintain and improve soil fertility and to meet the population’s demand for food production. Inclusion of the short-season grain, pulse and vegetable crops as a summer and intermediate crops (two to three crops mix) in the short cotton-wheat rotations and increase land use efficiency arc now considered as important contemporary challenges.
This research study facilitates to a certain extent the fulfilment of the tasks identified by the Decree of the President of Uzbekistan No. PK.-2460 “On measures for additional reforms and development activities in agriculture in 2016-2020” and other pertinent regulatory and legal documents.
Purpose of the study is determination the cotton monoculture and alfalfaxotton rotation (3:7) impact on soil fertility and cotton yield as well as to develop improved systems of short sequenced crops rotations in conditions of typilcal sierozem soils to increase soil fertility and cotton yield.
Scientific novelty of the research is in the following:
for the first time, based on comparison of cotton monoculture and alfalfacotton cropping systems, new systems of short crop rotations with the sequence of cotton-winter wheat crops were developed;
importance of the intermediate crops such as oat, green pea and of rye cultivation with mix of two (oat+green pea) and three crops (oat+green pca+rye) and summer soya in improving of soil fertility was researched, and the intermediate and summer crops sequence in cotton rotations with scheme of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 was defined.
aimed for maintaining and increasing of fertility of typical sierozem soil and obtaining high yields of cotton the influence of preceding to cotton the soybean grown as summer crop after winter wheat and crops mix of two (oat+green pea) and three crops (oat+green pca+rye) grown as the intermediate crops on cotton growth, development and yield was studied.
based on the study results on soil fertility and cotton yield the short sequenced crop rotations were developed.
CONCLUSIONS
1. It was observed decreasing of water-physical properties (soil bulk density, porosity, infiltration) under cotton monoculture and positive impact of alfalfa of the 3-yr stand on the soil attributes in conditions of typical sierozem soils. Compared to the cotton monoculture, the soil bulk density in the top 0-30 cm layer under alfalfa-cotton rotation decreased for 0.2 to 0.3 g cm'3, the soil infiltration and the porosity increased for 20 to 80 m3 ha'1 and 0.1 to 0.8% respectively. Soil microbiological properties were also improved.
2. Cultivation of soybean as summer crop and the two crops mix (oat+green pea) and the three crops mix (oat+green pca+rye) as intermediate crop under the short sequenced cropping systems and the crops residues retained in soil positively influenced on soil properties. Compared to initial values the soil bulk density under the cropping systems was improved for 5.7 to 6.6%, the infiltration - for 25.2 to 28.4%, the porosity - for 1.6 to 2.0%, and cotton morbidity to verticilliose vilt was decreased for 56.3 to 57.1% and 48.1 to 52.6% respectively in the first and the second years of cotton grown following the intermediate crops.
3. Decrease of soil organic matter (SOM) in the 0-30 cm soil depth from 0.844 to 0.821% (decrease for 0.023%) and from 0.996 to 980% (decrease for 0.016%) during 10 years was noted accordingly with no fertilizer but 30 t ha'1 of manure application under cotton monoculture. Also, the SOM was decreased from 1.020 to 1.010% (decrease for 0.010%) with annual application to cotton N150P100K50 kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer under alfalfa-cotton monoculture.
Annually application 30 t ha'1 of manure or N250P175K125 kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer under cotton monoculture and N15oPiooK5O kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer annually along with 30 t ha'1 of manure (manure only for cotton in the 4th year of rotation) under alfalfa-cotton rotation arc feasible to sustain soil fertility of the typical sierozem soils.
4. No fertilizer application and uptake 20 to 30 kg ha'1 of nitrogen, 10 to 12 kg ha'1 of phosphorus and 30 to 35 kg ha'1 of potassium by plants under cotton monoculture negatively impacted on nutrients balance. Plant uptake was 227.8 kg ha'1 of nitrogen, 80.9 kg ha'1 of phosphorus and 265.8 kg ha'1 of potassium with application N250P175K125 kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer. With annual application N150P100K50 kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer the nutrients balance was positive.
5. It was determined the amount of nutrients contained in crop residue and retained in soil due to the crop residue under the short sequenced cropping system with 1:2 scheme. The crop residue of summer and intermediate crops contained 121.3 kg ha'1 of nitrogen, 44.7 kg ha'1 of phosphorus and 119.0 kg ha'1 of potassium calculated for one cycle of the 3-yr rotation. Humus content in the 0-30 cm soil depth increased for 0.014 to 0.037%, total nitrogen - 0.015 to 0.025% nad total phosphorus - 0.010 to 0.015%.
6. Averaged for 7-yr and 10-yr the cotton seed-lint yields were 0.89 and 0.86 Mg ha'1 respectively with no fertilizer application treatment under cotton monoculture, while cotton yield was 1.72 Mg ha'1 without fertilizer application under alfalfa-cotton rotation, the yield increased for 0.83 Mg ha'1 due to influence of the alfalfa crop. Application 30 t ha'1 of manure or mineral fertilizer with rate of N250P175K125 kg ha'1 resulted in receiving accordingly 2.95 and 3.53 Mg ha'1 of cotton yield (respectively 2.75 and 3.31 Mg ha'1 averaged for 10 years). Comparable higher yield (3.69 Mg ha'1) with improved quality of cotton fiber was achieved with annual application of mineral fertilizer at the rate of N150P100K.50 kg ha'1 along with 30 t ha'1 of manure (manure only for cotton in the 4th year of rotation). The yield was higher for 0.16 Mg ha'1 in comparison with the yield (3.53 Mg ha'1) of the similar fertilizer application treatment under cotton monoculture.
7. Compared to control treatment, cotton plant height was higher for 8.3 to 10.4 cm, number of sympodial branches for 0.7 to 0.9 pieces, number of bolls for 1.2 top 2.2 pieces in the first year after winter wheat+summer crop+intcrmcdiate crop, and accordingly 12.3 to 13.4 cm, number of sympodial branches - 1.7 to 1.8 pieces, number of bolls - 2.5 to 3.1 pieces in the second year of cotton. Improved growth and development of cotton occurred due to positive influence of the summer and intermediate crops grown in the short sequenced cropping systems.
8. The yields of cotton grown in the first and second years as succeeding crop to winter wheat, summer and intermediate crops under the short sequenced cropping system 1:2 (winter wheat+summer crop (soybcan)+intcrmcdiate crop (oat+green pca+rye):cotton: cotton) were 3.16 and 3.24 Mg ha'1 respectively while the yield was 3.58 Mg ha'1 with cotton grown in the first year under the cropping system 2:1 winter wheat+summer crop (soybean): winter wheat+summer crop (soybean) + intermediate crop (oat+green pca+rye):cotton.
9. Alfalfa grown in the alfalfa-cotton rotation exhibited superior results with treatment #6 [N15oPiO()K.5o kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer along with 30 t ha'1 of manure (manure only for cotton in the 4th year of the rotation) were applied in cotton]. The alfalfa (2006) height before a hay harvest ranged from 73.1 to 91.2 cm while green biomass and hay yields were accordingly 72.57 and 21.96 Mg ha'1 with 23.6 kg ha'1 of digestible protein and 106.7 kg ha'1 of fodder unit.
10. The winter wheat, summer and intermediate crops included in the short sequenced cropping systems have retained significant amount of crop residue which had positive effects on soil nutritional status as well as growth and development of cotton as the succeeding crop. Compared to taken together the crop residue of both winter wheat and soybean grown as summer crop, the crop residue of two crops mix or three crops mix grown as intermediate crop under the cropping system with scheme 1:2 was higher for 38 to 40% (4.4 t ha'1) and 45 to 47% (5.2 t ha'1) respectively.
11. Comparable higher net income (587,750 soums ha'1) and profitability (36.7%) were achieved with annual application 30 t ha'1 of manure under cotton monoculture, while application N|50P10oK5o kg ha'1 of mineral fertilizer along with 30 t ha'1 of manure (manure only for cotton in the 4th year of rotation) under the alfalfa-cotton rotation enabled receiving 837,050 soums ha'1 of net income and 31.5% of profitability.
12. The net income and the profitability were 290,500 soums ha'1 and 22.1% in the first year and 301,700 soums ha'1 and 20.8% accordingly in the second year of cotton cultivation with the 1:2 scheme (winter wheat+summer crop (soybean )+intcnncdiatc crop (oat+green pca+rye):cotton: cotton) with higher share of cotton in the cropping system. In the short sequenced cropping system with the scheme 2:1 (winter wheat+summer crop (soybean): winter wheat+summer crop (soybean) + intermediate crop (oat+green pca+rye):cotton, the net income and the profitability of cotton production was 410,900 soums ha'1 and 28.1%.
13 To sustain and improve soil fertility of old irrigated typical sierozem soils and to obtain high seed-lint yields of cotton with high quality of the product it is recommended to cultivate a soybean as summer crop and three crops mix (oat+green pca+rye) as intermediate crop in the new cotton-wheat based the short sequenced cropping systems with 1:1; 1:2 and 2:1 schemes.
14. It is recommended to grow 1-yr cotton only under the short sequenced cropping system with the 1:2 scheme (winter wheat+summer crop (soybcan):cotton:cotton, and to cultivate a cotton two subsequent years under the short sequenced cropping system with the 1:2 scheme (winter wheat+summer crop (soybean)+intcnncdiatc crop (oat+green pca+rye):cotton: cotton).

Significance and necessity of the dissertation topic. In the processes of integration of world community, Uzbekistan has been recognized as one of the cradles of civilization. Especially, right after the country gained its independence, has being paid a distinct attention to studying the history of national statehood and rich cultural-spiritual heritage. Another important point is that the religion of Islam, through its presence in the region for 1300 years, it was absorbed into the values and traditions of our people. As I.A.Karimov truly emphasized: «... we can never imagine our nation apart from this sacred religion. The roots of religious values and concepts of Islamic life are so deep that without them we lose ourselves»125. One expression of those values is the institution of waqf, which was eliminated in 1928. However, waqf as an integral part of our values and a part of our unbroken history should be explored. This is because the history of Uzbckstan, including the history of statehood, education, social protection, improvement, agriculture and economic structure were directly related to the waqf ownership.
Nowadays it is very obvious that to discover the history of Uzbekistan based on original sources has become one of the crucial tasks of historical science. In accordance with Decree no. 2204 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On Further Optimization of the Structure of Academy of Science of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Measures to Strengthen the Integration of Academic Knowledge of the Republic and Higher Education» on July 8, 2014, the Center for Oriental Manuscripts named after Abu Rayhon Bcruniy was established under the Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies based on the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences126. In this decree, special attention is paid to the investigation of historical documents and to efforts towards introducing them to the academic community, together with oriental manuscripts. Of course, this is not surprising, because several kinds of historical documents arc considered important historical-legal sources for studying statehood, the history of social and economic relations and issues of cultural and spiritual life.
Announcement of Tashkent as the «Capital of Islamic Culture» by UNESCO in 2007 and the Decree no. 828 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On Preparation and Implementation of Celebration of 2200 Years of Anniversary of Tashkent City» of April 2, 2008l27, raised the investigations on the history of Tashkent to a new level. At the same time, it came with new responsibilities for historians such as the introduction of new sources on the topic and shedding light on untapped aspects of the history of Tashkent.
The research understaken for this dissertation serves to implement the tasks stated in the regulatory documents mentioned above, and as defined by the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The aim of the research is to explore the changes, traditions and problems of waqf households in Tashkent in the 16th - early 20th centuries based on historical documents.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
Transformation of paleographic and diplomatic features of historical documents were explained, particularly document papers and writing style, languages and structure of documents were investigated;
The reasons of the formation of legal acts on waqf sphere, their function and importance for the management of the waqf economy were identified;
It is revealed that downsizing and decreasing of arable waqf lands in Tashkent region which began in the second half of the 19th century with reduction of land resources were linked with the changing of social structure of waqf founders;
Based on statistical analyses of the waqf-namahs, declining of the establishment of new waqfs as a consequence of changing attitudes of the government and population towards a waqf property, after the investigations of the waqf properties in 1887, was verified;
In the waqf ownership of Tashkent, unlike other parts of Central Asia, the absence of mortgage conditional sale - bai ‘-i ja ’Tz - in practice, less popularity of  cash waqf endowments and waqf-i awladi, unlike Khivan khanate and Bukharan emirate, were proven;
CONCLUSION
In the dissertation, condition of waqf economy of Tashkent historical-cultural region during the five centuries and traditions, problems and transformation process were analyzed for the first time based on more than 700 related documents. Based on the investigation of more than 3000 historical documents of Tashkent region, narrative source and archive materials of the colonial times following conclusions arc made:
1. Even though a number of studies have been implemented on Central Asian waqf ownership, there arc still several questions begging for their solutions in final conclusive interpretations and clarifications. Particularly, a number of crucial issues of the field including demographic and natural factors that affected to establishment and development of waqf economy, regional peculiarities of towns and villages, money and books waqfs arc still not addressed as the main scientific problem. It is impossible to imagine the waqf institutions within the scope of the religious affairs. On the contrary, historical-cultural space of waqf appears as one of the influential economic institutions which had important contribution in development of various fields including, improvement, commerce, education and social protection. Therefore, it is impossible to imagine the waqf institutions without proper studying the above mentioned factors in waqf affairs. 
2. Tashkent historical-cultural region is consisted of two administrative units situated on the basins of ChTrchTq and Ahangaran rivers (during the 10*-12th centuries Chach/Shash and Haq, in 15th-18th centuruies Shash/Tashkand and Shahrukhiyah, in 19th century Tashkand and Quramah). During the 16th-19th centuries, waqf households mostly developed in the Tashkent city and basin of Ahangaran river. In the second quarter of the 19th century, as a result of the establishment of Chinaz village in the conflux point of ChTrchTq river into the Syr Darya and reclamation of new lands, waqf households and waqf properties appeared in this part of the region. 
3. Historical documents of Tashkent waqf households arc consisted of legal acts (farman, yarliq, manshUr, nishan, hukm-namah, ‘inayat-namah, mubarak-namah), procedural documents (bUyrUq, ‘aridah, raburt, ittifaq-namah, hisab-namah-yi mutawalli, shahadat-namah, ijazat-namah, ma ‘lum-namah, гйу-khatt, til-khatf) and gdt/f-court documents (yvaqf-namah, bai'-i batt (bai'-i ja’iz), hukm, riwayah, khatt-i ijarah, khatt-i iqrdr, khatt-i da ‘wa, khatt-i wakalat, khatt-i ibraf
However, establishment and functions of the documents had experienced transformation process over the centuries. For instance, starting from around the 16th century fatwa was replaced by the riwayah document in Central Asian diplomatics. Riwayah was more comprehensive document from the perspective of its functionality and using area compared to its prototype fatwa. During the colonial times, legal acts were separated from the contents of waqf related historical documents. These documents were replaced by the new established documents of Shariia courts that developed under the administrative bureaucratic systems of the colonial courts and experienced transformation process.
4. Historical waqf households of Tashkent region before the Mongol invasion and their documents are still unknown. During the TTmurids, besides the Khwajah Ahrar, Baba-MachTn and Shah ‘Abd al-Malik-baba also possessed waqf properties. During the ShTbanids and Ashtarkhanids, waqf properties of these three had even enlarged. In this time, family waqfs of shrine complexes of the sufi members who lived in the territories adjacent to Tashkent during the 13th-18,h centuries (Shaykh Zayn ad-DTn-baba, Shah Amir Fuqara wall, Mir Hay wall, Sayyid MTrak wall, Baba-khan-Ata, ParpT-Ata), public waqf of Kukaldash madrasah and family waqf properties (Sayyid Muhamad, Nazar-bT, Muhamad ‘Tsa) were established 5. Starting from 19th century, increasing number of waqf households arc closely connected with demographic factors. Particularly, new waqf households were established in the medieval villages like Pskent, Parkent together with subsequently populated areas as well Chinaz, ZangT-Ata, Tilaw, KTrawchT, Abliq, Tamah, Tuy-tTpah and etc. As the territory of Tashkent city enlarged and its population increased, the old mosque and madrasahs were renovated while the new ones were built. Eventually it resulted in development of new waqf households in the area. Small and medium waqf properties endowed by ordinary people were emerged besides the large waqf properties established by representatives of the upper class.
6. Over the course of the five centuries, waqf ownership in Tashkent experienced a number of changes. Initially, the source of the new waqf endowments were mostly allocation of large land properties by the representative of upper class members while starting from the 19th century waqf endowments of craftsmanship-selling shops and their places became popular. Waqf lands became smaller. In our opinion it was generally linked with the inability of government structure for exploration of new lands and elimination of upper class which had alone ability to endow large land properties. Such development waqf ownership has even more amplified from coming into force of the newly established legal systems Turkestan after 1867.
7. There arc visible unique features in Tashkent waqf economy that emerged under the impact of socio-economic processes and viewpoints of local ‘Ulamas. Non-existcnce of bai‘-i ja’iz agreement in utilization of waqf ownership, limited quantity of waqf-i awladi, chash waqf endowments and woman founders can be considered as regional features of Tashkent waqf ownership.
8. Reforms spent in waqf sphere after 1867 haves changed centuries-old traditions. As a result of liquidation of the rights on waqf possession in territory of settlements and introduction of taxes in favour of the state have appeared serious contradictions between leaseholders and waqf administration. The organisation of elections mutawalli became an occasion to contradictions in internal system of waqf administrations.
Based on the scientific results that acquired at the end of the research following recommendations and comments arc made:
Considering the importance of the historical documents in studying history of statehood in Uzbekistan as legal and historical sources, these materials should be included into scientific circulation by publishing their catalogues or creating their brief databases.
In order to have clear image of Central Asian waqf ownership and their regional features, wide range of studies have to be implemented, especially including Khorazm, Surkhandaryo-Qashqadaryo regions and Fergana valley where remained understudied, and also comparative study of historical cities of the neighbouring republics have to be included. In studying history of architectural heritages of the republic as well as Tashkent and their restorations works, it would be accordance with this purpose to pay special attention to historical documents related to these places.
Additionally, during the studies of the history and in the works of repairing the architectural monuments located in the republic, especially of Tashkent region, it is important to pay a distinct attention to the researches of historical documents that belong to them.

The actuality and necessity of the theme of the dissertation. Now in many countries of the world in livestock production the illness rate of productive cows’ violations of metabolism and diseases of a liver reaches up to 40-50 percent. The successful solution of these problems is important in case of the most complete satisfaction of requirement of the population of the country to animal products and ensuring food security.
Thanks to the undertaken agrarian reforms and basic changes in republic animal husbandry production the quantity of animals increases from year to year and considerably their productivity increases. The large-scale measures directed to prevention and elimination of diseases of animals including the measures directed to development and enhancement of methods of early diagnostics, successful therapy and prevention of a metabolic disorder and diseases of a liver at productive cows arc in this case carried out.
In recent years in the world in different geoecological conditions at productive cows depending on age, the periods of a lactation and pregnancy, and also diet types, pathology of metabolic disorders and dystrophy of a liver began to be shown in different forms and currents that dictates enhancement of traditional methods of diagnostics and trcatmcnt-and-prophylactic measures as obsolete and incapable to struggle against pathological conditions of difficult nature as the mixed pathology of a metabolic disorder with liver dystrophy. Proceeding from it, the researches directed to creation of a cartogram of level of proteinaceous, carbohydrate and lipid exchange at productive cows depending on their age, the periods of a lactation and pregnancy, types of a diet and geoecological conditions, scientific reasons for an etiology of metabolic disorders and dystrophy of a liver, studying of etiopatogcnctic communication of violations of that and other type of exchange with functions of a liver, development of methods of early diagnostics, group prevention and etiopatogcnctic therapy of violation of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver as the prevailing pathology in violation of exchange at productive cows, today, arc urgent.
This dissertation research to some extent serves accomplishment of the tasks provided in implementation planned by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On veterinary" and Resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of ПП-842 of April 21, 2008 "About additional measures for strengthening of stimulation of increase in a livestock of the cattle in personal subsidiary, Dchkan both farms and to expansion of production of animal husbandry products" and ПП-2460 of December 29, 2015 "About Measures for Further Reforming and Development of Agricultural Industry for 2016-2020", and also other standard legal documents accepted in this sphere.
The purpose of the study is development of methods of early diagnostics, etiopathogcnetic therapy and group prevention of violation of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver at cows depending on age, the periods of a lactation and type of a diet in different geoecological conditions of Uzbekistan.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
for the first time in three geoecological (rather adequate, extreme and sharp and extreme) conditions of the republic the cartograms of level of protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at heifers and cows is determined;
the etiopathogcnetic communication of disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange with a liver dystrophyarc and the etiology at cows is defined;
the technique of early diagnostics of disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver at cows based on the principles of medical examination special the hephatoclinical and the hcphatobiochimical tests is developed;
proteinaceous and vitamin and mineral feed additive “Ultrakctost”, the fabric medicine "Gcpastimulin" and germinal extract “Fekhoselcn” as highly effective trcatmcnt-and-prophylactic means at violation of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver at the cows consisting of local means the environmentally friendly, easily produced and cheap means arc developed and the order and conditions of their application arc made;
the technique of group prophylaxis of disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver at cows based on use of proteinaceous and vitamin and mineral additive “Ultrakctost”, the fabric drug "Gcpastimulin", germinal extract "Fckhoselen" and Trivit in the recommended doses and orders is developed;
the technique of treatment hypo - and atony of prcstomachs, a nutritional dystrophy, a ketosis, a nutritional osteodystrophy and a hepatodystrophy as typical illnesses of disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver at cows is improved.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Among cows of farms Samarkand (adequate), Kashkadarya (extreme) and Bukhara (it is sharp - extreme) the areas of the Republic of Uzbekistan violations of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver from which economic damage was averaged by 1,7-1,9 million sum on each head of cows in a year arc widely widespread.
2. Level of proteinaceous exchange at productive cows of increase in age, strengthening of a lactation and increase in degree of salinity of the soil goes down that in adequate conditions covers 60-90%, in extreme and sharp and extreme conditions-80-100%, including, strong lowering covers 10-20 and 10-40% of animals, respectively.
3. Level of carbohydrate exchange at productive cows of increase in age, strengthening of a lactation and increase in degree of salinity of the soil goes down that in adequate conditions covers 30-100%, in extreme and sharp and extreme conditions-60-100%, including, strong lowering covers 10-50 and 10-80% of animals, respectively.
4. At productive cows lipid exchange is exposed to peculiar changes depending on age, the periods of a lactation and pregnancy of animals, so quantity of general lipids, NEFA and general cholesterol on age of cows and strengthening of a lactation dynamically increased (to 522,4±20,55 mg of %, 13,6±0,91 mg of % and 3,4±0,10 mmol/1, respectively), amount of phospholipids, triglycerides, beta lipoproteids and air of cholesterol, generally went down (to 234,5±5,60 mg of %, 86,6±0,77 mg of %, 328,5±6,26 mg of % and l,30±0,05 mmol/1, respectively).
5. Disturbances of protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at productive cows with rising of age, intensifying of a lactation and augmentation of degree of salinity of the soil (in the conditions of hay concentrated feeding, is even stronger) arc exposed to an excavation and pass a dystrophy of a liver which infectiousness in adequate conditions reaches to 31,5 - 38,0, in extreme to 33,3 - 44,0 and into sharp and extreme - to 36,0 - 48,0%.
6. At disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and a dystrophy of a liver at cows special hcpatoclinical signs, characterized by tachycardia, a dyspnea, hypo and an atony of prestomachs, a licking disease, yellowness of visible mucosas, augmentation of border and morbidity of area of a liver and also the special hcpatobiochimical changes which arc characterized by decrease in a blood of quantity of hemoglobin, the total protein, albumins, urea, glucoses, Aethers of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, beta lipoproteins and activities of HE, augmentation of quantity of the general bilirubin, ketone bodies, NEFA, the general cholesterol and rising of activities the AsAT, the A1AT, LDG, SDG and GGT.
7. Neediness of a ration on Saccharum (for 40,7-53,2%), to Carotinum (for 48,6-60%) and to phosphorus (for 20-28,6%), excess of a calcium (for 30-66,8%), low Saccharum -protein (0,42-0,50) and high calcium and phosphorus the relations (2,33-3,33) in it arc the main reasons for disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and a dystrophy of a liver at cows, and age (a biological factor), the lactation height period (an operational factor) and salinity of the soil (a geoecological factor) arc the contributing factors of this pathology.
8. Again developed means as proteinaceous and vitamin and mineral top dressing "Ultrakctost", the fabric medicine "Gcpastimulin" and rudimentary extract "Fckhoselen" in case of complex application in certain doses and conditions render on an organism of cows the vicar, adsorbent, laxative, haemo poetic, antioxidatic, anti-toxic, antioxidant, hepatogenous, estrogenic, and also nonspecific stimulating action, within 50-60 days promote improvement of the clinical status and digestion, normalization of proteinaceous, carbohydrate and lipid exchange, stimulation of a hemapoiesis, strengthening bile formed and bile excretory, detoxicational, albumin-synthesizing, glycogen-synthesizing, urea formed, bilirubin-conjugating, lipid-synthesizing and the lipid - oxidizing functionsof the liver, there by brakes dystrophic processions in it, recovers the immune status of an organism and will give the chance of increase the average live mass of cows for 15-15,5%, dairy productivity for 7-7,1%, to fertility for 8-10%, the average live mass of calfs in case of the birth for 8-8,4% and a decrease of degree of contamination of a liver dystrophy for 10-11%. Cost efficiency on each head of cows in a year averages 410000-410800 sum.
9. In case of treatment of the diseases developing against the background of violation of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and dystrophy of a liver, application of an advanced method of etiotrophieal therapy of the based on use in the established doses and combinations of proteinaceous and vitamin and mineral additive "Ultrakctost", fabric medicine "Gcpastimulin" and rudimentary extract "Fckhoselen" in combination with traditional methods of treatment gives the chance to reduce treatment term by 2-6 days, to prevent danger of a forced face for 33,3%, to thereby gain economic effect counting on one head of a cow from 21200 to 1 million 65760 sum.
10. To realize early diagnostics of disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and a dystrophy of a liver in respect of medical examination and at the same time to conduct the planned clinical trials referred on identification special the hcpatoclinical of the signs consisting of a licking disease hypo - and atony of prestomachs, accelerations of pulse and respiration, yellowness of mucosas, morbidities in a liver and augmentation of its border, developing on the basis of the general metabolic syndrome and the planned laboratory researches referred on identification special the hcpatobiochimical of the changes indicating (oligacmy, hypoprotcinacmy, hypoalbuminacmy, hypoglucacmy, hypouraraemy, a blood of quantity decrease in of Aethers of a cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids beta lipoproteins, activity of HE and augmentation of gammaglobulins, general bilirubin, not esterified fatty acids, general cholesterol and rising of activities A1AT, AsAT, SDG, LDG and GGT).
11. For prophylaxis of disturbance of proteinaceous and carbohydrate and lipid exchange and a dystrophy of a liver 60-day group preventive therapy based on use since third month of a lactation is recommended, to cows, in addition to the main ration, to give daily in an admixture with compound feed in a dose of 0,5 g/kg proteinaceous and vitamin and mineral additive "Ultrakctost", every other day (after each 10 injections 20 daily break) subcutaneously in a dose of 5 ml / 100 to kg of the fabric drug "Gcpastimulin", inside daily (after each 10 receptions a 20-day break) in a dose of 0,5 ml/kg of rudimentary extract "Fckhoselen" and intramuscularly weekly in a dose of 10 ml of Trivit.
12. For treatment of illnesses of the cows developing on the basis of disturbance of proteinaccousand carbohydrate and lipid exchange and a dystrophy of a liver as Also an atony of prestomachs, the Nutritional dystrophy, the Ketosis, the Nutritional osteodystrophy and Hcpatodystrophy, is recommended the method of advanced etiopatogcnctic therapy based on use in addition to traditional methods and agents daily in an admixture with compound feed in proteinaceous and vitamin and mineral additive "Ultrakctost", fabric drug "Gcpastimulin" and rudimentary extract "Fckhoselen" in definite dosis and in definite conditions.

The urgency and relevance of the topic of the dissertation. The significance of a small business and entrepreneurship has been rapidly growing as a driving force in the content of economical development which provides adequate stable living standards and facilitate economical profound changes and systematic reforms during world-wide global economic crisis. According to International Finance Corporation statistics « the following percentage of employment gives privileges and preferences for small scale business: 81,4% in China, 54,3 % of gross domestic product, 70,8%: 67,0% in Japan and 50,6%: 53,1% arc all coming from small scale business 48 sector» .
Carrying out reforms for increasing stable economical growth is positively reflected in «the role and significance of developing small scale business and private entrepreneurship (SSBPE) in the Republic’s economy, decrease the scope of governmental institutions’ activity in economy, successively increase the share of private property in gross domestic product, widen their utilization in credit and financial resources and create practically favorable business environment in Uzbekistan » . Due to the consistent reforms for the development of SSBPE sector, « the share of small scale business and private entrepreneurship (SSBPE) in gross domestic product has been increased 1,8 times from 31% (2000) to 56,7%. 31,7% of all manufactured industrial products, almost all market services and 77% of employed population in economic sectors arc all coming from small scale business sector » 50. Indeed, for the development of SSBPE sector the following main tasks have been put forward: to increase a systematic support and stimulation of SSBPE in large scales, protect private property, estrange the bureaucratic obstacles in the process of developing SSBPE, improve the quality of investment and entrepreneurship environment in the Republic and current condition for business activity in our country should meet requirements and principles of general international regulations.
The following conditions can be observed on the way to the development SSBPE sector: develop booming entrepreneurship ability in the content of economical development factors which provide adequate living standards and quality of the state population, provide stable growth of entrepreneurship and create institutional base for attracting investments into entrepreneurship and for the regulation of small scale firms’ activities. Implementing the selectiveness principle in maintenance of economic  mechanisms’ activity of state support of small scale business and private entrepreneurship is of high importance. Based on this approach the following problems could be identified and which could be solved in a complex way: perfecting and creating a new composite project of theoretical bases for state support of SSBPE and forming the methodology of entrepreneurship potential (EP) and strategies.
Indicated tasks define the actuality of doctoral dissertation topic and necessitate new scientific approaches for the two Decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PD-4725 «On private property, support and stimulation of small scale business and private entrepreneurship and the measurements of estrangement the obstacles in the process of developing of small scale business and private entrepreneurship», May 15, 2015 and PD-4848 «On additional measurements of intensive provision of entrepreneurship potential development, supporting private property from different spectrum and improvement of the quality of entrepreneurship environmen».
The aim of the research work is development of scientific suggestions and practical recommendations related to improving economic mechanisms of state support of small scale business and private entrepreneurship development in conditions of economical modernization.
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
- the methodology of selective principle for processes resulting from state support of SSBPE have been developed in documents systematically;
- proposed a system of calculation and payment of granting tax and credit incentives in improving economic mechanism of state support of family business and private entrepreneurship and a new methodology for identification of a social rebate according to private entrepreneurship income;
- various recommendations for optimal development of a private entrepreneurship as well as additional opportunity for labor force participation have been proposed
- methodology to increase the productivity of entrepreneurship capabilities of college graduates has been designed and the methodology to increase the labor branches has been developed based on selectivity principle;
- proposed a system of calculation and payment of granting tax and credit incentives in improving economic mechanism of private entrepreneurship controlled by college graduates;
- methodology to provide interactivity between integrated state service systems which grant the convenience and transparency of SSBPE environment has been worked out;
CONLUSION
The following scientific and practical conclusions arc presented on the topic «Improving theoretical bases of economic mechanism of state support of small scale business and private entrepreneurship»:
1. The government support of small scale business and entrepreneurship is the broad economic term or category the essence of it is government economic or financial aid which is provided to them in order to strengthen their responsiveness to the market condition’s changes. Taking into account provision of this support to small business entities and an international experience we propose to change the term « small business and private entrepreneurship» to the term «small business entities». In case of exception It’s necessary to make amendments in the relevance adopted law on business.
2. In Uzbekistan we recommend to undertake the government support of small business entities on the selection basis. It means that the aim of the support should be - to maximize the marginal social benefits from the activity; to use as selection criteria- SBE innovation activity, production of export oriented products (or services), their participation in the government localization programs, contribution of the formation of cluster industries in regions. Furthermore, the support should strengthen their competitiveness and to help to achieve the level of production where the marginal social benefit from the activity is equal to the marginal social cost.
3. We propose the following directions of the improvement of theoretical basis of governmental support of small -scale entities: First, the measure of economic governmental support of small business and private entrepreneurship entities should be on the selectivity principle, considering its aim, time period,(short-run), criteria, socio-economic benefits. This support should be in line with the creation of competitive market environment and strengthening their competitiveness and survival without discrimination of other enterprises. Second, according to our research findings and developed countries’ experience the size of governmental support of small business entities should be established at the point where marginal social benefit from the activity is equal to the marginal social cost of the activity.
4. Thc organizational, social, judicial and economical mechanisms of SSBPE of state support were analyzed and tools of activation were estimated. Economic mechanism is the economic flywheel, and the driving force of economic activity. The population’s and enterprises’ business profits increase when they use entrepreneurship in a right and targeted way.
5. Implement the approach of selective grouping in economical mechanism to identify the theoretical bases of SSBPE of state support for the existing institutional mechanisms and their correlation with each other and the imbalances between them.
6. The beneficial norms and economic states (non-bcncficial, private, public, social and separate benefit) should fit to the quality degrees of entrepreneurship activity (weakness, perfection, developed, not perfect activity) in entrepreneurship competence.
7. The development of economical mechanism of supporting SSBPE sector provides a positive impact in correlation with the tax-tariff, monetary and antimonopoly policies by the government. Therefore, to enlarge the sensitivity of functions and stimulation of the patterns of economic mechanism is of high importance.
8. As a result of conducted research it can be surely stated that there is a great necessity to work out special regional programs to increase the entrepreneurship potential in some regions of our republic and the territorial development of SSBPE through the implementation of the principle of selective grouping to develop the industrial cooperation between small business companies and support them financially. This principle helps to improve the production, equip the companies with modem technology, develop the elements of infrastructure of SSBPE of state support through structural changes and financial support, observe multi-staged production and control them.
9. As can be seen from the results of the econometric analyses of the 6 factors affecting to the development of the scope of the study factor 3 is allocated to loans and introduced investment in the share of this sector in the structure of the country's exports arc positive (+), 3 factor of the tax burden on the economy, and the tax rate corporate income and single tax rate for small scale businesses-negative (-) relationship:
10. Thc following recommendations can be presented on enhancing economical mechanism of supporting SSBPE by the government: To work out a medium and long-term State program on the preparation of qualified cadres for the development of SSBPE in business sector; widely implement the methodology of supporting new business among college graduates and students of High education; to enlarge the types of financial service based on the increase of capital stock regulation of supporting the export of SSBPE subjects and establish the structural offices of the fund in this way increasing the export potential of the companies.
11. Scientific and practical suggestions and recommendations aimed at reducing the size of direct investments which present tax and customs privileges in «Navoi» free industrial economic zone to promote effective operation of micro and small scale enterprises; to increase the number of investment projects which support the development of industrial companies still being constructed; to produce high-quality goods in the small industrial companies and solve the problems of selling goods relying on the foreign countries’ experience; to confirm the Law on «increasing industry in rural areas» and implement the motto «100 goods in one village».
12. All small business subjects should be provided with the equal resources of finance and new entrepreneurship subjects should be supported by the government. The scope of micro-leasing should be enlarged and with the help of diversification process the amount of credits given by the commercial banks should be reduced. The venture method should be widely implemented in infrastructure. The method of stimulation should be continued in the production modernization process as it provides the tax privilege based on normal profit.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. The World Health Care Organization (WHCO), according to the process of pregnancy and childbirth each year about 550 thousand, obstetric hemorrhage is 125-150 thousand deaths each year 14000000 is observed in case of postpartum bleeding, 120000-140000 people die (24 hours), and 200,000 of them arc mothers with a disease.
During the years of independence in the process of reforming the health care system special attention is given to the protection of motherhood and childhood, and achieved certain results in this direction. As a result, the premature detachment of normally located placenta in the streets increased by 31.2% in the early diagnosis and prevention of complications due to count readily achieved a reduction of 28.5%2.
Particular attention is paid to the development in the world of modem methods for the diagnosis of premature detachment of normally situated placenta. The priority areas of modern methods for diagnosis arc the prevention of maternal mortality in obstetrics and gynecology, the study of the state of the utcro-placental fetal blood flow, changes in endothelium of placental vessels and the uterus, improving the methods of examination (clinical, laboratory and instrumental), massive obstetric bleeding in pregnancy, the development of hemorrhagic clinics shock, uterine tamponade women, women's disability (amputation and hysterectomy). The above researches determine the relevance of the dissertation topic.
The present dissertation is aimed at achieving the objectives set out in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Number PD-2133 on February 19, 2014 "On State program" Year of a healthy child, number P-4577 from December 10, 2015 "On measures aimed at the development and implementation of the" Year of the state program of maternal and child health. " the implementation of which will improve the quality of care for pregnant women, newborns, and reduce maternal and infant mortality in the country as a whole.
The aim of research work: Identify the pathogcnctical mechanisms of development of premature abruption normally located placenta in nulliparous women to improve the diagnosis and management of pregnancy.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
For the first time an assessment of indicators of vascular endothelial and placental of growth factors, Willebrand factor, fibronectin, oxidative stress, pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in pregnant women with PDNLP without the presence of hypertensive syndrome;
For the first time studied the state of uteri-placental-fetal blood flow in the PDNLP mild in pregnant women without hypertensive syndrome. On the basis of which shows the development of protective mechanisms of uteri-placcntal blood flow, contributing to the preservation of a certain time, quality of blood flow in the fetus when premature placental abruption;
Estimated correlations between indicators of endothelial dysfunction, cytokine status and indicators of utcri-placcntal-fctal blood flow in pregnant women and their newborns;
Complex studied morphometric, morphological, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical changes in the placenta in pregnant women with PDNLP without hypertensive syndrome;
development plans of pathogenesis have been developed in PDNLP that hypertensive syndrome not observed.
CONCLUSION
1. Risk factors for premature detachment of normally located placenta in nulliparous women without hypertensive syndrome arc infections, sexually transmitted infections (chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, urcaplasma) (75%), inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs (37.1%), threat of interruption I (86,7%) and II (83,4%) half of pregnancy, vomiting of pregnancy (22.7%), acute respiratory infection during pregnancy (59.1%), fctoplatscntranaya failure (45.0%) 2.Premature detachment of normally situated placenta is accompanied by blood circulation in fetoplatscntranom complex, which is accompanied by an increase in SDR to 1, 91 ± 0,064 andlR to 0,44 ± 0,014v uterine arteries on both sides.
3. Premature detachment of normally located placenta develops in the presence of endothelial dysfunction, characterized by an increase of VEGF, ET-1 and a decrease in PLGF. Also, an increase in vFW and fibronectin, which is evidence of damage to the vessel wall and increased thrombus formation.
4. The clinical picture of premature detachment of normally situated placenta develops due to an imbalance of pro - and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, there is an increase in IL-ip - 3.0 times, 2,6 timcs-TNFa, IL-6 - 8.0 times and reduced IL-10 is 1.5 times
5. In the course of pregnancy (II-III trimester) when markers premature detachment of normally located placenta P observed destruction of decidual cells and lymphoid infiltration of plasma cells, syncytiotrophoblast vacuolization and destruction of organelles. Strom terminal villi has foci of sclerosis, capillary endothelium enlightened contains few organelles, basal membrane underneath loosened and thickened. Severe immunohistochemical reaction decidual cells, syncytiotrophoblast, and the basement membrane to the endothelium of the placenta tissue antigens to her at the end of II, and the beginning of III trimester of pregnancy is a morphological equivalent of violations of rcgularchanges in the mother-placenta and rejection of normally situated placenta.
6. Established correlations between markers in pregnant women and in cord blood. Determined a direct correlation between TNF-a and IL-6, r = +0,64; between NO and IL-6, r = +0.063; N02 and IL-6, r = +0.56; SOD and IL-6, r = +0,53 medium strength.
7. Predictor forecast the development of abruption placental arc the following parameters in the blood of pregnant women: ET-1 1,16 ± 0,07 fmol I ml and above; VEGF 13,8 ± 0,68 pg / mli above; IL-6- 53.1 ± 3.93 pg / ml and above; fibronectin. PLGF-8,2 ± 182.8 pg / ml or below;
8. The pathogenesis of premature detachment of normally located placenta in pregnant women with no hypertensive syndrome is associated with penetration into the mother's body and fetus infection (often chlamydia. CMV, HSV, urcaplasma) and activation of systemic inflammatory response, contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction, hemodynamic and disruption of compensatory mechanisms in fetoplacental complex.

Topicality and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cardiovascular system diseases often lead to disability of the able-bodied population and it takes leading place in the structure of causes of death around the world. Annually 17,5 million people die from cardiovascular system diseases which consists approximately 29% from all death cases. In the USA this case is 37,3%, in Russia 57%, in India 60%.
In our country from the fisrt days of the independence have been realized wide scale program mesures dedicated to provide medical aid to population, created the effective module and have been obtaining positive index. Both due to ensure the effective medical aid to population and systematic control of the blood pressure the case of myocarditis infarcts lowered 9-10%, life expectancy in the men increased from 67 up 73,5%, in the women 75,8%.'
Worldwide to achieve high efficacy in agriculture it is important carry out oriented studies about the use of pesticides which has different chemical compounds, in this field: to develop methods of prophylaxis of the negative influence of pesticides into the human body, to determine of the process of myocarditis case development in the use of long period in small doses of pesticides, to prove scientifically of the influence of synthetic pcritroid-kinmiks and herbicide cotoran to cardio vascular system, to determine the essence of the influence to cardio vascular system physiological processes of pcritroids and herbicides; have been paid special attention to early diagnostics and making of mathematic modelling of toxic myocarditis apperaring due to pcritroid-kinmiks and herbicide cotoran influence to cardio vascular system.
This dissertation research to a certain extent is the decision of the tasks outlined in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PD-2133 on February 19, 2014 “On State program”, “Year of a healthy child” in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers №-1652 on November 28, 2011 “On measures to further deepen the reform of the health system”, and other relevant legal documents.
The aim of research work is the evaluation of anatomical, microscopic, sub-microscopic and morphometric changes in the various layers of the walls of the atria and ventricles of the heart during early postnatal ontogenesis under the influence of pesticides which have passed through the mothers milk.
The scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
For the first time has been determined in postnatal ontogenesis period of anatomical parameters of infant rats’ heart index, shape and size of the chest, as well as the connection in physical development of infant rats and in the microscopic structure of the structural elements of the layers of the wall of the atria and ventricles of the heart of control rats the presence of specific patterns of development;
Has been proved as a result of the toxic effects of pesticides in rat’s heart and major initial pathologic changes in the wall of arterioles and capillaries appear in the form of fibrous structures disorganized proliferation of connective tissue cells, dystrophy of the protein in the cells of the myocardium muscle, loosening of myofibrils and their nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio dysfunction;
arc given morphometric characteristics of layer thickness of atrial and ventricular wall, it is found that almost all morphometric parameters like wall layers atrial and ventricular experimental animals decreases significantly compared to the control group;
it is found, that under the influence of cotoran and kinmiks in myofibrils of cardiomyocytc of rats occur submicroscopic changes, reducing cardiac hystiocyte, violation of energy and metabolic processes, mitochondria, the development of necrobiosis and scientifically proven that changing the transport function of the endothelium and other sections of the small vessels inside cells and interstitium develops swelling;
on the basis of ECG data proved that the impact of cotoran and kinmiks during early postnatal ontogenesis leads to the violation of automatism and conduction of the heart in rats;
developed a system of mathematical modeling for prediction of toxic myocarditis based on morphometric parameters of the heart under the influence of pesticides, the comparative factor 0 - the ratio of stroma and parenchyma infarction based Sealed clinical symptoms.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of research on doctoral dissertation on “Macro-microscopic structure of the heart wall in rat postnatal ontogenesis and their changes under the influence of pesticides” presented the following conclusions:
1. The maximum increase in length, width and anteroposterior heart size observed from birth to 6th day and changes its location cranio-caudal direction. From the moment of birth until 21 days of age, the ratio of the relative weight of the heart to the body weight is reduced from 1.75% to 1.1%. There is a relationship between the coefficient of comparative changes in heart mass and body, as well as changes in heart shape and development of the chest.
2. Histologic and gistotopografik features of structural elements of a wall of auricles and ventricles of heart of infant rats in dynamics of early postnatal ontogenesis are revealed.
3. The toxic effects of pesticides on the heart of rats demonstrated specific pathological morphological changes, that is, there was disorganization of fibrous structures in the wall of arterioles and capillaries, proliferation own connective cells and protein dystrophy muscle fibers of the myocardium, and loosening discomplcxation of myofibrils violation of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio.
4. It is proved that in the control infant rats, depending on their age periods, there arc morphometric and histo topografic peculiarities particularly in the structural elements of all layers of the wall of the atria and ventricles of the heart. However, it is proved and morphometric parameters significant reduction in atrial wall layers and ventricles in experimental animals as compared to controls.
5. It was revealed that the cotoran and kinmiks, affecting the ultrastructural elements of the heart, lead to a change rate in myofibrils, violation of energy and metabolic processes that lead to necrobiosis in the mitochondria, disruption of the transport function of the endothelium and the inner layers of the walls of small blood vessels, resulting in the observed development of intracellular and intermediate tumor tissue.
6. Changes in ECG were characterized by the emergence of a variety of disorders of rhythm and conduction of the heart. In the later stages of the experiment in the myocardium were observed changes in the form of necrosis. Necrosis was reflected in the QRS complex.
7. Mathematical modeling, created to predict toxic myocarditis heart based on morphometric data, the coefficient 0 - the ratio of stroma and parenchyma infarction and mutual relations Sealed clinical symptoms to diagnose and determine the extent of myocardial diseases.

Necessity and importance of the dissertation’s subject. Presently, worldwide cotton planting area makes 32 million hectares and 20 kg of seeds arc used on average per hectare1. However, during the period of unfavorable natural conditions, rainy spring months, crust forms on the soil surface, which obstructs complete germination of plants and forces to carry out replanting, thus increasing consumption of seeds.Various biologically active formulations arc used for presowing seed treatment that secure appearance of full seedlings, improved plant growth and development, high yields, and production of ccologicallypurc raw cotton.
Special attention in the country is given to the rational use of natural resources, protection of the environment. In this regard, measures arc taken for development and production of biodegradable polymers, in particular, chitosan, for wide using in the practice. Significant direction, in this case, is the use of environmentally safe, biologically active domestic compounds, including natural polymers, development and use of new alternative agricultural technologies of presowing treatment of seeds by method of encapsulation. Attention is paid to searching new chitin-containing formulations, increasing production of polymer products on their base, as well as improving an available pupae silkworm complex processing technology - silk industry waste. To provide the agricultural industry of the country with the necessary quantity of natural chitosan polymer, its production is established, its physical-chemical and biological properties arc studied, and in-depth scientific studies are conducted on synthesis of products on the basis of this biopolymer.
Annually 3.0 million tons of chitin and its by-products are produced in the world. Studies conducted by researchers in this area arc directed to production of high-quality sowing seeds and their treatment withthe effective biologically active compounds. Sources of the latters could be certain species of insects, fungi, algae, and crustaceans, shrimps from which chitosan is recovered. These compounds have a protective function and do not harm the environment and do not pose obstacles in solving environmental problems. Encapsulated seeds of a certain quantity are used in different soil and climatic conditions of the country’s regions. In particular, the encapsulation of cotton seeds with biologically active and environmentally safe polymeric compounds contributes to rapid germination at the early stages of ontogenesis and early development of the plant without changing its genetic traits.
This dissertation, to a certain extent, serves to the accomplishment of the tasks, set forth in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On seed production” and the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 328 “On the policy of the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan in seed production” of 19 September 1996, as well as in the other normative legal documents adopted in this area. 
The purpose of research was to study the application of domestic and environmentally safe polymeric systems based on chitosan and its by-products by introducing encapsulation technology for cotton seeds for presowing treatment, acceleration of plant growth and development, intensification of physiological processes, improvement of varietal and sowing quality of seeds, and increasing productivity and cotton yields.
Scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
influence of encapsulation process with polymeric systems based on chitosan extracted from Bombyx mori and its by-products, on the processes of seed and cotton plant developmcnthas been studied for the first time in the country;
optimal and limiting rates for application of formulations based on chitosan and its by-productshave been developed;
growth and development processes occurred in the encapsulated with domestic formulation Uzkhitan seeds and cotton plants have been justified;
influence of various external and internal factors on the photosynthetic processhas been determined;
efficacy of using formulations such as Uzkhitan, carboxymcthylchitosan (CMC), as well as chitosan and metal complexes with cobalt and copper (PMC) in the process of seed encapsulationhas been determined.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Polymer systems based on environmentally safe naturalbioactivc polymeric chitosan and its by-products have been tested as presowing treatment of delintcd and fuzzy cotton seeds. Positive effects of Uzkhitan formulation on germination energy (2-4%), germinating capacity (5-8%), as well as on sowing qualities of seeds, formation and development of seedlings, allowing early and precise sowing of cotton seeds have been shownusing an encapsulation technology.
2. It has been revealed by the Scientific-Research Institute of Sanitary, Hygiene and Prophylactics under MOH of the Uzbekistan Republic polymeric seed treatment Uzkhitan is non-toxic, non-pollutantfor ecosystem, easily utilized in soil,contributes to increasing field germination rate (by 2-8%), growth and development of plants, yielding capacity for both delintcd and fuzzy seeds (by 0.25-0.4 t/ha).
3. It has been experimentally confirmed that encapsulation with polymers has influenced on water absorption ability of seeds (1.07-1.18 g), and on the level of their saturation, water sorption rate (from 0.247-1.196 g) of seeds up until the beginning of germination and on emergence of seedlings, provided that greatest water absorption and accelerated root growth (on 3.1-3.3 c.) have occurred upon treatment of seeds with Uzkhitan formulation.
4. It has been established that action of polymer coatings based on chitosan and its polymeric formulation Uzkhitan during emergence of seedlings increases physiological and biochemical activity of the peroxidase enzyme more than 2 times.
5. It has been demonstrated that treatment of cotton seeds with polymeric formulations did not disturb their fatty acid composition. It has been revealed that lipolytic activity directly correlates with the hydrolysis of fat (14.26% against 13.21%), and this most strongly occurs in the process of seed germination, so, reduction of cotton plant vegetation time (up to 8 days) can be achieved at the expense of earlier sowing of seeds treated with polymeric formulations.
6. Use of encapsulated cotton seeds treated with polymeric formulations has contributed to accumulation of chlorophyll (by 15%) in leaves of cotton plant and its dry weight (by 5.9 - 8.3 g). This indicates that these chitosan based formulations have had stimulating effects on the growth and development of plants.
7. Encapsulation of dclintcd and fuzzy cotton seeds with polymeric formulations improves their pouring ability, which in turn enables their sowing by prccise-sowingmachinc, contributing to saving seeds, improving reproduction rate of seeds, and decreasing expenses for thinning seedlings.
8. Field tests with precise-sowing of the encapsulated seeds have been conducted, and it was determined thatthis method has provided with increased field germination rate of seeds, resistance of plants to root rots and adverse environmental conditions. It is proved that seeds, encapsulated withchitosan based polymeric formulations, have produced seedlings that were more resistant to adverse weather conditions, root rots, extreme temperatures were well tolerated by plants; registered effects have included an increase all in accumulation of fruiting elements during the vegetation period, in the boll mass (by 0.1-0.2 g), and in yield of raw cotton by 0.2-0.4 t/ha.
9. Technical specifications TSN-88-2007 “Encapsulated sowing cotton seeds” have been developed for using in the process of encapsulation of cotton seeds with Uzkhitan formulation in shops of presowing preparation of sowing cotton seeds.
10. Large-scale commercial trials have confirmed efficacy of using seeds encapsulated with Uzkhitan formulation for improvement of the product quality by maintaining and enhancing the parameter sof the economically valuable characteristics of plants, expansion of planted acreage with encapsulated seeds up to 190 thousand hectares, reduction of seed rates per hectare down to 30-40 kgs, increasing harvest by 0.2-0.4 t/ha.
11. Considering that encapsulation of seeds with chitosan based polymeric formulations contributes to preservation of sowing qualities of seeds under adverse weather conditions, it has been recommended to wider use encapsulated cotton seeds during early sowing.
12. Results of the large-scale commercial trials with sowing encapsulated cotton seeds have indicated effectiveness of their use. Accordingly, we propose a wider use of encapsulated dclintcd seeds for planting in all regions of the country.
13. In order to reduce sowing rates of fuzzy seeds and to improve their pouring ability, we have recommended developing a unit for preparing such seeds and introducing them much more widely intopractice of the country’s farms.
14. New version ofthc State Standard - O’zDSt: 663 “SOWING COTTON SEEDS. Technical conditions”, containing a description of the preparation of encapsulated seeds, has beenpresented to the technical committee “Navurugnazorat” for consideration.
15. Considering identified benefits of growing encapsulated cotton seeds, we have recommended to use widely presowing treatment of dclintcd cotton seeds by encapsulation technology, using polymeric metal complex of chitosan with copper ions.

The actuality and necessity of the theme of the dissertation. Now in many states of the world often occurs among animals metabolic disorders, including diseases connected with insufficiency or redundancy of minerals. Studying of coherence of emergence of these diseases with property of biogeochemical provinces, diagnostics, treatment and development of measures of prevention of mikroclcmcntoses is one of important tasks. In particular, conditions of some animal husbandry farms in an etiology of noncontagious diseases of cows of gipomikroelcmcntoses constitute 33,8%.
In our Republic as a result of carrying out reform in animal husbandry production, being the leading industry of agrarian sector the livestock and productivity of animals increases. At the same time the measures directed to prevention including, studying of an etiology, early diagnostics, treatment and development of measures of prevention of diseases of farm animals arc carried out.
It is revealed that in the world among animals in the conditions of animal husbandry farms of insufficiency of copper, zinc, manganese, iodine and cobalt covers to 40-60 percent of a livestock.
As a result of these diseases to farms arc put an economic damage in enough due to decrease in production of meat and dairy products and their quality, including, incidences of dyspepsia, lagging in growth and development of calfs, the cows born from sick with mikroelemcntoses, their unfitness to reproduction of herd.
Therefore, studying of distribution, main types, determination of the caused damage to farms, the reasons and development mechanisms, early diagnosis of diseases, development of effective methods, remedies and prevention, and also, features of a current, symptoms and syndromes, diagnostics, enhancement methods of treatment and prevention of dyspepsia of calfs of the resulting these diseases arc urgent.
1 his dissertation research to some extent serves accomplishment ot the tasks provided in implementation planned by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «About veterinary» and Resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of ПП-2460 of December 29, 2015 and «About Measures for Further Reforming and Development of Agricultural Industry for 2016-2020» and ПП-842 of April 21, 2008 «About additional measures for strengthening of stimulation of increase in a livestock of the cattle in personal subsidiary, Dchkan both farms and to expansion of production of animal husbandry products», and also other standard legal documents accepted in this sphere.
The research purpose. A research purpose is studying of an etiology, nature of a course of disease and diagnostics, and also, developments of effective methods of treatment and prevention of dyspepsia of the calfs bom from the cows who had this pathology.
Scientific novelty. Dissertation work consists of following:
in animal husbandry farms are defined the types and an etiology of insufficiency of minerals, a current in the form of difficult pathology of alimentary and endemic nature in case of year-round stall content of pregnant cows;
researches have proved development of this pathology with a metabolic disorder, exchange of minerals, functions of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, motive tract and other bodies, deterioration the morfobiochimical of indicators of blood and a functional condition of a liver;
defined the birth of weak, impractical calfs, and also increase in dyspepsia among the calfs born from the cows who had mikroclcmcntoses;
developed the structure of mikroclcmcntal-vitamin feed additive Mikrovit, its action on an organism of pregnant cows, development of a fetus, quality of colostrum, productivity and a physiological condition of the calfs bom from them is studied;
therapeutic and cost efficiency of the medical methods of phytotherapy alkalizing, counteracting on dehydration and intoxications of an organism as a result of the obtained data is determined tincture camel a prickle and a bitter wormwood in 10% solution of bentonite, «electrolytic and dehydratational solution» (EDS) is developed;
CONCLUSIONS
1. At emergence of endemic mikroclcmcntoses at pregnant cows, the major etiological factors arc: disharmony like a ration, dissatisfaction of requirement of an organism of pregnant cows nutritious, biologically active agents, macro- and trace substances, imbalance of rations on nutritious and power substances, low saccharum - the protein and phosphorus-calcium relation. At cows the disadvantage of several trace substances develops at the same time, at long stall contents and feeding with the com silage-clover-cotton mcalfccding type generally proceeds in the form of nutritional and endemic mikroclcmcntoses.
2. Mikroclcmcntoses of pregnant cows appetite change, a hypotension of prestomachs, an obtusion of cardiac sounds, paleness of mucosas, an indumentum depigmentation in eyes, a mandible and a forehead, slow body height of indumentum, abaissement in eyes and labiums, lateness in a molt, dryness and a thickening of a skin from the inside of a hip and a neck, formation of wounds, «playfulness of tongue» is characterized by such patognomonical signs as (hyperkinesia), augmentation of joints, deformation of a backbone and depression of fatness.
3. At a mikroclcmcntoses of pregnant cows the quantity of erythrocytes in a blood to 4,58±0,25 mln/mkl, a hemoglobin - 74,8±1,5 g/1, a glucose - 2,02±0,06 mmol/1, an alkaline reserve - 40,3±l,6 about.%CO2, the general protein to 63,5±1,4 g/1. also the amount of the general bilirubin to 7,89±l,0 mmol/1, activities of ASaT and ALaT enzymes to 0,96±0,07 and 0,77±0,06 mmol.h/1 is enlarged., the amount of the general calcium to 2,20±0,06 mmol/1 and inorganic phosphorus to l,19±0,09 mmol/1 decreases., also the amount of zincum respectively, to 10,34±0,06 decreases copper, cobalt, manganese; 0,34±0,07; l,21±0,05 and 23,4±2,1 mcmol/1.
4. At cows of the diseased of mikroclcmcntoses acidity of a colostrum to 26,6±1,6°T, protein in structure - 11,5±0,14, fats - 2,7±0,05, saccharum - 3,2±0,07 decreases, solid to 18,5±1,26% and is observed depression of immunologic properties.
5. Use the admixed view with the concentrated stems addition in a ration the dead standing of pregnant cows within 60 days on 1 head in 1 day 50 g of bentonite, 100 mg of lodidum a potassium, 100 mg of copper sulfate, 20 mg of cobalt chloride, 100 mg of manganese sulfate, 150 mg of copper sulfate, vitamin A of 200 thousand IUM, vitamin D3I2O thousand IUM and vitamin E of 80 mg promote augmentation in a blood quantity of erythrocytes on average on 1,20 mln/mcl, a hemoglobin on 23,1 g/1, a glucose on 0,94 mmol/1, the general protein on 10,2 g/1, an alkaline reserve - 2,1 volumc%CO2, the general calcium - 0,36, inorganic phosphorus - 0,25 mmol/1, copper - 2,4, a cobalt - 0,14, manganese - 0,95 and amount of zincum - 11,3 mmol/1, depression of concentration of the general bilirubin on 1,90 mmol/1 and activities of ASaT and ALaT enzymes - 0,17 and 0,20 mmol.h/1
6. Application the mikroclcmcntal-vitamin fodder mix «Mikrovit» as means promotes prevention of the endemic mikroclcmcntoses of pregnant cows within 60days on 50 grams on one head a day increase in live weight of calfs in case of the birth for 13,4%, a daily surplus for 14,4%, reduction of incidence of dyspepsia of calfs by 60%, increase in dairy productivity of cows by 38,5%. Cost efficiency of work makes on one cow of 545,8 sum and the economic return on the 1st a bag was constituted by 6,48 sum.
7. Incidence of endemic mikroclcmcntoses of pregnant cows leads to decrease immunobiological properties of colostrum, the birth from them weak, with low natural resistance and physiological defective, susceptible to dyspepsia of calfs (reduction of volume of body), they usually get sick with dyspepsia in the first days of life (neonatal dyspepsia).
8. In pathogenesis of dyspepsia of calfs it is characteristic three pathological links: dysfunction of a gastrointestinal tract, dysbacteriosis and attitude to enzymes; diarrhea and dehydration of an organism (dehydration), violation of acidbase balance and water and electrolytic exchange; violation of haemo dynamics at the expense of a condensation of blood and an endointoxication, a course of disease with a diarrhea, dehydration and organism intoxication showing characteristic complex of symptomsfor a disease.
9. Dyspepsia of calfs is followed by reduction of quantity of leukocytes, glucose, an alkaline allowance and amount of immunoglobulins, relative increase quantity of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, urea owing to a blood condensation, increase in concentration of general bilirubin and activity of ASaT and ALaT enzymes due to degenerate and dystrophic change and increase in functional loading of a liver, disprotcincmiy due to reduction of albuminc, increase generally scale - and beta globulins.
10. Treatments of dyspepsia of calfs, in a ranny stage of a disease use of tincture camel prickles from the bitter wormwood prepared in 10% solution of bentonite for half of hour before feeding on 300 ml 2 times a day, intravenously by a drop method once a day «electrolytic and dchydratational solution» consisting of 10,0 g of chloride of sodium, 0,25 g of chloride of potassium, 50,0 g of glucose and 0,5 g of caffeine of benzoate of sodium, 5,0 g of a hydrocarbonatc of sodium, the distilled water to 1000,0 ml gives high economic effect, promotes completely recovery of sick calfs for short terms (on average 5 days) and to increase in a daily additional weight for 19,2%.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Nowadays applying of state-of-the-art technologies is becoming a very urgent task to face ecology and climate challenges due to fast development of various branches of industry and energy production, and also to be able to meet competition in the market. It is especially noticeable in such activities as desalination of natural water for industrial usage, extraction of precious metals from process solutions, wastewater treatment by ion-exchange technologies. «For the past years the need for technology solutions based on ion-exchange has been increasing. A considerable part of materials used for water purification is ion-exchange resins»1.
Starting from the very beginning of our independence, in Uzbekistan all required conditions have been creating for industrial development and new nonwaste productions of competitive, ecological and import-substituting goods arc creating. We can name some of them - «Shurtan Gas Chemical» and «Ustyurt Gas Chemical», producing polymers using local raw materials, and a new chemical plant which is creating at «Navoiyazot Ltd» and expecting to be completed in 2017 with annual production of 100000 tons of polyvinylchloride (PVC). It makes possible to difersify chemical industry by creation of production of various polymer materials having different and complex properties.
Developing and increasing of industrial production over the world creates new demands for sorbent materials, especially targeted rcascarchcs on synthesizing sorbents having complex properties arc one of high-priority tasks and the following aspects arc of high interest: obtaining ion-exchange materials having complex properties and contatining acidic as well as basic groups, determining the selectivity of synthesized sorbents for precious, rare and nonferrous metals, waste water treatment by removing toxic and heavy metal ions.
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The study aimes particularly at solving tasks defined in President’s Decrees №916 dated 15 July 2008 «On additional measures to stimulate innovation rpojects and technology implementation into production» and №1071 dated 11 March 2009 «On measures to accelerate creation and adoption of production of new types of chemical products» and oter relevant legal documents.
Purpose of research work: is synthesizing anionites and polyampholitic resins containing nitrogen and phosphorus groups by modifying polyvinylchloride and studying the physical and chemical properties of obtained products.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists of:
Optimal conditions for synthesis of anion-exchange resin using granular polyvinylchloride as a substrate have been determined for the first time; it has been shown that reaction depends on porosity of modified polyvinylchloride structure and follows under heterogeneous reaction kinetics rules;
ion-exchange resin containing nitrogen and phosphorous groups and having polycomplcxon properties has been synthesized by modifying granular polyvinylchloride based anionite with phosphorous acid; optimal conditions for this process have been developed;
it has been found that synthesized ionites have high sorption efficiency, thermic and mechanical resistance and arc similar to those of commercial anionite AN-31 in terms of abovementioned characteristics;
high sorption factors of synthesized anionites and polycomplexons for chromate, copper, vanadium, nickel, indium ions and iodine have been found and metal ions have been extracted in dynamic conditions from complex solution containing copper (II), nickel (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II) and high selectivity of polyampholitic resin for Cu(II) ions has been found.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions on doctoral dissertation «Obtaining and physicalchemical properties of nitrogen- and phosphorus containing ionites on the base of polyvinylchloride» arc represented:
1. The impact of several factors on a modification process of granular polyvinylchloride with polyethylene polyaminc as well as on condensation process with phosphorous acid in the presence of formalin has been studied in order to produce anionite and nitrogen- and phosphorous containing polycomplcxon. The value of activation energy and dependence of reaction rate only on concentration of low-molecular reagents show that the studied processes run in accordance with the rules of heterogenic reactions.
2. Chemical structure of anionit and polycomplexons produced on the base of granular polyvinylchloride, their chemical and thermal resistance have been proved by IR-spcctroscopy, element analysis, thermic analysis and analytical methods. It has been determined that appearance of ion-exchange features of anionite is due to amine groups and of plycomplcxon is due to amine groups and residues of phosphorous groups.
3. The main physical and chemical properties of obtained anionites and polyampholytes, defined in official standards, have been examined in laboratory and industrial conditions and it has been represented that synthesized anionite is not worse than AN-31 commercial anionite which is used in industry.
4. Kinetics and thermodynamics of a sorption process of Cr2O2'7 ions and iodine from potassium iodide solution by anion-exchange resin synthesized from granular polyvinylchloride has been studied. Defined kinetic and thermodynamic parameters show high affinity of anion resin to dichromate ions and molecular iodine and its resistance to the influence of strong oxidizers.
5. The following order of selectivity for non-ferreous metals: Cu(II)>Ni(II)>In(III)> vanadyl(I) has been defined by studying kinetics and thermodynamics of absorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), In(III) and vanadyl(I) by polycomplcxon.
6. Sorption and desorption of Cu(II) and In(III) by synthesized polycomplcxon in dynamic condition have been examined. Obtained results demonstrate chemical stability of polycomplcxon and its repeatedly usage has been recommended. Containing nitrogen and phosphorus polycomplcxon has been successfully used to extract and concentrate indium selectively from complex technological solution of Zn producing plant of «ОММС» JSC company.
7. Granular anion resin on the base of polyvinylchloride has been synthesized in large amount using a pilot device at «MAXAM-CHIRCHIQ» company and used for effective desalination of natural waters. The anion resin was able to work 10-15% longer than competitive anion resin. It is recommended by Notification Letter №42 of Cabinet of Ministers to invest one billion sums by «MAXAM-CHIRCHIQ» company JSC on production of PPE-1 anion resin.
8. A high efficiency is achieved in using anion resins to remove impurities of thermic stable salts from mcthyldicthanolaminc that is used for cleaning converter gases in «Fargonaazot» company (Reference Letter of «Fargonaazot» №37/3768, dated 26 July 2016). The annual cost efficiency has been estimated as 10 million sums.

Actuality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Due to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress in the world, required the development of new methods for fundamental research and implementation of the results into practice. According to the demand of practice on the intersection of differential equations and differential topology French scientists established fundamental foundations of the theory of foliated manifolds. It is proved the stability of compact foliations and that limit sets of leaves arc invariant sets. Scientists of USA and Russia investigated qualitative theory of foliations, in which geometric and topological properties of foliated manifolds arc investigated. Moreover, an application of theory of foliations to practice is one of the important problems of geometry.
After the declaring independence of our country attention to the actual directions in the field of natural and exact sciences has been significantly increased, in particular, especial attention is given to applications of methods and results of this theory to the theory of optimal control and dynamical systems. In this field arc obtained sufficient condition of stability for controllable systems, proved non-negativity of sectional curvatures of leaves of foliations generated by Ricmannian submersions in the spaces of non-negative curvature, besides arc obtained valuable results on investigating geometry of vector fields.
Nowadays, researches in the world in the area of geometry of orbits of vector fields on manifold related to the theory of dynamical polysystems and optimal control and very important for them. In this field, the essential task is a wide application of targeted researches, in particular, applications of results obtained on foliations, generated by Ricmannian submersions, to determine the structure of phase spaces of dynamical polisystem: application of methods of the theory of foliations to the theory of dynamical systems, optimal control and to various problems in other fields; investigation of geometry of foliations generated by Ricmannian submersions; investigation of geometry of Ricmannian foliations on surfaces of non-negative sectional curvature. Scientific researches on above-mentioned directions justify the relevance of the theme of current dissertation.
Research in this thesis to some extent arc the challenges identified in the Republic of Uzbekistan Presidential Decree number PP-436 of 7 August 2006 «On measures to improve the coordination and management of the development of science and technology», as well as PP-2204 from July 8, 2014 «On measures to further optimize the structure of the Academy of sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and to strengthen the integration of academic science and higher education of the Republic» and other normative-legal acts of fundamental sciences.
The aims of the research arc the investigations of the geometry and topology of the foliated manifolds, the structure of the group of isometries of foliated manifolds and the geometry of foliated manifolds of constant sectional curvature, and also application of the taken results for the investigations of the attainability set and establishing of the continuous dependence on the initial point of the attainability set.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
It is proved that any group of homeomorphisms of a smooth manifold is a topological group in the compact-open topology;
It is proved that isometry group foliated manifold is a topological group in the compact-open topology;
it is showed that if a sequence of isometries foliated manifolds converge on at the point on each leaf, then this sequence can be extracted to a convergent subsequence of isometrics of foliated manifold in the compact-open topology;
it is proved that if the foliation generated by Ricmannian submersion, then leaves of foliation arc manifolds of constant Gaussian curvature;
it is showed that the limit of the geodesic lines of foliated manifold is a geodesic line on the limit leaf of foliation;
It is proved the existence of the foliation, for which there is a isometry of foliated manifold which is non-isomety of the manifold;
It is proved the compactness of the attainability set, and the continuity of the multi valued mapping «the point - the attainability set» for a system of vector fields of a special form;
it is showed compactness of the closure of the attainable set for the time does not exceed a fixed time, and the continuous dependence of the attainable set from time for a certain class of vector fields;
it is found conditions in order to attainable set (the set of controllability) coincided with the fixed dimension planes for linear systems.
CONCLUSION
The dissertation examines the group of isometries foliated Ricmannian manifolds. To solve the problems studied topological and geometrical properties of foliated manifolds, it is studied geometry Ricmannian submersions. It is introduced a new notion of foliated compact-open topology, which depends on the foliation. We studied a group of isometrics foliated manifolds in the compact-open topology and in the foliated compact-open topology.
The main results of investigation arc as follows.
1) it is established that the group of homeomorphisms of any manifold is a topological group in the compact-open topology;
2) it is proved that the isometry group of a foliated manifold is a topological group in the compact-open topology;
3) it is established that if the sequence of isometries of foliated manifold converge on a one point on each leaf then this sequence can be extracted to a convergent subsequence isometries of foliated manifold in the compact-open topology;
4) it is proved that the Ricmannian submersion produces foliated manifold of constant Gaussian curvature;
5) it is established that limit of geodesic lines of foliated manifold is a geodesic line on the limit leaf of foliation;
6) it is showed that the four-dimensional manifold can not be immersed into five-dimensional Euclidean space;
7) it is proved the existence of the foliation, for which there is a Isometry of foliated manifold which is non-isomety of the manifold;
8) it is proved that the set of reachable system of vector fields of a certain class is compact, and it is a continuous function of time;
9) it is found a sufficient condition for linear control systems under which each set of attainability (controllability set) is a plane of fixed dimension.
Author brings his deep appreciation to the scientific adviser Professor Narmanov Abdigappar Yakubovich for posing problems, valuable tips and helpful advices in the discussion and and support.

The actuality and claiming of the theme of dissertation. Currently, the global diversification of oil and gas industry, including the introduction of innovative technologies in the petrochemical or heavy organic synthesis in modem conditions is 62-67%. Chemical processing of oil and gas as well as obtaining on the basis of thin organic synthesis products and materials for agriculture, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, energy, automotive and aircraft industries is highly effective.
In the years of independence the Republic pays great attention to the development of scientific research in the field of chemical industry new products and sales, and achieved certain results of a wide range of measures to meet domestic import-substituting chemicals needs.
To date, the introduction of the world chemical industry in modem technology synthesis of new types of organic compounds, based on their creation of polymeric and plastic materials with unusual properties, solvents, fungicides, stimulants, antibiotics, hormones, adhesives and paints is perspective task. Synthesis based on Tabor reactions, Grignard-Iotsicha and diazotization new aromatic acetylene alcohols, and vinyl esters, the development of highly effective mechanisms for increasing the yield of the product, the creation of eco-friendly, non-waste resource-saving technologies, the structure of the establishment and properties of aromatic acetylene alcohols, and vinyl esters of modem physicochemical methods to obtain their chemical-based corrosion inhibitors, biocides against biological corrosion processes, ion exchangers for scaling and defoliyantov for use in agriculture is promising.
This dissertation investigation in some degree is devoted to fulfillment of tasks mcnshioncd in decision of President of Republic of Uzbekistan PD-916 from July 15, 2008 «Additional measures of stimulation of using innovational projects and technology in production», PD-1442 from December, 15, 2010 «Perspectives of development of production on 2011-2015 years in Republic Uzbekistan» and also some others normative-legal acts.
The aim of research work is opening of physical out physical characteristics of synthesis of new aromatic acetylenic alcohols and their vinyl ester on the base local raw material and waste, and also elaboration of new industrial technologies.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
in the catalyst systems of KOH+TGP and NH3+KOH+CH3OH and on the basis of organic compounds of magnesium, and reacting the diazotization synthesized aromatic acetylenic alcohols systematic analysis of the effect of various factors on the yield of the products; on the basis of the results obtained, the synthesis technique developed by aromatic acetylenic alcohols;
scientific bases the effect of the structure of the ketone molecules, direct and able ramified radicals with >C=O group in the synthesis process;
for the first time in the selected super basic system (MOH-CsF-DMSO) and of heterogeneous catalytic component (MOH/Caktiv) aromatic acetylenic alcohols vinylation with acetylene, as well as some of the etherification of unsaturated carboxylic acids synthesized new renewable energy;
first proved synthesized aromatic acetylenic alcohols exhibits inhibitory activity against biological corrosion of steel and metal structures of the oil and gas industry and proved their high activity as biocides;
it is shown that the use of the armed forces of aromatic acetylenic alcohols can get drugs that produce sulfur compounds from natural gas and crude oil primary processing.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the researches on a doctoral theme «Synthesis of aromatic acetylenic alcohols and their vinyl ethers» provided the following conclusions:
1. Applied catalytic system KOH+TGP and NH3+KOH+CH3OH obtained on the basis of local raw materials and industrial waste serve to improve aromatic acetylene alcohol production technology.
2. Systematization process for producing aromatic acetylene alcohol based phcnylacctylene, aniline and organomagnesium compounds is essential.
3. Expediency effective catalyst compositions with nanostructures based impregnating alkali activated carbon of different sizes during vinylation of aromatic acetylene alcohols homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic methods.
4. Synthesis of new derivatives etherification various acetylenic alcohols and aromatic vinyl ethers hydro sulfuration will serve to expand the industry synthesis of organic compounds.
5. It has been shown that the development of technology for producing aromatic acetylenic alcohols and vinyl esters using local raw materials, waste or by-products, catalysts and process equipment will be improved and the development of the technology of organic chemistry or organic substances.
6. Applications aromatic acetylene alcohols as corrosion protection of biocides in the biological corrosion of steel and metal industry equipment Oil and gas leads to a 80-82% disinfection of bacteria and fungi and improve the performance properties of metal equipment.
7. The use of vinyl esters of aromatic acetylenic alcohols for complex allocation of sulfur compounds from the oil, petroleum products and natural gas reduces the amount of sulfur compounds to 42-55%.
8. The use of phosphate esters of aromatic acetylenic alcohols as scale inhibitor industrial wastewater, and vinyl esters of thiodiglycols as cross linking agents in the production of rubber and rubber products leads to economic development of the chemical industry.

INTRODUCTION (abstract of doctoral dissertation)
The necessity and need of the dissertation’s theme. At present, there arc observing different natural extreme conditions in the World, particularly such as drought, soil salinity, global warming and various diseases which causing a certain obstacles at cultivation to get a high and qualitative yield of crops. Development of upland cotton varieties tolerant to the different environmental extremes and elaboration their yield cultivation ways arc actual task in cotton production to overcome the current problems.
There arc implimcnting wide range of measures in the republic on getting high cotton yield having qualitative fibers responding to the International market demands through the development of new cotton varieties tolerant to drought, salinity, hot dry wind, various diseases and pests, adapted to the different soil-climatic, geographical and land reclamation conditions of the republic and their optimal dislocation. In the sphere of cotton breeding, there arc increasing a demand for varieties development using a new modem ways with a stable hereditary traits, micronairc indicators which respond to the textile industry requirements.
Worldwide scale cotton breeding practice arc giving a particular attention for realization of scientific-researches targeting to develop of new high yielding cotton varieties belonging to Gossypium hirsutum L. species having a high qualitative fiber, tolerant such different extreme factors as: water deficiency, soil salinity, various fungal and bacterial diseases pathogens and elaborate of qualitative seed preparation technologies. At cotton initial breeding materials selection tolerant to the different environmental extreme conditions there arc playing great importances of new varieties and lines development using of y-rays at dry seeds of the new cotton varieties, biochemical methods of Marker assisted selection (MAS), synthetic and other ways of traditional breeding. It is an actual task development of cotton breeding materials tolerant to the different environmental extreme factors using the mutagenesis, MAS biochemical methods and other hybridization methods, revealing their advantages by some economically valuable traits concerning to the standard cultivars, testing a developed varieties and lines at the different specific natural extreme conditions, and revealing law of correlation and regression interactions between some morpho-biological traits. The present dissertation researches serve in a certain manner to implement of tasks envisaged by the adopted Laws of Uzbekistan «About selection achievements» on 29.08.2002, «About seed production» on 30.08.1996 and by the Resolution of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 2484 of 01.02.2016 «About cotton varieties placing and rawcotton volume production forecasting for 2016» and other legislative documents, related to this sphere.
The purpose of the study arc development of G. hirsutum L. cotton breeding initial materials using the different doses of gamma rays induement at the dry cotton seeds, MAS’ biochemical method, synthetic and other traditional selection methods and their testing for tolerance under the different extreme conditions.
Scientific novelty of the research arc as follows;
for the first time, dry seeds of cotton varieties’ of C-9082, Turan, Bukhara-102 and Jarkurgan of G. hirsutum L. species’ induced by the different doses of r -rays of 60Co and afterwards there have been selected such cotton mutant varieties having a valuable economic traits as; CP-2530, CP-2531, CP-2532;
in cotton mutant lines’ drought tolerance definition, there have been used various irrigation regimes and created artificially hard water deficiency, experiments carried out under the deep groundwater level, eroded and densely typical serozem conditions;
created new both the medium and long stale mutant lines have been tested for the both Verticillium and Fusarium fungal and Xanthomonas bacterial pathogens under the artificially («Phytotron-greenhouse» complex) and naturally infected by Verticillium pathogen conditions;«yield» formation of L-712 line (C-6570) had been determined depending on plant density in Kashkadarya region under the such complex extreme factors as; natural hot atmospheric temperature, low level of relative humidity, densely and low humus content bald like soil conditions;
since 2013, tolerant to soil salinity and water deficiency «С-9085» variety of G. hirsutum species inscribed to the list of perspective varieties by Karakalpakstan Republic and since 2016, the «Namangan-102» cultivar inscribed to the State Register by Kashkadarya region;
«yield» formation of the different lines of G. hirsutum L. species’ have been investigated and under the complex extreme factors both the low level of some nutrients contents and severe salinity soil conditions of Karakalpakstan Republic, selected adapted ones;
correlation and regression interactions of valuable economic traits of both the new cotton varieties and lines have been justified;
CONCLUSIONS
1. There have been justified the advisibility using a gamma rays, MAS biochemical method, synthetic selection and other hybridization methods in developing G. hirsutum species’ initial breeding materials resistant to extreme factors.
2. For development mutant forms of C-9082 variety with the aim to increase cotton boll weight and fiber outturn it is advisable to use 5-15 kR doses of t- rays irradiation on dry cotton seeds.
3. The following MT-7 and MT-118 lines of G.hirsutum species and MT-100 and MT-165 lines of G.barbadense species arc recommended involving in cotton breeding and genetic researches as an initial tolerant accessions to the Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum pathogens.
4. There have been determined the resistance of MT-70 and MT-7 lines of G.hirsutum species for Rhizoctonia solani disease, as well as determined the resistance of МТ-80, MT-60 lines of G.hirsutum species and MT-165 line of G.barbadense species for T. basicola pathogens.
5. There have been selected the resistance for pathogens afterwards the investigation under the artificially infected and field conditions of the following MT-118, MT-90 and MT-80 lines of G.hirsutum species for V. dahlia Kleb and the resistance of MT-144 line of G.barbadense for F. oxysporum Schl. f. sp. vasinfectum and identified the possibility their using as the primary breeding sources in applied breeding and genetic researches.
6. There have been identified the such lines in accordance with the requirements of International market as MT-10, MT-118, MT-7 and MT-90 of G. hirsutum species by micronaire index - 4,1-4,4 and by fiber length uniformity index - 84,5-85,1 % (MT-7 MT-10, MT-118 and MT-36) and the following MT-134 and MT-144 lines of G. barbadense species by both the micronaire index-3,9-4,1 and strength-40,4-40,6 gf/tex and possibility their use as a valuable material in applied breeding and genetic researches.
7. It was identified a early maturity of such accessions as MT-7 104 days, CP-2532 variety and МТ-71, MT-27 lines 106-107 days of G. hirsutum species and possibility their using as a primary valuable breeding sources in development of early mature varieties.
8. There have been established the following correlation links between the traits of selected on base of investigations varieties and lines; among the hS\ and total boll number - r = -0.11, the hS\ and weight of cotton boll - r = -0.01, the hS\ and weight of 1000 seeds r = -0.04. These data showing, that correlations between the traits tend to zero, that means between the learnt traits present the weak interrelations. As well as taken following correlations justified among the hS\ and plant productivity r = -0.20, the hS\ and fiber outturn r = -0.34, hS\ and fiber staple length-r=-0.1.
9. There arc taken following positive correlation coefficients among such traits of selected varieties and lines as the weight of boll’ rawcotton and plant productivity r = + 0.42, the weight of cotton boll and fiber outturn had a weak positive correlations r = + 0.14, the weight of boll’ rawcotton and staple length r = + 0.14, the weight of boll’ rawcotton and weight of 1000 seeds also weak positive correlation r = + 0.24.
10. There were identified a high yield capacity of MT-7 line for 0,05-0,07 t ha’1 and MAS-1 line for 0,2 t ha’1 comparatively to standard cultivars under the Surkhandarya region’s such natural extreme conditions as hot temperatures, low level of relative humidity of air, storm and hot dry wind (garmsel).
11. Based on the high yield capacity both the Namangan-102 and CP-2530 cotton varieties and МТ-85, MT-62 and MAS-1 lines of G. hirsutum species under the medium saline in the beginning and severe saline in the end of cotton growth period soil conditions of Karakalpakstan Republic, it is advisable their using these accessions in breeding researches.
12. It is recommended to use irrigation regime 70-70-60 % by the LWHC and mineral fertilizers norms N-240, P-160, K-120 kg/ha for harvesting high rawcotton yield and qualitative seed of C-6524 cultivar under the eroded and medium impacted typical serozem conditions of Tashkent region, in such cases sccdcotton should be harvested up to the Г' place of 8,b sympodial branch.
13. The following cotton varieties arc recommended for evaluation in ACVTSC Ground control, which developed by the both the MAS biochemical method MAS-1, MAS-2 lines and mutagenesis CP-2531, CP-2532.
14. The following high yielding, tolerant to diseases and water shortages such cotton varieties as CP-2530, C-6570 and Shodlok-11 and CP-2531of G. hirsutum species, which past the ACVTSC Ground control evaluation arc recommended to broad production areas testing.
15. It is need inscribing to the State Register by the Republic of Karakalpakstan and enlargement of cultivated areas tolerant to soil salinity and water shortages of perspective cotton variety C-9085 of G. hirsutum species. It is recommended for enlargement of cultivated areas, the State Registered by Kashkadarya region tolerant to water shortages, high cotton yield and qualitative fiber, upland cotton cultivar Namangan-102

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Modem astronomical observations on myrovom level on the ground and space telescopes, and recent discoveries have provided convincing evidence that black holes have a significant impact on nearby objects around, emitting powerful gamma-ray bursts, absorbing the next star, and stimulating the growth of newborn stars in the surrounding areas. Study the photons motion around rotating black holes, in particular, the discovery and analysis of the form of silhouettes of these objects, setting and effective implementation of relevant radiostronomical observations on the proof of the existence of the black hole horizon and retrieval of information events on the central object in our galaxy within the Black Hole Cam (BHC) and Event Horizon Telesop (EHT) international projects is one of the most important tasks of modem astrophysics.
In the years of Independence, huge attention is paid to the development of theoretical physics and astronomy and basic research in these areas on a global level. In this regard has been achieved significant results in the field of relativistic astrophysics, in particular, developping a model of the magnetosphere of a neutron star, the analysis of the space-time structure and motion of test particles around black holes.
The study astrophysical processes in the vicinity of compact objects and their comparison with observational data is now one of the most important tasks in astrophysics of compact objects. The most important tasks is to conduct solid research work, in particular studies on following directions: to find the exact solutions describing the space-time around a gravitational compact objects; analysis of space-time structures in the framework of these decisions and find the equation of motion of test particles, such as photons; determining the silhouettes of black holes in general relativity and alternative theories of gravity; determination of the influence of the central object parameters and the plasma environment on the form of a silhouette; identify energy loss dependence on the choice of the relativistic star of the gravity model. These objectives justify the topicality of the global level of scientific research.
This research work corresponds the tasks given by governmental regulatory documents, Orders of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan # UP-559 “Onhigh level astronomical observatories and complexes of their service” from February 11, 1993, # UP-4512 “On works further developing alternative sources of energies” from March 1, 2013.
The aim of the research is the development of a theoretical formalism describing shadows of black holes and the identification of the physical laws of high-cncrgctical processes in the vicinity of rotating black holes.
The scientific novelty of the research is the follows:
For the first time a new coordinate-independent formalism to describe the shape of the black holes shadow has been developed and it was revealed that the first five coefficients of the polynomial expansion is sufficient to describe the properties of rotating black holes shadow with the accuracy of ~0.1%, it has been shown that the proposed definition of distortion of black holes shadow arc stable under the signal noise;
it has been found that the observed size of the shadow of the black hole decreases due to the refraction of electromagnetic radiation in a plasma environment;
for the first time it was shown that for the high efficiency of the ultrahigh-cncrgy processes relative to distant observers, both the non-existence of the horizon, and the strong rotational effects arc necessary;
it was also shown that significant magnification of the efficiency of the ultra-high energy collisions is possible due to additional electromagnetic phenomena influencing collisions of charged particles;
for the first time it was shown that energy extraction through Penrose process is more realistic process among the energy extraction mechanisms from the rotating black hole in Horava-Lifshitz scenario; moreover, due to the Horava-Lifshitz gravity correction particles could be prevented from the infinite acceleration.
for the first time it was shown that the effect of compactness of strange star on the electromagnetic power loss of the star is non-ncgligible;
it was found that the strange star will lose more energy than typical rotating neutron star in general relativity.
CONCLUSION
According to the results of the research carried out on the theme of the doctoral dissertation “Particles and electromagnetic fields around axial-symmetric compact gravitating objects”, the following conclusions arc presented:
1. We have developed a new general and coordinate-independent formalism in which the shadow is described as an arbitrary polar curve expressed in terms of a Legendre expansion. It was revealed that the first five coefficients of the polynomial expansion is sufficient to describe the properties of rotating black holes shadow with the accuracy of -0.1%. Our formalism does not presume any knowledge of the properties of the shadow and offers a number of routes to characterize the properties of the curve. It has been shown that the proposed definition of distortion of black holes shadow arc stable under the signal noise.
2. The analytical expressions for the vacuum electromagnetic fields of deformed rotating black holes in the external asymptotically uniform magnetic field hads been obtained. It has been revealed that the induced electric field around the deformed black hole depends on the deformation parameter linearly, and the magnetic field squared.
3. An upper limit for the deformation parameter for the rotating non-Kerr black hole has been obtained through comparison of the observable values of the radius of innermost stable circular orbits with the theoretical results obtained in the dissertation as £ < 22.
4. It has been obtained the silhouettes of the rotating black holes shadow in the presence of an inhomogeneous plasma, which can be used to identify additional asymmetries in the shape of the shadow and retrieve information on the plasma parameters and the central compact object. 
5. Expressions for energy and momentum, as well as radii of innermost stable circular orbits of charged particles in the vicinity of a black hole with gravitomagnctic charge immersed in external magnetic field has been obtained. It has been established that due to the existence of gravitomagnctic charge particle arc prevented from acceleration to infinitely high cncrgires.
6. It has been shown that In the presence of a plasma the observed shape and size of the shadow changes depending on (i) the plasma parameters, (ii) the black hole spin, and (iii) the inclination angle between the observer plane and the axis of rotation of the black hole. It has been found that the observed size of the shadow of the black hole decreases due to the refraction of electromagnetic radiation in a plasma environment. It was shown that with the increase of the dimensionless plasma parameter, the maximum value of the energy emission rate from the black hole decreases due to the decrease of the size of the black hole shadow.
7. It was shown that for the high efficiency of the ultrahigh-cncrgy processes relative to distant observers, both the non-existence of the horizon, and the strong rotational effects arc necessary; it was also shown that significant magnification of the efficiency of the ultra-high energy collisions is possible due to additional electromagnetic phenomena influencing collisions of charged particles.
8. It was shown that energy extraction through Penrose process is more realistic process among the energy extraction mechanisms from the rotating black hole in Horava-Lifshitz scenario; moreover, due to the Horava-Lifshitz gravity correction particles could be prevented from the infinite acceleration.
9. It was shown that the effect of compactness of strange star on the electromagnetic power loss of the star is non-ncgligiblc and may help in future in distinguishing the strange star model via pulsar timing observations. It was found that the relativistic strange star would lose more energy than typical rotating neutron star in general relativity. The obtained dependence may be useful in further investigations of the possible dctcction/distinguishmcnt of the strange stars.

The urgency and relevance of the theme dissertation. Now in the world performed complex of measures to enhance the role and powers of institutes of civil society, including, self-government bodies by partially transferring to them powers of state authorities.
During the days of independence in the country performed important and priority tasks, such as phased transferring a number of powers and tasks of state authorities to self-governing bodies of citizens, initially, resolving social and economic issues, financing and improving municipal services, providing high employment and protecting public interest; improving legislation related to expanding the rights and powers of these bodies within the public and state-building system, transferring mahalla to the center of targeted social support of the population, the developing of private enterprise and family business, expanding the mahalla functions within the system of public control after the activities of state bodies and other important and priority tasks, providing them new powers and conditions'. As a result during the last years more than 30 socioeconomically-directed powers previously held by the public authorities on the ground directly attributed to the powers of mahalla.
Effective realization of the above-stated tasks in the world and in our country determines the need of timely resolution of legislation and law enforcement practice problems such as development of effective mechanisms for the effective implementation conferred on self-government authority, development of legal and policy frameworks transmission self-government bodies some of state bodies powers, widening of rights and public control powers of self-government, ensuring their interaction with public authorities, further improvement of the mechanisms for the implementation of their socio-economical and culture-educational powers. This matters demand studying of scientific bases of current questions, carrying out of special research aimed at developing scientifically substantiated conclusions and practical recommendations about their permission.
This dissertation research to some extent contributes to the enforcement of decisions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on February 27, 2012 №1717 «On State program» Year of the Family», from February 14, 2013 №1920» On State program «Year of wellbeing and prosperity», decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 7, 2003 №70 «About the program The Year of mahalla» on October 7, 2013 №274 «About measures on improvement of citizens’ self-government» and other legislative acts.
The aim of research work is to develop proposals and recommendations aimed at further expansion of the powers of self-government, improvement of organizational and legal framework of their activities, the gradual transfer of powers of the state to self-government bodies.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
the necessity of the basic principles defined in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On citizens’ self-government» should be supplemented by the following principles such as the «legality», «social partnership», «respect for human rights and freedom»;
developed a proposal for the introduction of a new article entitled «Promotion of citizens self-government business development» in order to assist in the development of private enterprises, in particular family businesses and other crafts in the territory of the citizens’ assembly;
substantiated proposal for the introduction of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On citizens’ self-government» standards, establishes the definition in legislation Election of chairmen gathering of citizens and their advisers for a period of two and a half years, the rules for the election of chairmen gathering of citizens and their advisors;
the necessity bases termination of powers of the chairman of the citizens’ assembly supplemented by the following: «in the event that for reasons of health or for other valid reasons for a long time can’t fulfill its mandate», «in the case of loss of citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan», «if the court acknowledges the missing persons or dead», «in case of his death»;
developed a proposal to the Law «On elections of the chairman (aksakal) gathering of citizens and his advisers» clearly defines smacking Dock prohibits participate in the elections of chairmen gathering of citizens and their advisors of was persons found incompetent by a court due to the fact that the legislation restricted participation of persons on conviction by imprisonment;
the necessity of determining the timing (duration) training and the election of chairmen of citizens gathering and advisors, as well as to clearly define the entity authorized to announce the beginning of the election campaign;
the necessity of a clear definition of the organization of elections of chairmen gathering of citizens and their advisors, as well as the rules of formation of a working group on their implementation;
the necessity of setting clear mechanisms to nominate candidates for chairmen of the citizens’ assembly, in particular the need to take into account the views of citizens residing in the respective territory when nominating candidacy by the working group;
develop proposals on the requirements to be met by the candidates for the position of chairman (aksakal) citizens serving mandatory of citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as a ban on the nomination of persons recognized by the court as disabile as of those previously convicted of serious crimes.
CONCLUSION
The study formulated the following conclusions general theoretical nature, and put forward proposals to improve the legislation and recommendations aimed at the development of law enforcement:
I. Scientific and theoretical conclusions:
Firstly, because of the need for disclosure of the content and meaning of a number of scientific categories, analyzed the existing views on each of them, so that the author on these notions put forward their definition. In particular:
- resulting in a difference of two scientific categories as «local government» and «local authorities», they concluded that there was made the following characteristics: first, the manifestation of democracy; secondly, the manifestation of activities and the opportunity to exercise the right to resolve issues of local significance; Third, one of the foundations of the constitutional system.
- In contrast to the concept of «local government», the term «self-government bodies» reveals itself as an independent democratic self-governing institution. Because local government is not only self governanceset, but also local government, carried out with the participation of state bodies, i.e. in local government also involves government are agencies. Every of their two concepts imply the resolution of local issues related to population and its daily life.
- «Authority» - as one of the key concepts of the scope of the right is a unified system of rights and duties conferred regulatory acts on the public authorities, a certain person (official) or enterprises, institutions and organizations regardless of ownership, as well as self-governing bodies of citizens and other non-profit organizations. In other words, the authority - a kind of implementation of public tasks stipulated by law. Based on the above definitions, we consider it expedient set up content of this concept in the Law «On normative legal acts».
- The social significance of «empowerment» concepts are divided into the following types: basic and advanced. If major powers include the rights and obligations imposed by regulations, the additional half-terms of reference are the legal effects as a result of carrying out a continuation of its powers.
- «The powers of self-government of citizens» - is a holistic system of rights and obligations necessary for the implementation of tasks and functions in the nearconjugated self-government bodies and their officials, respectively sponging legal acts. The powers of these bodies on a circle of activity should be divided into «core competencies» and «additional powers».
- Major powers of citizens' self-government-a system of rights and duties conferred upon them by the relevant regulatory acts.
- Additional powers of citizens 'self-government - a mandate that had been entrusted to the public authorities and in the present moment given to them on the basis of legal acts.
- A circle of subjects engaged in self-government powers should be divided into citizens’ powers: the gathering of citizens Advice gathering of citizens; chairman of the citizens’ assembly; Advisers chairman of the citizens’ assembly; Consultant citizens’ assemblies on religious, spiritual and moral education; Head of public formation «Mahalla posboni» as well as the executive secretary of the citizens’ assembly.
- For the enjoyment of citizens’ self-government powers should be divided into powers in the areas of: social, economic, political, cultural and educational, legal, advocacy, defense and safety, the environment, urban planning and public utilities, as well as public control.
- «The issue of local importance» - is an independent sphere of activity of citizens’ self-government bodies and their officials, aimed at providing decent living conditions to the population in the territory.
- «Public control» - is a system of measures, aimed to encourage citizens, self-governing bodies of citizens, NGO’s and other institutions of civil society to follow rights and freedoms, legal interests of citizens, as well as requirement of legislative acts, to prevent their breach by official aimed to improve activity of those organizations.
- Subjects of public control - citizens self-government bodies, nongovern-mental organizations, political parties and other civil society institutions as well as public commissions, commissions and other public structures created in the manner determined by the legislation.
-The objects ofsocial control - are public authorities, bodies of state and economic management, enterprises, institutions, organizations and their officials.
- International standards in the field of local government called the international legal principles enshrined in international instruments to resolve local issues authorities in the respective territory. In turn, they are divided into general (universal) and regional standards.
- Features of international standards in the sphere of local self-composed of the following: firstly, they secured the authority to manage and control for major public works, pursuing interests and obligations of the population; Second, they contain questions with an independent adjudication solve of local issues; Third, they are fixed questions of the secret ballot on the basis of universal, equal and direct right of choice to local authorities or by providing expression of the will of citizens.
Second, the historical aspect of the improvement of citizens’ self-government has been divided into four periods: 1. Ancient period; 2.Middle ages; 3. The period of the totalitarian regime. 4. The powers of self-government of citizens in the years of independence and modern state.
Third, it is appropriate period of independence, i.e., modern stage of self-bodies and improvement of their authorities to share their powers improvement of the following steps:
- The first stage - (1991-2000) - the initial step involves issues related to constitutional and legal, organizational bases of self-government bodies, as well as the determination of their rightful place in public life and society and the formation of their powers;
- The second stage - the period of active democratic renewal includes a timeline from 2001 to 2010, when the improved performance and authorities of citizens’ self-government;
- The third stage of further improvement activities and powers of citizens’ selfstarting from 12 November 2010 to the present day, includes «formation and development of civil society» in the process of further deepening democratic reforms and development of civil society in the country.
II. Suggestions and recommendations related to the improvement of legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan:
2.1. About the feasibility of entering into the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan the following changes and additions:
Given the fact that in the second part of Article 8 of the Act states that the self-government bodies are not public authorities consider it appropriate to article 105 of the Basic Law, dedicated to self-government bodies set out in a separate chapter, or make a change in the name of the Head of the XXI century as «Fundamentals of State local authorities and self-government bodies». Because the presentation in Chapter XXI, entitled «Fundamentals of State power» status and activities of citizens self bodies can be understood as including them in the system of state bodies on the ground. Therefore, it is advisable to be dismition this problem one in the Basic Law.
2.2. On the feasibility of introduction of the following changes and additions:
Firstly, despite the definition of mahalla provided by local scientists, none of them is reflected in national legislation. In our opinion, to improve legal basis of mahalla system as a real school of democracy it is crucial to define the nature and scope of the term «mahalla» in legislation.
Secondly, in order to enhance the process of a phased transfer of some state powers of self-government bodies needs to develop a package of measures for a specified period and to clarify the powers which can be transferred to self-government bodies, as a result of the law to supplement a special chapter «The order of transfer of some state powers of self-government bodies».
In this chapter, it will be necessary to identify issues a clear division of powers between state bodies and citizens’ self-government, the order of the transfer of certain powers of public bodies, the role of republic and territorial coordination kengashes in this, as well as rights and obligations of state authorities for some transferred powers.
Thirdly, if you look at Chapter 2, «The powers of the citizens self-government» of the Law, the Articles 11-19 cause some controversy, i.e. incorrectly described the structural and scientific and theoretical aspects. Because according to Article 105 of the Constitution and Article 8 of the Act, self-government bodies are only gatherings of citizens in towns, villages, and villages, as well as in the communities, towns, villages, and villages.
However, the matters set out in Articles (13,14,15,16,17,18,19) of this Chapter are not subject to it. On this basis, it is appropriate to revise the title of Chapter 2 of the Act or the rules laid down in Articles 13-19 to consolidate in a separate chapter.
Fourthly, according to the paragraph of the fifteenth of the first part of Article 11 of the Law of create, reorganize and liquidate (suspended activities) in established order in the relevant territory business entities, including hair salons, repair shops and tailoring of footwear, shop Folk crafts and other organizations of public services. However, an analysis of existing legislation suggests that these issues, which should be implement-ted precisely citizens’ self-authorities found no legal authorization.
Consequently, the matters set out in this paragraph are set out in the form of reference norms, which in turn contrary to Article 24 of the Law «On normative legal acts». Because, according to this article, if necessary in the legal act played some provisions of the normative legal act of higher legal force, with reference to the oneact. On this basis, it is appropriate to define this reference rules.
Fifth, article 19 of the Act provides that the decisions of citizens' self-government and their officials, adopted within their authority are binding on citizens residing in the respective territory, legal entities located in the respective territory, as well as their officials. Failure to fulfill decisions ofgovernance bodies and their officials shall incur liability in accordance with law. However, an analysis of the existing legislation reveals the absence in it of responsibility for non execution-performance or improper performance of the citizens’ self-government solutions and their officials.
Similar issues are set out in article 19 of the Law with reference rules. Therefore, in order to ensure the implementation of the reference rules recommended in the Code of Administrative Responsibility to make an article entitled «Failure to fulfill execution of decisions of citizens and their officials».
Sixth, in Article 26 of the Act to fix the rate that the property of the citizens and governments is the property transferred free of charge by countries, governments, international and foreign organizations as well as international and foreign nongovernmental organizations included in the list determined by the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Seventh, as a result of indepth scientific analysis of authority in every area of self-government bodies, we consider it appropriate to make the following powers:
7.1. In the social sphere:
- securing the rights of persons with disabilities and promoting their social 85iquida-tion;
- conducting measures to combat the spread of AIDS; protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of contracting the disease; providing legal, methodical, information and other assistance to them and their legal representatives; as well as the organization and carrying out outreach work among the population on the basis as local customs and traditions in the prevention of HIV infection;
- participation in attracting people to the free donation of blood or its component parts, the promotion of various forms of donation, organizing broad media education, as well as participate in other activities aimed at the development of blood donation and it is a part;
- participation in the health care of the population.
7.2. In the political sphere:
- assistance in providing free spaces equipped for meetings with voters, with the necessary information materials and information of candidates for deputies of the Legislative Chamber of Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the public, deputies’ councils of provinces, districts and cities, in political parties, as well as President of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- carrying out propaganda work on the set for the referendum;
- in accordance with the second part of Article 2 of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On appeals of individuals and legal persons» in the area of calls in relation self-government institutions are governed by the procedure established by law is highly-conductive. However, the Model Regulations on the procedure of work with references of physics and legal persons in government and government-instituted approvedby the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on March 31, 2015 № 73 order not order treatment in the self-government bodies. In this regard, due to elimination of ambiguities in the proposed model law on Provisions on the treatment of natural and legal persons in the self-government bodies.
7.3. In the cultural and educational sphere:
- participation in activities for the protection, conservation, promotion and use of the intangible cultural heritage;
- assistance in carrying out measures for the protection, preservation and promotion of the objects of archaeological heritage;
- participation in the development of physical education and sport, in particular full cooperation to the development of national sports and folk games of Uzbekistan, creation of necessary conditions for their distribution among the population and contribute to strengthening their prestige on the international arena, to create conditions for living and recreation of citizens with the involvement of experts in this area, humanization systems of physical education, physical perfection and physical training by organizations involved in physical education and sports of disabled persons and other persons with disabilities.
7.4. In the field of legal advocacy, defense and security:
- development and implementation of measures aimed at preventing administrative offenses, identify and eliminate the causesand conditions of their fulfillment, education conscious, disciplined citizens in the spirit of respect for the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan;
- identification and prevention of major administrative provided for in Articles 56, 101, 104, 105, 106, 183, 184, 1841, 1842, 1843 185, 1851 186, 186* 187, 188 188*, 1882 189 1891, 190, 191, 200, 2001, 201, 202, 2021, 223, 240, 241 of the Code of administrative responsibility of managers and members of the public forces of «Mahalla posboni»;
- assisting border forces, air defense forces and public administration bodies responsible for the supervision on the state border, provide them with necessary information, as well as the creation of conditions for the participation on a voluntary basis in protecting citizens and the protection of the state border;
- facilitate and necessary assistance to state bodies, carrying out activities to combat terrorism;
- facilitate and necessary assistance to state bodies, carrying out activities to combat trafficking in human beings;
- assist the emergency services and rescue teams in the performance of works on 87iquidation of emergency situations, including providing them with the necessary transport and material funds from after-blowing compensation in the prescribed manner;
- contribute to the state authorities in the field, especially Authorized Person state bodies proposals for implementing measures and improvement of normative-legal acts and normative documents.
7.5. In the field of ecology, urban planning and municipal sphere:
- consolidation Act powers in the field of environmental control;
- participate in decisions regarding placement of waste management facilities in the relevant territory; as well as to assist the sanitary cleaning of settlements and timely payment for the collection of household waste;
- independently resolve environmental issues;
- summarize the needs of citizens for water to irrigate gardens and homestead land, to conclude treaties on water consumption and water use prescribe the procedures between them, as well as to organize repair and restoral work on the irrigation networks, in addition, to resolve disputes on water use and water consumption;
- transfer to the bodies of citizens’ self-one percent of the board for utilities (gas, water, electricity and waste) services to persons living in the relevant territory and exempt from charges for public utility services bodies citizens;
- participate in discussions and decision-making in the field of activities;
- to apply to the appropriate district, city administration by name or change the name of part (mahalla, avenues, streets, squares, parks, gardens) settlements 7.6. In the sphere of public control:
- fully opened mechanism for conducting surveys;
- as needed each year to hear the information about the state of law and the fight against crime prosecutors;
- quarterly to hear reports on the work carried out by regional inspectors prevention law-enforcement bodies and the results of decisions;
- quarterly hear the report of the chairman of the citizens’ assembly on the implementation of the work;
- scientific and theoretical results show that the issues of hearing citizens’ self-re-porting agencies are a form of social control, carried out by them. On this basis, it is proposed in Article 16 of the Act to fix the rate of the quarterly hearing of reports on issues of local importance in the manner prescribed by law;
- fully opened mechanisms of public control over the observance of rights and lawful interests of business entities;
- implementation of public control over radiation safety, compliance with fire safety requirements, restrictions and consumption of alcohol and tobacco products, the performance of the state, territorial and other programs in the field of prevention of its negative effects;
- implementation of public control over the implementation of standards and quality assurance regulations and food safety;
2.3. Proposals and recommendations aimed at improving the national legislation on the basis of international legal instruments and experience of foreign countries:
Firstly, conducted a scientific analysis of the international legal instruments in the field of self-government bodies, scientifically proved the possibility of improving the national legislation the following standards:
- to clarify the concept of «local issue»;
- in order to participate in the socio-economic development of the territory and to ensure the protection of public health, to make a separate authority to the interaction with the health department, located on the respective territory;
- premature termination of the term of office of the chairman of the citizens’ assembly in cases when invalidated elections held on the basis of an enforceable court decision; if mahalla eliminated; if at the same time engaged in other activeties;
- in a separate article to fix the rate that the chairman of the citizens’ assembly during the period of its activity can not carry out other paid activities, except for scientific and pedagogical activity.
Secondly, analyzed the scientific and theoretical aspects of the legislative experience of local foreign countries, as a result came to the conclusion that the implementation into national law the following powers:
- assist the tax authorities in the collection of taxes (property, land, etc.) And other obligatory payments (Germany);
-justified proposals and recommendations on what is needed in a number of key tasks of republican Advice on coordination will include the transfer of some of the tasks and powers of the state bodies of citizens’ self-bodies (Brazil);
- implementation on a contractual basis of certain joint powers of citizens’ self-government (Lithuania);
- development of integrated measures in the field of socio-economic development and the organization of their execution; maintain a list of statistical on the socio-economic development and their transfer to the relevant authorities in the manner prescribed by law (the Russian Federation);
- consideration of the proposals and recommendations of citizens in law-making on local issues and the transfer of their respective organizations (Belarus);
- conducting local surveys among the population on local issues and their resolution (Lithuania, Azerbaijan);
- It is advisable to fix in the law defining the concept of «authorities of self-government bodies» (Kyrgyzstan).
2.4. It is advisable to improve following some legislative acts on the basis of the insertion in the Law' of amendments and additions:
- The Law «On health protection of citizens» to make the article «Participation of citizens ’ self-government bodies in the sphere of health protection of citizens»;
- The Law «On ensuring employment» add article «The participation of citizens in government bodies providing employment»;
- The laws «On elections to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan» and «On elections of the President» to make the issue of the provision of Civil Society
in the district election commission candidates a member of the precinct election commission;
- The Law «On Environmental Protection» to make the article «Participation of citizens ’ self-government bodies in the field of nature protection»;
- The Law «On Air Protection» add article «Participation in the area of air protection of citizens ’ self-government»;
- The Law «On quality and food safety» to make a new article «Theparticipation of citizens ’ self-government bodies in the sphere of quality assurance and food safety»;
- The laws «On guarantees of freedom of entrepreneurship» and «On the family business» to make provisions that provide «self-government bodies exercise public control over observance of the rights and lawful interests of business entities»;
- The Code of administrative responsibility to make a new article «Failure to fulfill the decisions of citizens ’ self-government and their officials».
III. Need for a phased transfer of these tasks and powers of the state to self-government bodies:
- to recommend to the government awarding public citizens’ gathering of activists and citizens living on its territory;
- implementation of public control over observance of legislation on the tax and the promotion of the state tax service in the fight against tax offenses;
- to set reasoned submission if the work of radio electronic facilities and high frequency devices has a negative impact on the quality of communication of other users or harmful effects on citizens’ health and the environment;
- to take part in a national discussion of the bill, to organize related activities, as well as to provide suggestions and recommendations on the draft law during the period of the referendum;
- participate in the preparation of normative-legal acts;
- to conduct the primary statistics on the population on its territory;
- to carry out joint monitoring by conduction of residential inspections and non-residential facilities, the identification number of their inhabitants, conduct of registration of citizens’ who are not accounted for, especially minors, enhance record keeping internal and external migration, charge a fee for utilities;
- representation in the bodies of internal affairs information about the behavior of persons released from prison;
- conducting opinion polls among the population.