No. 06 (2025) Volume 05 Issue 06

This article presents a comparative analysis of Poetics in the writings of two major medieval Islamic philosophers: Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī (Al-Farabi) and Abū ‘Alī Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna). Both scholars engaged deeply with Aristotle’s Poetics, integrating it into the Arabic-Islamic intellectual milieu. Al-Farabi’s Canons of Poetry and Ibn Sina’s Poetics (as part of his encyclopedic Kitāb al-Shifā’, “Book of Healing”) are examined to elucidate their respective theories of poetic art. Key areas of comparison include their classification of poetics within the Aristotelian logical corpus, their conceptions of poetic syllogism and imaginative “assent,” and their treatment of tragedy and comedy as high versus low forms of art. Drawing on Aristotle’s legacy and the Neoplatonic context, Al-Farabi and Avicenna each made distinct contributions: Al-Farabi emphasized the logical and social function of poetry (often linking it to rhetoric and political philosophy) while Avicenna expanded the moral and psychological dimensions of poetics. Influences from Aristotle’s Poetics and late antique commentary are traced, alongside insights from modern scholars (e.g. Dimitri Gutas, Jon Walbridge, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, and Abd al-Raḥmān Badawī). The study concludes that Ibn Sina’s commentary builds upon and departs from Al-Farabi’s foundations – for instance, by rejecting the notion that poetic syllogisms must be false and by affirming the role of imaginative discourse in eliciting emotional responses and conveying moral insights. This comparative inquiry sheds light on how medieval Islamic thinkers preserved, interpreted, and transformed Aristotle’s Poetics, laying groundwork for subsequent literary theory in both the Islamic world and, via Ibn Rushd (Averroes), medieval Europe.

Stylistics, a subfield of linguistics, explores how language elements function across different contexts and purposes. This study examines the “discussion” type of speech within two contrasting functional styles – scientific (academic) and colloquial (everyday) discourse – with a focus on the Uzbek language. Drawing on examples and a functional stylistic framework, we analyze how phonetic, lexical, and grammatical choices adapt to context and communicative goals in each style. In scientific discussion, argumentation is typically structured, objective, and terminology-rich, aiming for clarity and precision. In colloquial discussion, by contrast, expressiveness and interpersonal engagement are prominent, with informal phrasing and emotive language shaping the discourse. In particular, Uzbek academic discussions employ precise technical terms and carefully structured explanations, whereas everyday discussions use informal language, interactive dialogue, and context-dependent reasoning. The literature review synthesizes theories of functional styles and stylistic markers, while the methodology combines discourse analysis and comparative stylistics to systematically contrast the two styles. Findings highlight a distinct stylistic typology: scientific discussions prioritize logical argumentation, specialized terminology, and clarity, whereas colloquial discussions emphasize expressiveness, common vocabulary, and pragmatic flexibility. These insights contribute to functional stylistics and pragmatics, illustrating how communicative context drives stylistic adaptation in Uzbek and offering broader implications for comparative stylistic studies across languages.

Environmental degradation in Uzbekistan—from the shrinking Aral Sea to rising urban heat stress—has intensified public concern and placed youth at the forefront of sustainability debates. This article explores how environmental awareness has developed among Uzbek youth since 2021, identifies the educational, social-media, and volunteer mechanisms that shape it, and assesses prospects for deeper engagement by 2030. Using a mixed-methods design, the study triangulates (i) a systematic review of forty-three policy and research documents, (ii) statistical analysis of national programme data, and (iii) a qualitative survey of 145 young eco-activists from six regions conducted between September 2024 and April 2025. Results indicate that the nationwide “Yashil Makon” campaign, digital advocacy networks, and curriculum reforms have raised literacy on climate concepts and stimulated tree-planting, waste-sorting, and eco-entrepreneurship initiatives. Nevertheless, knowledge depth and sustained behaviour vary significantly between urban and rural locales, and institutional bottlenecks limit scaling. The discussion situates Uzbekistan’s case within global youth-environment literature and suggests policy measures such as integrated green curricula, participatory budgeting, and streamlined certification for eco-start-ups. Strengthening youth environmental awareness is shown to be essential to achieving national climate-resilience targets and fostering a culture of ecological stewardship.

This scientific article provides a comprehensive and skillful exploration of what a podcast is, its origins, its role and significance in journalism, and its potential as a new media format.

Biographical analysis is a type of analysis based on an approach to a work of art through the author me. The author's high personal observations are reproduced in the work. Analysis of these states in relation provides integration between the creator's life statement and his work.

Speaking is a vital component of communicative competence and an essential skill for English language learners. Unlike receptive skills such as listening and reading, speaking demands immediate and spontaneous language use, often presenting significant challenges to ESL students. This article examines effective, research-based strategies for teaching speaking in ESL classrooms. These strategies include Task-Based Learning, Communicative Language Teaching, technology integration, scaffolding, error correction methods, and creating a supportive classroom environment. Emphasis is placed on balancing fluency and accuracy while promoting learner autonomy and confidence.

This article examines the hierarchical structure of morphemes in the Uzbek language, focusing on their role in word formation and inflection. As an agglutinative language, Uzbek constructs words through the sequential addition of affixes to a root, following a relatively fixed morpheme order. The study analyzes the distinction and interaction between derivational and inflectional morphemes and explores how their hierarchical positioning affects grammatical meaning and syntactic behavior. Particular attention is paid to the placement of morphemes in both noun and verb forms, as well as to exceptions and morphophonological processes that may alter standard patterns. Drawing on examples from contemporary Uzbek, the paper aims to clarify the rules that govern morpheme sequencing and contribute to a deeper understanding of Uzbek morphological typology. The findings are relevant for linguistic theory, language teaching, and computational applications such as natural language processing and automatic morphological analysis.

This article explores the Chinese perception of happiness within the linguistic worldview. It examines various conceptualizations and approaches to happiness in the Chinese context. Special attention is given to the analysis of traditional Chinese philosophical categories such as wǔxíng (五行 – the Five Elements), wǔlún (五伦 – the Five Cardinal Relationships), and wǔwèi (五纬 – the Five Dimensions). The article demonstrates, through linguistic examples, how the notion of happiness is systematically structured in the national linguistic consciousness of the Chinese people.

While media reporting of suicide has long been scrutinized for its potentially harmful influence, recent research emphasizes the constructive role that responsible media can play in suicide prevention. This article explores the Papageno effect—named after a character in Mozart’s opera—highlighting how stories of resilience and help-seeking behavior can protect vulnerable audiences. Drawing on empirical data and international best practices, the paper underscores the importance of evidence-based journalism in mental health advocacy.

This study explores the interaction between paralinguistics and pragmatics in the expression of compliments in Uzbek and English cultures. Compliments are considered speech acts in which nonverbal elements (gestures, facial expressions, intonation) play a crucial role in conveying sincerity and politeness. The research analyzes cultural variations in paralinguistic strategies based on linguistic and cultural features of both societies. A comparative analysis is conducted on gestures and intonational patterns used to express approval and praise. The findings provide valuable insights for specialists in intercultural communication, linguistics, and pragmatics, as well as for foreign language educators. The Interaction of Paralinguistics and Pragmatics in the Expression of Compliments in Uzbek and English Cultures.

This article analyzes the interpretation of Sufi concepts in A. Navoi's works, particularly the categories of "fano" and "baqo" in lyrical works. The study illuminates the thinker's attitude to Sufism and the artistic expression of these concepts.

The article examines interrogative units and their functional-semantic aspects, the importance of interrogative units in the organization of the communicative field. The main function of interrogative units is to ask for content, which is revealed in examples. The article also scientifically analyzes the structure, semantics, and methodological use of interrogative sentences.

This study investigates the linguistic features and formation processes of pedagogical terminology in the Uzbek language, with a specific focus on the standardization and unification of these terms. It explores the role of neologisms, word formation methods, and the terminological properties of phraseological units within the context of Uzbek pedagogy. Drawing on the works of X. Sarimsoqov, the research analyzes the challenges and strategies involved in creating standardized educational terms that facilitate communication and understanding in both academic and practical pedagogical settings. The findings of this study are aimed at contributing to the development of a unified terminological system for teaching and learning in the Uzbek language, with implications for educators, linguists, and policymakers involved in the standardization of language use in education.

The article analyzes the philosophical views of Abu Hamid Ghazali, including his works “Ey Farzand” and “Kimyoi Saodat” dedicated to the issues of man and his spiritual maturity.

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has progressed from a narrowly defined branch of applied linguistics into a cornerstone of professional preparation in non-Anglophone contexts. Although its contribution to subject-related language proficiency is well documented, the ways in which ESP catalyses broader professional competence remain under-researched. The present mixed-method study investigates the impact of an integrated ESP programme on engineering undergraduates at three Central Asian universities. Quantitative data, obtained from a pre- and post-course Professional Competence Self-Assessment Scale (n = 186) and performance-based tasks, were complemented by qualitative evidence from classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and corpus analysis of student artefacts. Results demonstrate statistically significant gains across cognitive, social, and affective dimensions of competence, with the largest improvement linked to intercultural teamwork and reflective problem-solving. Qualitative findings reveal that authenticity of tasks, iterative genre practice, and dialogic feedback were key drivers of change. The article argues that ESP functions as a boundary object connecting disciplinary knowledge, language expertise, and workplace practice, thereby fostering employability and lifelong learning dispositions. Policy implications for curriculum design, accreditation standards, and faculty development are discussed.

This article explores the action and aspectual features of behavioral verbs in English, focusing on how the progressive and perfect aspects shape the meaning of verbs describing human behavior. It discusses the dynamic and stative nature of behavioral verbs and how temporal distinctions (ongoing and completed actions) are encoded in the progressive and perfect aspectual forms. The analysis emphasizes how different verb types (dynamic and stative) interact with aspect and how duration and completeness are represented in everyday language. The study highlights the importance of aspectual distinctions in expressing ongoing and completed actions, particularly in relation to physical and mental behaviors.

The article discusses the formation of stylistic convergence as a result of the combined use of several syntactic-stylistic devices. This phenomenon is considered a characteristic of the author's idiolect, and the impact of stylistic changes in speech composition, as well as their influence on the artistic and aesthetic function of speech, are discussed.

This study explores phraseological units containing color components through the lens of linguistics, psychology, cognitive science, and cultural studies. The research draws on comparative analysis of color terms and their symbolic functions across English, Russian, and Karakalpak languages. A historical and theoretical overview of color semantics is provided, incorporating insights from evolutionary linguistics, psycholinguistics, and linguistic relativity. Seminal works by Sapir, Whorf, Berlin, Kay, Goethe, Wierzbicka, and Frumkina are reviewed to examine the physiological, semantic, and cultural aspects of color perception. The hypothesis is that extralinguistic factors cause differences in how various cultures conceptualize and linguistically encode color. Structural and semantic changes in phraseological units are explored in connection with their cultural significance. Findings highlight the universality of basic color perception and the deep cultural divergence in meaning, with a focus on phraseological expression, symbolic richness, and cognitive structuring of color semantics. The research contributes to the understanding of color as a complex semiotic and cultural phenomenon embedded in language.

This article analyzes the 4th issue of the newspaper "Jadid", which began to be published in 2024 (January 19, 2024). It analyzes the words borrowed from the Russian language found in the newspaper's language from phonetic, semantic, stylistic and functional aspects. The role of Russian terms and expressions in the modern Uzbek publicistic language, their adaptation to the national context and sometimes critical assessment serve as the main research object of the article. During the analysis, based on precise textual quotations, the ideological load of the borrowed words and their place in the modern Jadid language are highlighted.

This article discusses the novel genre, its characteristics, the history of its emergence, and the characteristics inherent in today's Uzbek novels. It also discusses the works of which writers have observed changes in the work of current Uzbek novels that do not meet the requirements of the genre. The leading elements in current novels, the aspects of works that attract readers, and the differences between novels of the last century and today's Uzbek novels are discussed.

This article constructively explores the emergence and development of realism in Victorian literature, particularly within the novel genre. It provides insight into the socio-political context of the period and discusses the creative methodologies utilized by influential writers like Charles Dickens, George Eliot and the Bronte sisters. By examining the transition from romantic to realist narrative modes, the study highlights the significant contributions of Victorian novels in portraying complex social realities and giving a voice to marginalized groups. Furthermore, it underscores how these works contributed to the moral and intellectual development of society. The paper also reflects on how the genre’s formal features, such as scope, character complexity, and length, effectively mirror the broader cultural transformations occurring in 19th-century Britain, fostering a deeper understanding of the literary landscape of the time.

This article explores the semantics of English modal verbs through the lens of cognitive linguistics. It examines how these verbs express various meanings related to possibility, necessity, and permission, highlighting the cognitive processes underlying their use. The study investigates the role of context, conceptual metaphors, and mental spaces in shaping the interpretation of modal verbs. By integrating insights from cognitive linguistics, the article offers a comprehensive understanding of how speakers use modal verbs to communicate nuanced meanings in everyday language.

This article explores the structural components of phraseological competence in students and modern approaches used in its development. It pays particular attention to the methods that help learners identify and understand phraseological units effectively.

The article explores the linguistic and cultural difficulties that arise when translating craftsmanship realia between English and Uzbek. Craftsmanship realia—names of traditional tools, materials, techniques, workplace practices and stylistic conventions—constitute a densely allusive lexical stratum that encodes the technological history and value systems of artisanal communities. Accurate transfer is complicated by the absence of direct equivalents, the coexistence of multiple in-culture synonyms, and strong connotative overtones. The study integrates a 512 436-word parallel corpus of museum catalogues, UNESCO nomination files, export documents, tourist brochures and academic monographs with semi-structured interviews of fifteen professional translators. A five-value taxonomy—borrowing, phonological adaption, descriptive translation, functional substitution and omission—guides the coding of 1 116 realia pairs. Quantitative analysis shows that descriptive translation dominates, accounting for 56 percent of Uzbek-to-English and 44 percent of English-to-Uzbek renderings, expanding text length by an average of 43 percent and increasing terminological drift. Borrowing appears mainly with high-visibility artefacts (“ikat”, “suzani”, “pichoq”), whereas functional substitution prevails in promotional genres targeting non-specialists. Interview data confirm that house-style guidelines, audience expectations and fear of misinterpretation drive domestication. The article proposes a salience-based hybrid model that calibrates borrowing, description and supplementation according to ethnographic prominence and communicative function. Recommendations include a bilingual terminological database, integrated visual glossing for museums and a training module on craft heritage for translators.

This article analyzes the differences in the style of presenting legal topics in blogs and official websites within the online environment. In the context of individualized information consumption, the blogosphere is gaining importance as a source of legal information. The author emphasizes that legal content in blogs is often presented in a popular, simplified, and emotional manner, based on personal experiences and events. At the same time, the article highlights the potential risks of such an approach from a legal perspective – namely, the possibility of errors and misinterpretations arising due to the lack of reliance on official sources.