2025
NOVEMBER
NEW RENAISSANCE
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE
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ISSUE 11
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CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE MUCOSA OF THE ORAL
CAVITY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
Turaeva Kamila Furkatovna
Samarkand State Medical University, Department of Therapeutic Stomatology
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17526728
Introduction
: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune endocrine
disorder characterized by absolute insulin deficiency and persistent hyperglycemia. The oral
cavity is highly sensitive to systemic metabolic dysregulation, and diabetic patients frequently
develop pathological changes in the oral mucosa due to microangiopathy, neuropathy, immune
dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Chronic hyperglycemia disrupts tissue turnover, increases
susceptibility to infections, and impairs wound healing, predisposing patients to conditions such as
xerostomia, candidiasis, periodontal disease, and mucosal ulcerations. Morphological alterations,
including epithelial atrophy, increased keratinization, intracellular edema, and microvascular
changes, are key indicators of oral mucosal involvement in T1DM. Understanding clinical and
histopathological patterns of mucosal alterations in T1DM is essential for early diagnosis,
prevention of complications, and effective dental management, as oral manifestations often
precede systemic metabolic imbalance and may signal poor glycemic control.
Objective
: To assess clinical and morphological changes in the oral mucosa of patients
with type 1 diabetes mellitus and identify associations between mucosal abnormalities and
metabolic disease severity.
Materials and Methods
: A total of 60 subjects aged 18–45 years were examined,
including 40 patients diagnosed with T1DM and 20 systemically healthy controls. Clinical
examination involved assessment of oral mucosa, saliva secretion, lesion type and distribution,
periodontal condition, and subjective symptoms including dryness, burning sensation, and taste
disturbances. Cytological smears and histological biopsies were analyzed to evaluate epithelial
thickness, keratinization patterns, inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular alterations, and presence
of fungal organisms. Blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and disease duration were recorded to assess
metabolic status. Statistical analysis determined correlations between clinical findings and
histopathological markers.
Results
: Patients with T1DM demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of
xerostomia, mucosal dryness, fissuring, angular cheilitis, recurrent aphthous lesions, and
candidiasis compared to controls. Histological evaluation revealed epithelial atrophy,
hyperkeratosis, intracellular edema, increased inflammatory infiltrates, and microvascular
abnormalities, including thickened capillary walls and endothelial swelling. Cytological smears
showed increased nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio, epithelial dyskeratosis, and higher Candida
colonization. Severity of mucosal changes positively correlated with elevated HbA1c levels and
disease duration, with patients having poor glycemic control exhibiting more pronounced
epithelial atrophy and inflammatory infiltration.
Discussion
: The findings confirm that T1DM leads to significant clinical and
morphological alterations in the oral mucosa due to chronic hyperglycemia–induced metabolic
dysregulation, reduced salivary gland function, impaired immune response, and vascular changes.
These alterations increase susceptibility to infections, delay epithelial repair, and contribute to
2025
NOVEMBER
NEW RENAISSANCE
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE
VOLUME 2
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chronic inflammatory processes. Early recognition and targeted oral care strategies can improve
patient outcomes, reduce periodontal and mucosal complications, and support systemic disease
management. Routine dental monitoring, combined with strict metabolic control, antifungal
therapy, salivary stimulants, and mucosal protectants, is essential in maintaining oral health in
diabetic patients.
Conclusion
: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with distinct clinical and morphological
changes in the oral mucosa, reflecting systemic metabolic imbalance. Patients demonstrate higher
rates of xerostomia, mucosal lesions, candidiasis, and vascular and epithelial abnormalities. These
findings highlight the importance of comprehensive oral examination in diabetic patients for early
detection of disease activity and prevention of chronic complications. Collaboration between
endocrinologists and dental specialists is necessary to ensure effective management and improve
quality of life in individuals with T1DM.
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