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THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF
SAMARKAND REGION AND FOREIGN COOPERATION IN THIS AREA (1991-
2016 YY.)
Farmanova Rukhshona Hayatjon kizi
Navoi State University "National idea, spirituality Basics and legal education" 2nd year
student
Annotation
: The article analyzes the problems of agriculture in Samarkand region in the
early years of independence, the decisions taken by the Republic of Uzbekistan, the regional
administration to address these issues, the development of agriculture in the region and
international cooperation in agriculture.
Key words:
Samarkand, Agriculture, Decree, Decision, Farm, Cabinet of Ministers, agro-
firms, technology, international cooperation.
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of the Republic of
Uzbekistan. This sector is one of the most promising sources of strengthening the export
potential of the country, along with meeting the demand of the population for food products,
and the processing industry for raw materials. After gaining independence, large-scale
changes took place in the agriculture of the region. Addressing the problems of development
of the agricultural sector of the economy is a key link in the whole strategy of Uzbekistan's
transition to the market, which stems from the role of agriculture in the economic and social
life of the republic. 60% of the population lives in rural areas. More than 44 percent of
national income today comes from agriculture. Agriculture is the basis of life in the republic,
the development of leading industries, as well as one of the most important sources of export
resources and foreign exchange earnings [1]
New economic relations began to enter all sectors of agriculture in the region. Changes
were made in the structure of arable lands in the region. For example, in 1993, the total area
under agricultural crops in the region was 1290.8 thousand hectares. Of this, arable land was
443.4 thousand hectares and pastures 790.3 thousand hectares (10.8% and 3.8%,
respectively). Of the total sown area, 201.2 thousand hectares are allocated for cereals, 125
thousand hectares for technical crops (114.2 thousand hectares for cotton, 29.4 thousand
hectares for potatoes, vegetables and melons, 96.8 thousand hectares for food crops) [2].
However, the first years of independence were difficult in agriculture, as in all sectors of
the economy. Under the influence of objective factors, a number of problems arose in
agricultural production. This was reflected in the fact that the plan to grow and sell
agricultural products to the state had not been implemented for several years. The main
branches of agriculture in Samarkand region are cotton, horticulture, viticulture and melons.
But in recent years, the plans have not materialized. Over the next five years, the plan to sell
cotton to the state was fulfilled by 92.8%, 19.2 thousand tons less than planned. One of the
main reasons for this is the low cotton yield in Samarkand region. In 1989-1993, the average
yield was 23.7 quintals instead of 25.8 quintals, and the yield was less than 2.1 quintals per
hectare compared to the plan [3].
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In 1993, Samarkand region grew cotton on 114.2 thousand hectares, producing 249.7
thousand tons of cotton instead of the planned 285.8 thousand tons. The yield was 21.9
quintals instead of 25.2 quintals. The second reason for the non-fulfillment of the cotton
plan in these years was the unfavorable weather and they had to break the planted cotton and
replant it 2-3 times. Taking into account the above, the Government of the Republic over the
past five years (1989-1993) reduced 100.8 thousand tons of cotton in the region, of which
39.8 thousand tons of low-yielding was reduced in Jambay and Akdarya districts. Due to the
reduced cotton fields, the population was given plots of land to build backyards and houses,
as well as grain and potato fields were expanded, and gardens and vineyards were
established [4].
According to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan
No. 450 of September 10, 1993 "On measures to increase grain yields on irrigated lands" in
Samarkand region in 1995 the area under cereals increased by 31.6 thousand hectares
compared to 1993. Of this, 16.3 thousand hectares were increased due to the reduction of
cotton, 9.1 thousand hectares of food crops and 6.2 thousand hectares of vegetables, melons
and other crops.
In 1994, cotton seeds were planted on 97.2 thousand hectares in Samarkand region and it
is planned to produce 250,000 tons of cotton. It is planned to harvest 25.7 quintals of cotton
per hectare. This is 3.5 quintals more than the average real yield. Therefore, for the
development of cotton growing until 2000, the area of cotton in the region is set at 91
thousand hectares, cotton yield 26.4 quintals and gross yield 240 thousand tons. Islam
Karimov in his report "Building a socially oriented market economy - the basis of domestic
policy of independent Uzbekistan" said that today it is necessary to restore the village to its
original value. Agriculture needs to be reborn, rural workers need to be reassured. The living
standards of the entire population of Uzbekistan depend on the well-being of the rural
population, their hard work. It was said that if the farmer was rich, the whole republic would
be rich.
At a meeting of activists in the Samarkand regional administration on May 23, 1994, the
following measures were taken to develop cotton growing and increase cotton yields in the
region by 2000: First, to improve the sowing scheme in the region due to reduced cotton
fields in recent years. s-6530, s-9070, s-6532 and Aqdarya-5 fast-growing cotton varieties, to
increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers, to provide 25-30 tons of light to each field in
order to exchange manure on the poorest lands; secondly, given the water shortage, a system
of irrigation based on hydro-modular fogging will be introduced to rationally distribute the
available water across the crops and prevent soil salinization. Taking into account the fact
that most of the sown areas of cotton farms do not meet the agro-technical requirements in
terms of relief, to carry out capital work on 80 thousand hectares and current leveling on 195
thousand hectares in order to improve the land reclamation; Thirdly, there are 9 ginneries in
Samarkand region with the capacity to process 390,000 tons of raw cotton. In 1994, at the
expense of the Sanzar joint venture in Narimanov fortress of Payarik district, the Bobur farm
of Narpay district processed 30,000 tons of cotton. It is planned to launch ginneries
processing 6,000 tons of cotton [6], and by 2000 such small plants will be built in Ishtikhon,
Kattakurgan and Narpay districts at the expense of these farms.
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Speaking at the X session of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan of the first
convocation on December 25-26, 1997, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan spoke
on "Agricultural development is the source of life." analyzed. First, the role of agriculture in
our economy, in our lives in general, requires it. Agriculture accounts for a quarter of the
country’s gross domestic product. More than half of our production and intellectual potential
is related to agriculture, and 55% of the currency coming into our country comes from the
export of agricultural products. Secondly, from a social point of view, 60% of the population
of our country is rural. Thirdly, from a political point of view, the development of
democratic processes in our country is also largely related to the development of agriculture.
Efforts have been made to radically improve the organization of selection work of
agricultural workers in Samarkand region. The Uzbek-Irish joint venture "Elita", which
specializes in grain production, has started its activities in the grain industry of Taylak
district. It is noteworthy that there is a Samarkand Experimental School of Grain Seed. The
Ulugbek-600 variety created in the region has shown its advantages. In other words, it was
liked by our grain growers for its fast ripening, resistance to various diseases, and high yield.
Following the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated
November 25, 1998 No. 491 "Renewal and placement of cotton varieties", there have been
positive changes in the renewal, placement and seed economy of cotton varieties in the
region. In order to renew cotton varieties in the region, new industrial and agricultural cotton
varieties Aqdarya-5, Aqdarya-6 and Omad were created and local elite seed was established.
The planting of Kyrgyz-3 and Fergana-3 cotton varieties, which are undervalued in the
world market due to low fiber quality, has been abolished in the region since 1999-2001.
Following the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 491, 2102.5 tons of seeds were used
for the cotton harvest in 1998, while in 2001 this figure was reduced to 8415.8 tons or
12609.4 tons of seeds. If 15 percent of oil was extracted from each ton of cottonseed, the
above figure would have saved 1,891 tons of oil and made it possible to obtain several types
of products for the national economy. In 1999, the region received a premium of 440 million
soums for seed cotton grown on cotton farms, in 2000 - 507 million soums, and in 2001 -
600 million soums from the cotton harvest [9].
In 2000, the state provided significant assistance to the development of agriculture in
Samarkand region. “More than 16 billion soums of debts of farms have been completely
written off, receivables of agricultural enterprises have been extended until 2008. In the field
of agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources has built capacity to solve
all problems, provided assistance with machinery and fertilizers. The President also
instructed to provide assistance to Samarkand region. The Samarkand regional
administration, realizing that it would be difficult to achieve significant progress in
agriculture without giving freedom to agricultural producers and developing rural production
and social infrastructure, was recognized by the Cabinet of Ministers on January 22, 2003 as
No. 38/6. began to consider the transformation of farms into farms. In this process, a great
responsibility from the governor of the region required diligence and diligence. The first
President Islam Karimov in Samarkand region in 2004 began to find freedom and
responsibility in agriculture. The system has succeeded in increasing the contractual plans
for the cultivation of cocoons, grain, cotton and other products due to the strengthening of
labor discipline and demand. He began to take the lead in the field of the farming movement.
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Leadership in agriculture began to belong to farms, which provided an increase in
agricultural production by 8.4%.
In 2005, the Republic of Uzbekistan began to pursue a policy of transforming existing
corporate farms into "farms" in order to form a new type of ownership. Special attention was
paid to technical and financial support of established farms. The property owned by the
company farms was distributed to farmers. In particular, “70,300,300 soums of property
distributed to farmers in Samarkand region, which was liquidated in 2005, were distributed
to farmers in proportion to the quality of land plots, and unpaid debts of companies
amounted to 2,620,100 soums. . Of the total accounts payable, 2,236,600 soums were
written off by the state. Debts of 3 million 834 thousand soums were distributed to
farms ”[10].
Contracts with established farms in the region have been revised. For example, “In
Samarkand region, 7982 farms have signed contracts for the sale of grain for 156,298 tons.
6,124 cotton-growing farms signed contracts for the sale of 158,323 tons of cotton to the
state, 726 newly concluded contracts with former companies for the sale of grain in 2005,
and re-contracts for 28885 tons with 234 newly acquired farms. Of these, 9998 tons with
213 farms established on the basis of 7 liquidated companies in Jambay district and received
additional land, 3218 tons with 107 farmers on the basis of 7 liquidated companies in
Pastdargom district, 1862 tons with 76 farmers in 4 farms in Ishtikhon district. contracts are
restructured. Contracts for the sale of raw cotton were re-concluded with 632 newly
established farms for 28,630 tons ”[11].
In Samarkand region, the gross agricultural output in 2006 compared to 9 months of 2005
amounted to 108.4%, potatoes 108.0%, vegetables 104.0%, grapes 115%, milk 104.0%,
eggs 101.0%. Plans to sell cotton, grain and cocoons to the state have been overfulfilled. In
addition to cotton and grain products, Samarkand region has a huge potential in horticulture,
viticulture, melons, fruits and vegetables. Following the adoption of the Resolution of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 11, 2006 No PP-255 "On reform of
fruit and vegetable growing and viticulture" [12], 43 agricultural companies specializing in
fruit and vegetable growing and viticulture were transformed into farms and 6102 farms of
which 5,540 were gardens and vineyards, to which 51,010 hectares of land (including
17,851 hectares of orchards and vineyards) were allocated. 10 agro-firms specializing in
fruit and vegetable growing have been established in the region, including 21 processing
shops, 13 transport, packaging and packaging service outlets. In order to organize short-term
sowing and high-yield agro-technical measures for the cultivation of agricultural products in
the region, a plan of calculations for the placement, cultivation and sale of fruits, vegetables,
grapes, melons and potatoes in 2007 was developed. 61014.5 hectares of land were allocated
for the production of fruits, grapes, vegetables, melons and potatoes from the 2007 harvest,
837355 tons, including 409406 tons for processing enterprises, 85372 tons for export, 18582
tons for seeds, 34403 tons for health and public education. Contracts were signed for 35,592
tons of products for Tashkent city fairs, 253,999 tons for domestic market and domestic
consumption [14]. Agrofirms concluded 1,599 contracts for 43.6 thousand tons of products.
510.0 million soums were allocated to farms. UZS advance funds have been allocated in
advance. In 2007, Tokzor Baraka Fayz and Dilkusho Sifat agro-firms in Taylak district
opened their trading houses in Samara, Russia, and Mirishkor Meva-Sabzavot agro-firm in
Samarkand district, Ekaterinburg, Russia, in order to export their products.
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Table 1. Gross harvest of agricultural crops in Samarkand region (in all categories of farms:
thousand tons).
In order to ensure the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan dated October 22, 2009 No F-3287 "On measures to further optimize the area of
land owned by farms" Order of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources dated
October 24, 2009 No 162 Governor's Resolution No. 158-K of October 24, 2009. In 2009,
the region's agricultural production increased by 5.1%. Analyzing other sectors of
agriculture as of November 6, 2009, as a result of the measures taken, 710 thousand tons of
vegetables, 243 thousand tons of potatoes, 137 thousand tons of fruits, 40 thousand tons of
melons, 109 thousand tons of grapes, 120 thousand tons of meat, 549 thousand tons of milk
and 423 mln. eggs were grown and the forecast was fulfilled with a surplus. In 2009, all
farmers in the region achieved high results in the grain sector, growing 708.7 thousand tons
of grain.
In order to ensure the implementation of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated March 12, 2010 No 03-10-24, new technologies were
introduced in the region in 2010, new gardens, vineyards, drip irrigation and the experience
of the Turkish state in the region. On March 5, regional leaders and experts paid a working
visit to Turkey to exchange experiences. In 2010, a program of measures for the introduction
of new technologies was developed in the region, and drip irrigation of orchards was carried
out. In particular, drip irrigation technology was introduced on 400 hectares of Ohalik
Golden Garden farm in Samarkand district, 100 hectares on Bulungur Sam Veterinary farm
in Bulungur district, and 300 hectares on Narpayobod farm in Narpay district [13].
In 2011, 17 projects with a capacity of 681 tons of vegetables were implemented in
Samarkand region to launch greenhouses, and 179 new jobs were created as a result of
investments of 1.2 billion soums. In 2011, agricultural crops were planted on 46,203
hectares of land in 462093 households in the region and districts. In particular, grain -
15,357 hectares, vegetables - 11,370 hectares, potatoes - 9,097 hectares, melons - 1,180
hectares, fodder crops - 12,888 hectares. According to the adopted program, in 2011, 628
hectares of gardens were established in the region through intensive drip irrigation. In short,
experience has shown that if the land is handed over to its rightful owner, it becomes a real
treasure if it is supported. The long-term lease of more than 490,000 hectares of land in the
region to farmers on the basis of long-term contracts, the feeling of farmers as the owner of
the land, improves the reclamation of land, increases productivity. The Decree of the
President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 22, 2012 "On measures to further
improve and develop the organization of farming in Uzbekistan" [14] has played an
important role in further strengthening the organizational and legal framework of the
farming sector. In 2013, there were 7723 farms in the region. In order to create opportunities
for the development of diversified farms in the country, the effective use of benefits, the
region has developed a program of measures to be implemented in 2013 in this direction.
1997y 1998y 1999y 2000y 2001y 2002y 2003y 2004y 2005y 2006y
Grain
310,6 482,7 514,6 379,2 345,3 620,3 719,6 651,3 670,6 676,2
Potatoes
167,0 161,8 163,5 166,8 179,0 201,0 197,1 200,0 208,7 235,3
Vegetables 365,0 406,4 460,7 422,2 444,1 499,2 666,7 575,5 625,0 814,6
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According to the program, 2543 projects were implemented during the year. In particular,
368 hectares of intensive gardens were created in 16 farms, 293 hectares of local gardens
were created in 105 farms, and more than 600 new jobs were created. Farmers in the region
have established 623 service points in the mahallas. In order to take advantage of the
opportunities created for farmers, in 2013 the farmers of the region signed an additional
agreement to increase the grain yield by five quintals and cotton by two quintals compared
to the previous year. Large-scale work is underway in our country to reform and modernize
the agricultural sector, improve the reclamation and irrigation systems, and further increase
the productivity and efficiency of lands. As Islam Karimov noted in his speech at the
opening of the international conference "Important resources for the implementation of the
food program in Uzbekistan", many regions of Uzbekistan in the short term will become
regions that grow and export fruits and vegetables that are in demand on the world market
Intensive orchards with high yields were established, and a drip irrigation system was
introduced. Particular attention is paid to the involvement of advanced agro-industrial
technologies, the development and reconstruction of agricultural infrastructure, irrigation
and land reclamation systems, the introduction of new technologies for marketing and access
to world markets. The main objectives of the state program on improving the reclamation of
irrigated lands and rational use of water resources for 2013-2017 are the introduction of
modern technologies, improvement of the reclamation of irrigated lands, reclamation and
irrigation networks, rational and economical use of water resources. to ensure the stable
operation of production, further increase of soil fertility and increase of agricultural crops,
productivity. In 2014, the introduction of water-saving technologies for irrigation of
agricultural crops in the region was completed by 102% [16]
Farmers from Samarkand are effectively using foreign state technologies. In particular,
Mamasaid Egamov, a resident of Ahmad Yassavi mahalla in Chelak town, established a
greenhouse on 2 hectares in 2014 on the basis of South Korean technology. In a greenhouse
equipped with cost-effective technology, they grow 350-400 tons of tomatoes a year using
coal.
At the I International Fruit and Vegetable Fair organized on July 12-16, 2016 at the
Uzexpocenter in Tashkent, about 20 processors, 10 exporters, more than 30 farms from
Samarkand region presented more than 25 types of agricultural products and about 50 types
of services. participated. At the first fair, 5 farms and exporters signed promising contracts,
and by the end of 2016, vegetables, grapes, raisins and greens worth $ 910,000 were
exported to Russia, Kazakhstan and China. Zarband Fruit Export LLC delivered 50 tons of
raisins to China. In addition, the company is implementing a project on processing, drying
and packaging of fruits and grapes.
In 2016, farmers in the region produced more than 3 million tons of agricultural products
this year. While 430,000 tons of the harvest are exported directly by exporting enterprises,
520,000 tons are processed. The Uzbek-UAE joint venture Lazzat Meva in Jambay district is
one of the fruit and vegetable processing enterprises, launched in 2002 in cooperation with
Italian businessmen. At this enterprise, fruits and vegetables are processed and sent to local
and foreign producers as semi-finished products. The plant can process 125 tons of peaches
and apricots grown in intensive orchards in Akdarya, Payarik, Ishtikhon, Nurabad, Bulungur
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and Jambay districts, or 600 tons of tomatoes imported on a contract basis from farms in
neighboring districts.
At present, our products are exported to Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan, - said the executive director of the company Tolkin Ulugmuradov. - In 2015,
we sold goods worth $ 1 million abroad, and in 2016 we are taking measures to further
expand the volume and geography of exports. Most of those working in the company are
college graduates.
Table 2. Harvesting of agricultural crops in Samarkand region (in all categories of farms:
thousand tons).
Prospects of the agricultural sector in Samarkand region; President Shavkat Mirziyoyev
outlined his programs for the development and modernization of agriculture in the region in
2017-2021, based on which the optimization of cotton fields, development of vegetables and
horticulture, improvement of irrigation and land reclamation, livestock, poultry, fisheries,
beekeeping, greenhouses. and a set of specific measures in other areas has been developed.
Given the growing urgency of food security around the world, by 2021 in the region will
grow 1.5 times more potatoes, 1.7 times more vegetables, 2 times more fruits and grapes, 1.5
times more meat and dairy products, 2 times more fish. , 5 times, as well as the expansion of
their processing.
References and sources used.
1. Islam Karimov. Uzbekistan for a great future. T ,: “Uzbekistan”, 1999 - pages 44-45.
2. Khoshbakov Panji Shaymanovich. Economic development of Uzbekistan during the years
of independence; problems and contradictions (on the example of Samarkand region).
Dissertation. Tashkent 2007, 80 - p.
3. Samarkand regional state archive. Fund 2048, List 1, Work 14, 41 - Sheet, 40 - p.
4. Samarkand regional state archive. Fund 2048, List 1, Case 14, Page 41, pp. 41– p.
5. I.A. Karimov. Uzbekistan for a great future. T ,: “Uzbekistan”, 1999.- 45 - p.
6. Samarkand regional state archive. Fund 2048, List 1, Work 14, 41 - Sheet, 22 - p.
7. Archive of Samarkand regional khokimiyat. 1 fund, 1 list, 1410 work, 135 - sheet, 5 p.
2007y 2008y 2009y 2010y 2011y 2012y 2013y 2014y 2015y 2016y
Grain
688,3 675,6 708,7 756,1
772,0
781,5
805,6
806,6
808,2
808,3
Potatoes 264,1 308,1 334,6 371,7
409,1
449,4
480,9
526,8
572,6
619,2
Vegetabl
es
833,8 879,6 945,6 1049,7 1149,2 1253,4 1350,8 1457,7 1584,4 1767,9
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8. Samarkand regional state archive. Fund 47, List 1, Case 242, Page 130, p. 121.
9. Samarkand regional state archive. Fund 47, List 1, Case 242, Page 130, p. 121.
10. Archive of Samarkand regional khokimiyat. 1st fund, 1st list, 1903 work, 41st sheet. 25-
b.
11. Archive of Samarkand regional khokimiyat. Fund 1, List 1, Work 1903, Page 41. Pages
25-26.
12. Collection of Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. 2006, No. 2, Article 8.
13. Archive of Samarkand regional khokimiyat. Fund 1, List 1, Case 2408, Page 236, p.233.
14. Collection of Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent. 2012, No. 43, Article
493.
15. Samarkand regional state archive. Fund 47, List 1, Case 283, Page 87, p.
16. Zarafshan newspaper, December 29, 2016.
