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ETYMOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TERMS IRRIGATION AND
LAND RECLAMATION IN THE EXPLANATORY DICTIONARIES OF
THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
Axmedova Maxliyo Toshtemirovna
Basic doctoral student of Shakhrisabz State Pedagogical Institute
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15253580
Etymological research has long been the focus of particular attention
among linguists. Such studies involve the analysis of a word’s linguistic
affiliation, the language in which it first appeared during the period of its early
usage, its original meaning, as well as the specific features of its semantic
development. This article emphasizes the necessity of lexicographic research in
the etymological analysis of the terms
“irrigation”
and
“melioration”
. Special
importance is attached to explanatory and etymological dictionaries, language
corpora, and thesauruses in this context.
Keywords:
irrigation, land reclamation, history of terms, explanatory
dictionaries, etymological analysis, proprietary layer, layer of appropriation
Annotatsiya
Etimologik tahlillar davrlar osha tilshunoslar diqqat markazida bo‘lgan
tadqiqotlar hisoblanadi. Ushbu tadqiqot so‘zning qaysi tilga mansubligi, ilk
iste’molga kirgan davrlardayoq qaysi tilda paydo bo‘lganligi, dastlab qanday
tushuncha ifodalaganligi, ma’no taraqqoyotining xusussiyatlarini tahlilga tortadi.
Mazkur maqolada irrigatsiya va melioratsiya terminlari etimologik tahlillarida
leksikografik izlanishlar zarurligi, bunda, ayniqsa, izohli lug‘atlar, etimologik
lug‘atlar, til korpuslari, shuningdek tezaruslar muhim o‘rin tutishi bayon etilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
Irrigatsiya, melioratsiya, terminlar tarixi, izohli lug‘atlar,
etimologik tahlil, o‘z qatlam, o‘zlashma qatlam
Аннотация
Этимологические исследования на протяжении времени являются
объектом особого внимания лингвистов. В рамках таких исследований
анализируется языковая принадлежность слова, язык его возникновения
ещё в период раннего употребления, первоначальное значение, а также
особенности развития его семантики. В данной статье подчёркивается
необходимость лексикографических исследований в этимологическом
анализе терминов «ирригация» и «мелиорация». При этом особое значение
придаётся толковым и этимологическим словарям, языковым корпусам, а
также тезаурусам.
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Ключевые слова:
ирригация, мелиорация земель, история терминов,
толковые словари, этимологический анализ, собственный слой, слой
присвоения
Etymology is considered one of the most important branches of linguistics.
The origin and formation of words, phrases, and other linguistic units have
always been at the center of attention for specialists. Etymological research also
plays a crucial role in identifying the differences between a word’s original
meaning and the meaning it acquires as a result of progress and development.
Since etymological studies focus on analyzing the peculiarities of semantic
development, the language to which a word belongs, and the concept it was
originally intended to express, lexicographic research is equally essential. A
significant role in this process is played by etymological dictionaries,
explanatory dictionaries, language corpora, and thesauruses. This article
emphasizes the necessity of lexicographic research in the etymological analysis
of the terms
“irrigation”
and
“melioration”
, with particular importance given to
explanatory dictionaries, etymological dictionaries, language corpora, and
thesauruses.
Research dedicated to the etymological description of units within a specific
lexico-semantic group enables the proper use of linguistic units in particular
speech situations. Accurate systematization of terminological units is also
essential for confirming their connection to concepts and for eliminating
polyfunctionality and synonymy in terminology. The study of the etymological
features of the terms
irrigation
and
melioration
has been partially conducted
within Uzbek linguistics. Specifically, X. Jabbarov performed an etymological
analysis of agricultural terminology. In his examination of the lexeme
“dehqon”
(peasant), the scholar notes that research related to its origin was carried out
not only by linguists but also by historians, geographers, scholars of antiquity,
and Hellenists, emphasizing that this lexeme has undergone significant semantic
expansion compared to its original state[1:45]. Indeed, in its original meaning,
the lexeme
“dehqon”
would not have been distinguished as a term in the field of
irrigation and land reclamation. However, in modern explanatory dictionaries,
this lexeme is defined as “asosiy kasbi yerga ishlov berish, ekin ekishdan iborat
bo‘lgan kishi”[2:816–817], which is presented in a dictionary entry revealing
this meaning. In this regard, the analysis of the etymological features of lexical
units in this field allows for the clarification of their semantic characteristics.
The majority of the terms in the fields of irrigation and land reclamation
consist of Turkic words. The formation of industry-specific terms related to the
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Turkic language can be explained by the fact that the peoples who inhabited the
territory of our country have been engaged in agriculture since the times before
our era [3:229]. Later, when cultural interaction with agriculture began, terms
representing concepts related to water structures, the names of cultivated
plants, and methods of land cultivation created by humanity started to enrich
our lexicon. The Turkic layer constitutes the main part of the native linguistic
stratum. The lexemes related to the fields of irrigation and reclamation, listed
below, belong to the Turkic stratum: for example,
aralashma
(mixture),
ariq
(canal),
arpa
(barley),
balchiq
(clay),
balchiqli
(muddy),
balchiqlik
(muddy land),
bug‘doy
(wheat),
botqoq
(swamp),
botqoqlanish
(swamping),
botqoqli
(swampy),
botqoqlik
(swampiness),
bulut
(cloud),
buloq
(spring),
burg‘i
(drill),
burg‘ilamoq
(to drill),
bug‘
(steam),
bug‘lanish
(evaporation),
urug‘
(seed),
ildiz
(root),
ekin
(crop),
yer
(land),
tuproq
(soil),
suv
(water),
suvloq
(wet),
ko‘l
(lake),
quduq
(well),
o‘zan
(bed),
dengiz
(sea),
irmoq
(stream),
ketmon
(hoe),
toshqin
(flood),
ko‘tarma
(embankment),
egat
(ditch),
soy
(brook). In the process of identifying
the indigenous layer of terms related to irrigation and land reclamation, we can
say that the etymological data provided in explanatory dictionaries serve as the
primary indicators. At the same time, the specific phonetic features of common
Turkic words (such as the words being predominantly monosyllabic or
disyllabic; the absence of a sequence of consonants at the end of a word; the full
opening of the first syllable in disyllabic words; the second syllable not
beginning with a vowel; and stress falling on the final syllable, among others)
and semantic characteristics (such as the polysemy of most lexemes)[4] also
simplify the process. The etymological data used to identify lexemes were also
based on the information provided in Sh.Rahmatullayev’s “Etymological
Dictionary of the Uzbek Language” (2000), which is considered a significant
source in Uzbek linguistics. As mentioned, etymological data is the result of
research conducted to determine the original form and meaning of words. The
“
ariq
” lexeme, included in the list of Turkic and Uzbek words above, is found in
the first volume of Sh. Rahmatullaev’s dictionary of Turkic words and is
explained as follows: “kichik oqin suv yo‘li. Bu ot asli qadimgi turkiy tildagi “oq”
ma’nosini anglatgan
a:p-
fe’lidan
-ық
qo‘shimchasi bilan yasalgan. Keyinroq
a:
unlisining cho‘ziqlik belgisi yo‘qolgan”[5:34]. Such etymological analyses prove
that words currently interpreted as root words were historically formed
through derivation. For example, the information that the lexeme “
ariq
” which is
considered a root word today, is derived from the verb “
oqmoq
” (to flow) has
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been obtained through etymological analysis. This data demonstrates that the
lexeme is directly related to the field of irrigation and reclamation.
Among the Uzbek irrigation and reclamation terms, loanwords also form a
significant part. In particular, the influence of the Persian-Tajik language has
been most prominent at the lexical level. Lexical items borrowed from this
language, such as
marza
,
maydon
,
girdob
,
dara
,
daryo
,
dasta
,
dasht
,
dahyak
,
dehqon
,
jo‘yak
,
joybon
,
nov
,
nishob
,
sho‘rxok
,
damba
,
sardoba
,
zamin
,
zamindor
,
zang
,
zarang
,
kanora
,
paykal
, etc., have firmly taken their place in the modern
Uzbek language lexicon. The Uzbek people use these lexical units in their speech
processes as part of their lexical heritage. In the explanatory dictionaries of the
Uzbek language, a special note (
f.
) is made for the units borrowed from the
Persian-Tajik language. This etymological information plays a key role in
identifying the units from the Persian-Tajik language in the Uzbek irrigation and
reclamation terminology system. Most of the lexical items borrowed from the
Persian-Tajik language have also acquired the characteristic of polysemy. This
indicates that these lexical units have been part of the Uzbek lexicon for a long
time. For example, the two meanings of the lexeme
marza
are explained in the
explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language.
“MARZA [f. – chegara, sarhad; o‘lka; egat] q.x. 1 Ekinzor yoki uning bir
bo‘lagini boshqa bo‘lakdan ajratish uchun ma’lum balandlikda tuproq uyib hosil
qilingan chegara; egat, yo‘l.
2 Ariq sirti; pushta”[6:117-118]
The lexeme
marza
, which we are analyzing, has etymological meanings such
as “
chegara, sarhad; o‘lka; egat
” as recorded in the Explanatory Dictionary of the
Uzbek Language. However, it should be noted here that the meaning of
o‘lka
is
no longer preserved in the modern Uzbek language. The abbreviation “
q.x”
(agriculture) used in the dictionary entry indicates that the lexeme is related to
the field of agriculture. Since irrigation and reclamation are integral parts of
agriculture, this connection is significant. Similarly, another term,
girdob
, was
formed in the Persian-Tajik language through compounding and was borrowed
into Uzbek in this form. The Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language
provides four definitions for
girdob
, but only one of them can be included within
the system of irrigation and reclamation terminology.
The etymological information provided for this lexeme in the
Explanatory
Dictionary of the Uzbek Language
is as follows: “suv uyurmasi, kamar,
o‘pqon”[7:231]
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The presence of Arabic words in the Uzbek irrigation and melioration
terminology system has been identified through the analysis of dictionaries and
other linguistic sources. Arabic loanwords in the Uzbek language, like those from
Persian-Tajik, have long been an integral part of the nation's cultural heritage.
As a result, lexical units of Arabic origin are actively used in Uzbek speech.
Lexemes such as
anhor
,
sel
,
bahr
,
vodiy
,
nahr
,
sohil
,
hovuz
,
maydon
,
hashar
,
tanob
,
nav
,
samum
,
sath
,
sahro
,
sel
,
sohil
,
modda
, etc., which are actively used in the
irrigation and melioration terminology system, support this argument. It is
difficult to find a speaker of Uzbek who does not understand these words. For
instance, the Arabic lexeme
sel
has six meanings in the explanatory dictionary of
the Uzbek language. Two of these meanings are directly related to the field of
irrigation and melioration. However, the etymological meaning of the word
shows a difference from its current meaning: “oqim; soy, anhor, jilg‘a”[8:588].
The development of the fields of irrigation and land reclamation
(melioration) in Uzbekistan is closely linked to the historical period of the Soviet
era, particularly with the introduction of technology into agriculture and the
expansion of new arable lands. As a result, as in many other fields, the number of
Russian-origin terms in the irrigation and melioration sector increased
significantly. However, it is important to note that not all borrowings that
entered the Uzbek language through Russian originated in Russian itself —
many of them were originally borrowed by the Russian language from other
languages before being adopted into Uzbek via Russian. Commonly used
lexemes in this field include
ammiak (ammonia)
,
selitra (saltpeter)
,
traktor
(tractor)
,
kaliy (potassium)
,
irrigatsiya (irrigation)
,
melioratsiya (melioration)
,
mineralogiya (mineralogy)
,
gidrotexnik (hydrotechnician)
,
kolxoz (collective
farm)
,
pudratchi (contractor)
,
lotok (channel tray)
,
irrigator
,
vodokachka (water
pump)
,
kanal (canal)
,
nasos (pump)
,
vodokanal (waterworks)
,
drenaj (drainage),
and
truba (pipe)
.
In recent years, the process of borrowing words from European languages
into Uzbek has no longer required the intermediary role of the Russian language.
At present, the adoption of new terms into Uzbek occurs directly, and this
process also applies to the terminology of the irrigation and land reclamation
(melioration) sector. For instance, the lexeme
marker
, used in the field of
irrigation and melioration, etymologically traces back to the French word
marqueur
. In French, this lexeme conveys the meanings of “to mark” or “to place
a sign.” In contemporary Uzbek, as a specialized term in irrigation and
melioration,
marker
refers to a “Egat olish va ekin ekish uchun reja chizig‘i
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tortuvchi asbob; xatkash” [6:113]. This example reflects the emergence of new
approaches within the process of word adoption in the Uzbek language.
The etymological analysis of Uzbek terminology in the field of irrigation and
land reclamation reveals that native lexical layers play a leading role within the
system. This can be explained by the fact that agriculture has historically been a
dominant sector in the life of the Uzbek people for many centuries. In the
process of adopting terminology specific to this field, various factors have held
primary influence. For example, in the case of borrowing from Russian and
Arabic, language policy implemented in the country was elevated to a decisive
factor. Meanwhile, in the case of borrowing from the Tajik language, the close
neighborhood relations between the two peoples served as the primary factor
facilitating the exchange.
List of used literature:
1.
Жабборов Х. Ўзбек тили деҳқончилик лексикаси (Жанубий
Ўзбекисон ҳудуди материаллари асосида): Филол. фанл. д-ри. дисс. –
Тошкент, 2017. – Б.45.
2.
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati: 6 jildlik, 1-jild. – Toshkent: G‘afur G‘ulom,
2022. – 964 b.
3.
Ўзбекистон миллий энциклопедияси: 12 жилдлик, 2-жилд. –
Тошкент: ЎзМЭ, 2002. – Б.229.
4.
Jamolxonov H. Hozirgi o‘zbek adabiy tili. – Toshkent: Talqin, 2005. – 272
b.
5.
Раҳматуллаев Ш. Ўзбек тилининг этимологик луғати: 3 жилдлик, 1-
жилд. – Тошкент: Университет, 2000. – 600 б.
6.
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati: 6 jildlik, 3-jild. – Toshkent: G‘afur G‘ulom,
2022. – 844 b.
7.
Umarov, X., Xolyigitova, B., & Ergasheva, O. (2021). THE ROLE OF FICTION
IN THE FORMATION OF THE CHILDREN'S WORLDVIEW. Экономика и социум,
(3-1), 319-321.
8.
O‘zbek tilining izohli lug‘ati: 6 jildlik, 4-jild. – Toshkent: G‘afur G‘ulom,
2022. – 824 b.
