№ 16 (2025) Theoretical aspects in the formation of pedagogical sciences

The thesis is devoted to analyzing and determining the essence of the development of the treasury system and the efficiency of using budget funds through digital technologies, as well as evaluating efficiency.

Ushbu maqolada Afrosiyob yodgorligining geografik joylashuvining o’rganilishi, dunyo miqyosidagi o’rni, avvalo, uning arxitekturasi, san’ati va tarixiy ahamiyati bilan bog’liqligi to’g’risidagi ma’lumotlar bayon qilingan. Yodgorlikdan topilgan artefaktlar, freso va boshqa san’at asarlari qadimgi O’rta Osiyo madaniyatining boyligini ko’rsatgan. Shuningdek, Afrosiyob tarixiy yo’llar, savdo va madaniy almashinuv markazi sifatida ham muhim rol o’ynagan. Bu joy, shuningdek, tarixiy tadqiqotlar va arxeologik ishlanmalarda muhim ma’lumot manbai bo’lib, insoniyatning madaniy merosini o’rganishda katta ahamiyatga ega. Uning o’rni dunyo merosi ro’yxatiga kiritilgan boshqa qadimiy yodgorliklar bilan bir qatorda, turizm va ilmiy tadqiqotlar uchun jozibador manzil hisoblanadi.

This article explores the principles and practices of conducting internal audit activities in accordance with international standards, particularly the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (ISPPIA) issued by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA). The study analyzes risk-based planning, organizational independence, the integration of digital tools, and auditor competence as key components of a modern internal audit function. Drawing on both theoretical frameworks and empirical findings from international contexts, the paper highlights best practices and identifies the main challenges organizations face in aligning internal audit systems with global benchmarks. The research concludes that adherence to international standards not only enhances audit quality and efficiency but also supports strategic decision-making and institutional resilience.

Since TiO₂ based nanotubes are widely used in industry, the anodic growth of nanotubes was studied in an organic electrolyte consisting of NH4F and ethylene glycol at different temperatures for a period of 3 hours from 40 to 60 V. The dependence of the length and diameter of the formed nanotube on temperature was consistent with the Arrhenius equation. It can be seen that the activation energy for nanotube growth is much larger than that for diameter growth and is linearly proportional to the anodizing voltage.

Soʻngi yillarda mamlakatimizda inson manfaatlari, huquqlari erkinligini himoya qilish, sud-huquq sohasida shaffoflikni yaratish borasida bir qator amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar natijasida jinoyat–ijroiya qonunchiligiga ham bir qator ishlar amalga oshirilayotganini koʻrishimiz mumkin. Olib borilayotgan islohotlar natijasida mamlakatimizda inson huquq va erkinliklari yanada yuqorilandi.

This article looks at the most effective strategies to improve English speaking skills for non-native learners. It explores both traditional and modern approaches, including immersive language practice, conversational techniques, and the use of digital tools such as language apps and online speaking clubs. The article also highlights the importance of consistent practice, confidence-building exercises, and the role of pronunciation and listening skills in developing fluency. Practical recommendations are supported by recent research in language acquisition and second language pedagogy, making this article useful for students, teachers, and independent learners alike.

This study explores the role of mass media in enhancing collaborative learning, student engagement, and academic performance. Despite widespread access to mass media platforms, limited empirical research exists on how these tools can effectively support students and researchers in collaborative academic environments. Using a mixed-method approach, including a literature review and survey data from 723 respondents, this research identifies positive correlations between mass media usage, peer and supervisor interactivity, and improved academic outcomes. The findings highlight the significance of integrating mass media tools such as Facebook, Twitter, and blogs into educational practices to foster meaningful engagement, creativity, and satisfaction among students and researchers. The study further emphasizes the necessity of adapting educational methods to suit digital learners, calling for the transformation of traditional pedagogical models. The integration of hybrid learning models, combining in-person and digital elements, is presented as an effective strategy for modernizing academic delivery.

The article examines the terms of professional vocabulary of knifemaking, their linguacultural and linguaareal language characteristics.

Ushbu maqolada yo‘nalishi teskari vaqtli masalalar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Ushbu turdagi teskari masalalar fizikada, matematik modellashtirishda va boshqa ko‘plab sohalarda qo‘llaniladigan parabolik tipdagi differensial tenglamalarning muhim turlaridan biridir. Masalada vaqt o‘qi bo‘yicha orqaga – ya’ni, keyingi holatdan boshlang‘ich holatni aniqlash talab qilinadi. Bu esa masalaning klassik yechimlar nazariyasida barqaror emasligini, ya’ni nokorrektligini keltirib chiqaradi. Maqolada ushbu muammo matematik tarzda ifodalanib, yechimning mavjudligi, yagona bo‘lishi va barqarorligi tahlil qilinadi. Bundan tashqari, regulyarizatsiya metodlari yordamida yechimni barqarorlashtirish yondashuvlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Nazariy asoslar bilan bir qatorda, amaliy hisoblash misollari ham keltirilib, yechimning sezgirlik tahlili o‘tkaziladi.

This article analyzes the actor’s speech on stage as a fundamental artistic tool in character creation. It explains how a character is brought to life through the technical and emotional aspects of stage speech, including voice and breathing techniques, intonation, tempo, and pauses. Additionally, the article highlights the integral connection between stage speech and acting skills, presents a system of exercises, and discusses pedagogical approaches. The article is valuable both theoretically and practically for actors, theater arts teachers, and students.

This study investigates the multifaceted concept of guardianship (wilaya) in marriage within Islamic law, examining its historical, legal, and sociocultural foundations, as well as its evolving interpretations across Muslim-majority societies. Guardianship has traditionally been perceived as a protective mechanism for women and minors, enshrined in Qur'anic principles and classical jurisprudence, often administered by male relatives. However, contemporary developments—including legal reforms, constitutional reinterpretations, and international human rights discourse—have challenged traditional guardianship frameworks. The research traces how countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, and South Africa reinterpret guardianship roles in light of gender equity, judicial reform, and the integration of Islamic law with civil legal systems.

The digital age, while promising unprecedented connectivity and innovation, has paradoxically given rise to a new form of global exploitation termed digital colonialism. This phenomenon mirrors historical colonial practices, where powerful nations and corporations extract valuable resources from developing countries, but in this modern iteration, the primary resource is data. The global data economy, projected to reach trillions of dollars by 2033, is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few dominant tech giants, predominantly based in the Global North. This concentration of power is perpetuated through opaque data collection mechanisms, algorithmic control, and the establishment of critical digital infrastructure in the Global South, often with questionable consent.

The automation of measuring and controlling three-phase currents in power supply systems is essential for enhancing operational efficiency, improving reliability, and preventing equipment failures. This paper explores the design and implementation of automated systems for monitoring three-phase electrical currents, including the integration of sensors, microcontrollers, and communication protocols. The study demonstrates how real-time data acquisition and control strategies can optimize system performance and facilitate preventive maintenance.

Ushbu tezis ishida matematik fizika tenglamalarida muammoning to'g'ri bayon etilishi tushunchasi ko'rib chiqiladi. To'g'rilikning uchta asosiy sharti ochib beriladi: echimning mavjudligi, uning o'ziga xosligi va dastlabki shartlardagi kichik o'zgarishlarga qarshilik. To'g'ri muammo sifatida issiqlik o'tkazuvchanligi tenglamasi uchun Koshi muammosiga misol keltirilgan. Ushbu shartlar buzilgan teskari vazifa ham tahlil qilinadi. Ta'kidlanishicha, teskari tenglamalar xatolarga sezgir va jismoniy haqiqatga mos kelmaydi. Issiqlik o'tkazuvchanligi tenglamasining asosiy echimi orqali to'g'ri echimning mavjudligi va barqarorligi ko'rsatilgan.

Ushbu maqolada, bugungi kunda axborot jamiyatida yoshlar qatlamining dolzarb muammolari va ularga texnologiyalarning ijobiy va salbiy ta ʼ sirlari haqida yoritilgan.

Mazkur maqolada kuchaytirilgan o’qitishning strukturasi va algoritmi uning sohalarda keng qo‘llanilishi haqida taklif-tavsiyalar xususida fikr yuritiladi.

Ибн Синонинг "Тиб илми қонуни" асримиз давомида тиббий билимларнинг асоси бўлиб хизмат қилган муҳим асардир. Ушбу мақолада таълим жараёнида ушбу асардан фойдаланиб, ёшларнинг илмий-маърифий саводхонлигини ошириш ва уларда креатив фикрлаш кўникмаларини шакллантириш имкониятлари кўриб чиқилади. Мақолада "Тиб илми қонуни"нинг мантиқий тузилиши, фалсафий ахамияти, уни таълимда таснифлаш усуллари ва таълимда қўллаш стратегиялари таҳлил қилинади.

Ushbu maqolada Python dasturlash tilida shakllangan kutubxonalar tizimining ilmiy va amaliy jihatdan o‘rganilishi maqsad qilingan. Tahliliy yondashuv asosida kutubxonalarning zamonaviy hisoblash muammolarini yechishdagi roli, ularning turli fan sohalarida qo‘llanilishi hamda dasturlash samaradorligiga ta’siri tadqiq qilinadi. Shuningdek, maqolada Python kutubxonalarining ochiq manbali ekotizimi orqali ilmiy izlanishlarni soddalashtirishga qo‘shayotgan hissasi yoritilgan.

Mazkur maqola talalarga sahna nutqining adabiylashuviga to‘siq bo‘layotgan omillar, ta’lim jarayonida ularni bartaraf etish usullari tahlil qiliNgan. Unda adabiy nutqning sahna san’atidagi roli va tinglovchiga ta’siri masalalari atroflicha yoritib beriladi.

This scientific article investigates the physical-mechanical and spinning-technological properties of cotton fibers from the selection varieties "Namangan 77" and "C 82/95" under laboratory conditions. According to the results, the strength, linear density, staple length, and other technological parameters of the cotton fibers were determined, and their impacts on the quality of the finished yarn were evaluated.

Mazkur ilmiy ishda raqamli texnologiyalarni musiqa madaniyati darslarida samarali qoʻllashning pedagogik asoslari o‘rganiladi. Dars jarayonida zamonaviy axborot-kommunikatsiya vositalaridan, multimedia resurslaridan, interaktiv dasturlardan foydalanish orqali o‘quvchilarning musiqiy idrokini rivojlantirish, eshitish madaniyatini shakllantirish, amaliy ko‘nikmalarni chuqurlashtirish imkoniyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, musiqa fanini oʻqitishda raqamli vositalarning oʻquvchilar motivatsiyasiga ta’siri, individual yondashuvni ta’minlashdagi roli va musiqiy estetik tarbiyada tutgan oʻrni ilmiy-nazariy asosda yoritiladi. Tadqiqotda raqamli texnologiyalarni qo‘llashga oid ilg‘or xorijiy va mahalliy tajribalar ham tahlil qilinib, amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqiladi. Mazkur ish musiqa madaniyati darslarining sifatini oshirishga, ta’lim jarayonini innovatsion yondashuvlar asosida tashkil etishga xizmat qiladi.

This article analyzes the actor’s speech on stage as a fundamental artistic tool in character creation. It explains how a character is brought to life through the technical and emotional aspects of stage speech, including voice and breathing techniques, intonation, tempo, and pauses. Additionally, the article highlights the integral connection between stage speech and acting skills, presents a system of exercises, and discusses pedagogical approaches. The article is valuable both theoretically and practically for actors, theater arts teachers, and students.

Мақолада профилактика инспекторининг жиноятчиликка қарши курашишда тезкор органлар, фуқароларнинг ўзини ўзи бошқариш органлари ва жамоатчилик вакиллари билан ҳамкорлигини такомиллаштириш масалалари таҳлил қилинади. Инспекторнинг жиноятларни олдини олиш, аниқлаш ва фош этишдаги роли, ҳамкорлик механизмлари, қонунчилик таҳлили ҳамда рақамлаштириш ва ахборот алмашинуви бўйича илғор тажрибалар ўрганилади. Амалдаги муаммолар ва уларни ҳал этиш бўйича таклифлар илгари сурилади.

Mazkur maqolada integral tenglamalar nazariyasining asosiy tushunchalari va ularning klassifikatsiyasi bayon etiladi. Xususan, Fredgolm integral tenglamalarining birinchi va ikkinchi turlari, ular tarkibidagi asosiy elementlar — nomaʼlum funksiya, yadro, parametr va ozod hadlar — haqida batafsil maʼlumot beriladi. Xos qiymatlar va xos funksiyalar tushunchalari, shuningdek, simmetrik yadroga ega tenglamalarning xossalari va Fredgolm teoremasi keltirilgan. Maqola chiziqli integral tenglamalar nazariyasini tushunish uchun muhim nazariy asos bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

Ushbu maqolada maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda tafakkur rivojlanishini izohlaydigan asosiy psixologik nazariyalar tahlil qilinadi. Piaget, Vygotskiy va boshqa olimlarning qarashlari asosida bolalarning mantiqiy fikrlash, tasavvur va muammoni hal qilish qobiliyatlari bosqichma-bosqich ochib beriladi. Nazariyalar taqqoslanib, amaliy ahamiyati yoritilgan.