Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
119
successful work of a modern teacher. Students are required to have proficiency in
English based on professional speech competence and fluent pronunciation, which in
the translation process mainly consists of English. It is intended to direct the
knowledge, skills and abilities acquired by students in the process of personal life, as
well as to improve their competencies in professional and social activities.
The goals of learning with a competency-based approach are students
’
self-
awareness, understanding of ways to achieve learning goals in the educational process,
increasing students
’
learning and educational activity through self-development of
students as individuals. priorities such as adaptation to society and independent living,
socialization.
References
1.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “O‘
zbekiston Respublikasida xorijiy tillarni
o‘
rganishni
ommalashtirish faoliyatini sifat jihatidan yangi bosqichga olib chiqish chora-tadbirlari
t
o‘g‘risida”
2021-yil 19-maydagi 5117-sonli qarori.
2.
Klimberi L.V., Yadrova N.V., Nurjanova R.M., “Talabalarning kognitiv faolligini
shakllantirishga zamonaviy yondashuvlar” // Fan va ta’
limning zamonaviy muammolari. - 2017.
- 6-son.
3.
Abduganieva J.R
. “Анализ невербальной культуры последовательного переводчика”. –
Зарубежная лингвистика и лингводидактика. –
Ташкент, 2023.
-
№1. –
Б. 36
-42.
4.
Irgasheva, U. R. (2021). “Formation of Professional Competencies of the Students in the Process
of Studying the Educational Program
”
STEAM-Technologies in Education
”
. International
Journal of Discoveries and Innovations in Applied Sciences, 1(6), 76-80.
LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS IN COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
Fatidinova Nozanin
student
UzSWLU
Scientific advisor: Saidova Mamura
UzSWLU
Associate professor (PhD)
Abstract
This paper includes the concept of language universals in the field of comparative
linguistics, where they play a crucial role and provide valuable insights. The article explores how we
can distinguish the differences and similarities of languages that are in the same language families
and obey the same typological categories. Researchers can determine universal principles that
influence the grammar, semantics, and phonology of human languages by examining the parallels
and divergences among languages. The purpose of this research is to clarify the basic traits that all
Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
120
languages have in common as well as the variety and heterogeneity found in various language
systems. In the end, a deeper comprehension of language universals can advance our understanding
of linguistic diversity, language learning, and language change throughout time. This article explores
the field of language universals, illuminating the fundamental ideas, typological trends, and shared
components that support the complex structure of human language.
Key words:
language universals, heterogeneity, comparative linguistics, kinship terms, non-
natives, semantic.
Linguistic universals are patterns or traits that are shared by all or a large
number of languages. All communities and civilizations use human languages in a way
that is shaped by these universals. Comparative linguistics, which studies the
similarities and contrasts between languages, helps identify these universal patterns
and principles. One of the examples of language universals include word order. The
word order of many languages in the globe is either subject-verb-object (SVO) or
subject-object-verb (SOV), certain word orders are present in many languages,
notwithstanding exceptions, indicating a widespread inclination towards certain
fundamental sentence forms.
Another example includes semantic universals which refer to common and
similar vocabularies within the Germanic language family. In both written and oral
languages, we can determine some similar features of Germanic languages when it
comes to semantic universals. For instance, kinship terms in English and Persian
languages, mother- (madar), father - (padar), brother- (brodar), daughter- (dohtar).
These examples demonstrate how kinship terminology is used in Persian and English
to define family members and ties. Kinship words are essential for communicating
social roles and familial links in various languages and cultures. As stated by V.G.Gak,
“
Comparative linguistics grew out of the need to describe languages and from the need
to teach them
”
.
According to this view, comparative linguistics can help both students and
teachers to distinguish similarities and differences of linguistics universals that are
crucial, especially for English language teachers as non-natives. Learning English
vocabulary and collocations can be an engaging process if you are familiar with
Germanic languages. For example, the word
“
sun
”
is almost similar to other Germanic
Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
121
languages,
“
soleil
“
in French,
“
sol
“
in Spanish, and
“
солнце “
in Russian. The
formation of compound nouns is also one of the key features of language universals
because Germanic languages can create compound nouns by combining two words to
give another new meaning. Bauer mentioned that
“
Compounds are usually defined as
words made up of two independent bases, one of which is a head
”
. As for sentence and
verb structure, the present progressive or present continuous tense is one instance of a
verb tense and aspect that is comparable in both the English and Russian languages.
Similar constructions in Russian are made by combining the present tense of the verb
“
to be
”
(быть) with the main verb’
s present participle (e.g.,
“Я идy”
- I am walking).
This tense is used to show continuing or continuous acts in the present, actions that are
happening at the time of speaking. Both English and Russian have a similar structure
for the present progressive tense, indicating that the two languages share a common
means of describing ongoing present acts.
In Germanic languages, prepositions play a crucial role and they are used not
only to indicate a relationship between nouns and pronouns but also to influence
meaning and structure of a sentence. For instance, in German, one often uses the
prepositions
“
in
”
(in),
“
auf
”
(on),
“
unter
”
(under),
“
vor
”
(before), and
“
hinter
”
(behind). These prepositions typically come before the word to provide a link between
the noun or pronoun and the rest of the phrase. Because they can differ from English
prepositions in meaning and application, prepositions in each Germanic language
should be understood. Correct usage of prepositions is essential if you want to become
a more effective communicator and speaker.
Researchers in comparative linguistics frequently classify languages according
to typological patterns and structural characteristics that are shared by members of
several language families. Linguists can find recurrent themes that cut across linguistic
boundaries by analyzing the ways in which languages construct words, arrange
sentences, and express meaning. Typological patterns that are common to many
languages include the use of tense and aspect markers to indicate temporal distinctions,
Topical issues of language training
in the globalized world
122
the presence of vowel and consonant sounds in speech, and the arrangement of words
to indicate grammatical relationships.
To conclude, in comparative linguistics, language universals shed light on the
underlying theories and frameworks of human language and communication. Through
an examination of the similarities and contrasts across languages belonging to different
geographical areas and linguistic families, scholars are able to acquire a more profound
comprehension of the universal characteristics of language and how these
characteristics influence intercultural communication. The subject of research on
language universals is still active and ever-evolving, providing important insights into
the complex and interesting structure of human language and the ways in which it
influences our identities, interactions, and societies.
References
1.
Bauer, L.
(2009). A typology of compounds. In R. Lieber & P. Štekauer (eds.), The Oxford
handbook of compounding. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 343-356.
2.
Gak V.G. O kontrastivnoy lingvistike. V sb. Novoye v zarubezhnoy lingvistike. Vyp. XXV.
Kontrastivnaya lingvistika. M.: Progress, 1989.
3.
Suleymanovna, Saidova Mamura, and Abdurakhmanova Aliya Yakubovna.
“
Functional
analysis of texts of official documents in English, Uzbek and Russian languages.
”
Journal of
new century innovations
51.1 (2024): 80-94.
4.
Mukhamedova, N. A. “The role of modality contamination and negation in the interrogative
sentence”. Novainfo. Ru, (130), 59
-61.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WORDS IN
ENGLISH AND UZBEK
Fayziyev Abbos
Student
UzSWLU
Scientific advisor: Begizova Madina
Senior teacher
UzSWLU
Abstract
The article is concentrated on the syntactical level viewed in the comparative aspect.
Investigating such units of the given level, as phrases and sentences, the author compares their
linguistic properties on the material of English and Uzbek. The implemented analysis has made it
