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THE HISTORICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND LEGAL
REGULATION OF PYROTECHNIC DEVICES
Ilyosbek Tajaliyev
Independent Researcher, University of Public Safety
E-mail: alfargoniy.uz@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16834019
Abstract
This article explores the emergence, development, and modern approaches
to pyrotechnic devices from a historical, scientific, and technological
perspective. Pyrotechnics first appeared in the 9th–12th centuries in China with
the accidental discovery of gunpowder, initially used for religious and
ceremonial purposes. The technology later spread across Eurasia through trade,
military campaigns, and scientific exchanges, with significant contributions from
Arab-Islamic scholars. From the 14th to 18th centuries, pyrotechnics evolved
into an art form in European countries such as Italy, Germany, and France. The
industrial era brought about mass production and militarization, especially
during the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 21st century, the field has seen
further development through automation, environmental safety, and artificial
intelligence. Given their inherent risks, pyrotechnic products require strict legal
regulation, including certification, licensing, and international standards. The
article argues for the integration of historical experience, scientific innovation,
and legal mechanisms to ensure the safe and lawful use of pyrotechnics.
Keywords:
pyrotechnics, history of gunpowder, scientific-technological
development, militarization, legal regulation, international standards,
environmental safety
The history and development of pyrotechnic devices are closely linked with
the scientific, military, cultural, economic, and religious progress of human
civilization. Their evolution has been gradual and systematic, reflecting broader
socio-technological changes. Based on historical sources, scientific works, and
technical approaches, the field of pyrotechnics can be examined through several
key phases.
The origins of pyrotechnic devices trace back to the 9th–12th centuries in
China, where gunpowder was discovered, often described as an "accidental
alchemical invention." During the Tang Dynasty, simple fireworks were used in
religious ceremonies and to ward off evil spirits. These early devices,
implemented using bamboo tubes, integrated elements of chemistry, mysticism,
and spiritual tradition.
SOLUTION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN
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International scientific-online conference
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Between the 12th and 14th centuries, pyrotechnic technologies spread
throughout Eurasia via trade routes, military expeditions, and intercultural
exchanges. Empires such as the Mongols, Seljuks, Timurids, and Ottomans
played key roles in disseminating these techniques. Prominent Arab and Islamic
scholars like Jabir ibn Hayyan, Al-Biruni, and Al-Razi contributed scientific
explanations on gunpowder composition, proportions, chemical reactions, and
safety measures.
From the 14th to 18th centuries, pyrotechnics rose to an artistic level in
Europe, especially in Italy, Germany, and France. They were used in royal courts,
theatrical performances, and public festivals. Works by scholars such as
Giovanni Fontana and Vannoccio Biringuccio are recognized as some of the
earliest scientific treatises on pyrotechnics. During this period, the discipline
became a complex system combining mechanics, chemistry, design, and art.
The 19th–20th centuries marked the industrial and military applications of
pyrotechnics. Advancements in chemistry led to mass production in countries
like the USA, Germany, France, Russia, and the Soviet Union. Explosive factories
were established, and pyrotechnic products were widely used in military
operations, including ammunition, shells, grenades, and signaling devices.
During World War I and II, hundreds of millions of explosive units were
manufactured, highlighting the strategic and destructive potential of
pyrotechnics.
In the 21st century, pyrotechnic technologies are evolving with a focus on
safety, environmental balance, automation, and artificial intelligence.
Innovations include computer-controlled fireworks, drone displays, low-smoke
mixtures, biodegradable components, and advanced signal systems.
Pyrotechnics are now considered not only tools for entertainment or warfare
but also objects of scientific, technical, ecological, and legal governance.
Despite their benefits, pyrotechnic products pose risks across all historical
periods. Thus, comprehensive regulation is essential. To reduce social harm,
strict control, certification, safe production, and responsible usage must be
enforced. The European Union’s EN 15947 and the ISO 25947 international
standards set norms for classification, testing, labeling, and safety warnings.
National authorities must implement licensing, monitoring, and certification
mechanisms to ensure lawful circulation.
Conclusion
Pyrotechnic devices represent a dual nature of technological achievement
and potential hazard. To ensure their safe and legal use, an integrated approach
SOLUTION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN
MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMY
International scientific-online conference
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involving historical knowledge, scientific expertise, legal frameworks, and
international standards is required. This holistic view will help minimize risks
and enhance the responsible development of pyrotechnic technologies in the
modern world.
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