No. 04 (2025) Volume 05 Issue 04

This study investigates the effects of inflation on consumer purchasing power in emerging market economies. Focusing on the mechanisms through which inflation influences household consumption, income distribution, and economic stability, this article uses empirical data and economic theory to assess the implications for policy-making in countries experiencing moderate to high inflation. Key findings suggest that inflation disproportionately affects low-income households and undermines long-term economic growth unless effectively managed through targeted fiscal and monetary policies.

This article is devoted to the structure and function of secretory glands. They are distinguished based on the anatomical structure of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, individual glands and their functions.

Modern computer laboratory technologies are increasingly becoming an integral part of the medical field. With the rapid development of information technologies, many stages of laboratory processes are being automated, which significantly contributes to the efficiency of diagnostics and treatment. This topic highlights the role of modern computerized laboratory equipment, automated analyzers, artificial intelligence, and data processing systems in medical research and laboratory work. Moreover, it discusses the computer software used in laboratories, databases, real-time access to analysis results, their storage, processing, and decision-making technologies that assist medical professionals. These technologies not only ensure accuracy and speed but also reduce human- related errors. Through this analysis, the practical significance of laboratory technologies in diagnostics, epidemiology, pharmacology, and other medical areas is revealed. The aim is to provide a broad understanding of the theoretical and practical foundations of modern laboratory technologies, their advantages, fields of application, and future development directions.

Agricultural exports are pivotal in shaping national economies, offering opportunities to enhance trade balances through foreign exchange earnings. This study evaluates the export potential of key agricultural products, their contribution to trade balances, and the barriers and opportunities in international markets. Using a mixed-method approach, including quantitative data analysis and qualitative case studies, we analyze global export trends from 2020 to 2025. Results indicate that products like wheat, soybeans, and citrus fruits hold significant potential, with exports driving trade surpluses in countries like Brazil and Vietnam. Challenges such as logistics constraints and tariffs persist, but opportunities in emerging markets and organic products offer growth prospects. Policy recommendations emphasize infrastructure investment and trade facilitation to maximize economic benefits.

The article examines the analysis of production costs and profitability indicators in economic entities. The main tasks of the analysis of production costs and the analysis of costs for one soum product, the analysis of the profitability indicators of the joint-stock company were studied.

In today's rapidly changing market conditions and technological advancements, effective leadership style plays a vital role in ensuring the success and sustainability of a company. Thus, business owners must understand which leadership style to adopt. This scientific article examines the impact of leadership styles on the organizational performance of two major tech companies, Apple Inc. and Microsoft Corporation. Using comparative analysis, this study compares these two companies based on the impact of their leadership styles on 4 key elements of organizational performance: market capitalization, stock performance, market shares, and employee satisfaction. The research yielded mixed results: Apple outperformed in market capitalization and market share while Microsoft excelled in stock performance and employee satisfaction. Therefore, it remains unclear whether Apple's democratic leadership style is superior to Microsoft's transformative leadership style or vice versa.

International trade is a fundamental pillar of the global economy, and greatly affects the growth and development of countries. Due to this importance, many researchers have become increasingly interested in studying its variables and their effects on the balance of payments in particular and economic stability in particular. One of the important topics for international trade is the relationship between trade openness and the structure of the trade balance of countries, especially developing countries such as Iraq. The research is an attempt to study the impact of trade openness on the structure of the Iraqi trade balance during the period from 2013 to 2023, in detail using the analytical aspect of the data and stating the relationship between the different variables to reach an answer to a basic question of the research, which focuses on knowing what is the nature of the relationship between trade openness and the structure of the trade balance in Iraq? Does increasing trade openness lead to improving the trade balance or vice versa? What are the other factors that affect this relationship? The research reviewed the theoretical concepts related to trade openness and the trade balance, analyzed data specific to Iraq, presented the results of the analysis and made the necessary recommendations.

This research aims to examine the role of the Just-In-Time (JIT) production system in enhancing the competitiveness of industrial and service enterprises. The JIT system relies on reducing waste in production processes, improving product quality, and increasing operational efficiency, enabling companies to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. The research examines the concept of JIT, its main principles, and the requirements for its success. It also analyzes the relationship between implementing this system and achieving competitiveness through improved productivity, reduced costs, and rapid response to market needs. The research also reviews some practical experiences of implementing JIT in successful global companies such as Toyota and identifies the challenges that organizations may face when adopting this system.

The research concludes that effective implementation of JIT requires strong administrative support, the development of a flexible supply chain, and the use of modern technologies in production and management. The research also provides recommendations for organizations seeking to enhance their competitiveness by adopting this system.

This article highlights the economic trends and factors influencing the development of industry in the Andijan region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, based on the significance of industrial production and regional specialization. The development of the region has been studied and analyzed through the lens of its industrial sectors. Development directions have been proposed based on the region’s revenues.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the top countries excelling in forestry land management, highlighting their policies, practices, and outcomes in sustainable forest stewardship. With increasing global concerns about deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate change, effective forestry management has become crucial for ecological balance and sustainable development. This study evaluates countries such as Finland, Sweden, Canada, Brazil, and Germany based on criteria including reforestation rates, enforcement of sustainable practices, community engagement, and technological innovation. The findings reveal that successful forestry management is characterized by strong policy frameworks, active community involvement, and the integration of modern technology. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving forestry practices globally, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and knowledge sharing among nations to enhance forest conservation efforts. This analysis not only underscores the achievements of leading countries but also provides valuable insights for policymakers aiming to develop effective forestry management strategies worldwide.

This study examines the relationship between financial openness and economic stability, utilizing dimensionality reduction techniques to analyze what has been termed as helpless rich data—a scenario where an abundance of data can obscure meaningful insights. By applying advanced methods of dimensionality reduction, the article assesses how financial openness influences macroeconomic indicators, such as inflation rates, GDP growth, and fiscal policy outcomes. Through the reduction of data complexity, the study aims to simplify the interpretation of financial systems while evaluating the broader implications of economic liberalization. This approach not only enhances our understanding of how financial openness impacts economic stability but also addresses the challenges posed by complex data environments in economic modeling.

Financing international trade is a critical aspect of global commerce, enabling businesses to engage in cross-border transactions while managing various risks associated with currency fluctuations, payment defaults, and political instability. This article explores the various methods employed to finance international trade, including Letters of Credit (LCs), trade credit, trade finance loans, factoring, export credit insurance, foreign exchange contracts, and emerging tools like blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Each method offers distinct advantages and challenges, depending on the size of the transaction, the risk profile of the parties involved, and the specific needs of the business. The article highlights the importance of selecting the right financing strategy to mitigate risks, optimize cash flow, and ensure the smooth flow of goods and services across borders. By understanding and utilizing these diverse financing mechanisms, businesses can navigate the complexities of international trade, foster long-term partnerships, and contribute to the expansion of global economic activity.