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NEW COMBATING GLOBAL STRATEGIES AGAINST
RADICALIZATION, VIOLENCE, AND EXTREMISM
Elmirzayev Farrukh Yulchiboevich
Officer of the Counter-Terrorism Service, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Republic of
Uzbekistan. Email: Farruh_uz@inbox.ru, phone: +998 71 231-48-45 (work),
+998 90 110-64-00 (mobile)
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14130544
Abstract:
The development of society and the modern world can only be
ensured through effective combating of radicalism, violence, and extremism.
Different countries possess unique methods and experiences in combating
radicalism. The article analyzes the experiences of countries such as Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Pakistan, and China in fighting against radicalism. Specifically, it
discusses the practices in Saudi Arabian penal institutions dealing with convicts of
radical ideas, Singapore's approaches to self-radicalization, educational and
rehabilitation programs in Pakistan deradicalization centers, and China's
strategies against separatism. The article provides an analytical approach and
explores specific solutions to these problems.
Saudi Arabia has developed a comprehensive and multifaceted approach to
combating radicalism, violence, and extremism, with programs addressing both
prevention and rehabilitation. This approach positions the Kingdom as a leading
example in tackling radicalization within a conservative, religious framework.
Despite facing global challenges such as terrorism and extremist threats, Saudi
Arabia has established itself as one of the world’s safest nations. According to the
Global Terrorism Index 2020 by the Institute for Economics and Peace, Saudi
Arabia achieved a terrorism risk score of zero, underscoring its effectiveness in
maintaining national security and ranking it among the safest countries, alongside
Turkmenistan, Slovenia, Singapore, Togo, and Gambia [2].
Saudi Arabia’s approach begins within its correctional facilities, focusing on
prisoners convicted of crimes linked to extremism and terrorism. The authorities
work closely with these individuals to understand the root causes of their
radicalization. Through direct engagement, a comprehensive program is
structured to address these causes with a blend of religious, psychological, and
cultural rehabilitation.
In this process, religious scholars and counselors are brought in to provide
inmates with an accurate understanding of Islam, aiming to clarify and correct
any misconceptions or distorted interpretations that may have influenced their
actions. The program emphasizes “pure” Islamic teachings, which include values
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of peace, respect for life, and compassion—principles that contradict extremist
ideology. Additionally, the Kingdom promotes a positive rehabilitation
environment by encouraging family connections and personal development,
allowing inmates to celebrate family milestones, participate in sports, and engage
in productive activities. This approach reinforces the idea that a balanced life
includes both spiritual and social elements.
Muḥammad bin Nayef Counseling and Care Center - significant component
of Saudi Arabia’s anti-radicalization strategy is the Muḥammad bin Nayef
Counseling and Care Center, established in 2004 under the Ministry of Interior.
This specialized center works with individuals who have been influenced by
radical ideologies, offering targeted programs to aid their reintegration into
society.
The center provides an 8 to 12-week rehabilitation program for individuals
nearing the end of their prison terms. This program is designed to prepare them
for a return to normal, productive lives and to help them overcome psychological,
social, and ideological barriers that might otherwise hinder their reintegration.
The center offers a range of support services, including:
Medical and Psychological Support: Professional medical care and
psychological counseling address trauma, stress, and other mental health issues
stemming from their previous involvement in extremist activities.
Social and Financial Assistance: The center provides financial guidance,
legal aid, and social services, helping rehabilitated individuals reintegrate with
dignity and stability.
Vocational Training and Employment: Individuals are trained in vocational
skills relevant to the job market, and the center assists in job placements to
ensure that they have meaningful employment opportunities upon release.
This holistic approach ensures that rehabilitated individuals have a solid
foundation to rebuild their lives, reducing the likelihood of recidivism. Saudi
Arabia’s strategy demonstrates a proactive and humane model, offering support
to those impacted by radical ideologies while safeguarding society from further
risks.
In addition to working within its borders, Saudi Arabia has extended its
anti-radicalization efforts to address those affected by extremism in conflict
zones. For instance, the Kingdom has been successful in reintegrating 147
underage individuals who were previously involved in combat activities in
Yemen. This project focuses on young people who have been exposed to radical
ideologies or directly involved in armed conflict. Through intensive counseling
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and support, these youth are guided away from extremist beliefs and provided
with the tools to adapt to a peaceful, constructive role in society.
Saudi authorities use a combination of educational programs, psychological
counseling, and social support to help these young individuals reintegrate into
communities. By addressing the underlying traumas and experiences that led
them to radicalization, Saudi Arabia not only aids their personal recovery but also
strengthens societal resilience against the spread of extremist ideologies.
Saudi Arabia’s efforts have gained international recognition for their
effectiveness in reducing terrorism and creating one of the safest environments
globally. The Kingdom’s holistic approach to combating radicalism—from prison
rehabilitation to social reintegration—serves as a model for other nations facing
similar challenges. Saudi Arabia continues to adapt and refine its programs to
respond to the evolving landscape of extremism, demonstrating a commitment to
both national and global security.
In conclusion, Saudi Arabia’s approach to radicalism involves a blend of
prevention, rehabilitation, and reintegration that addresses the needs of
individuals while safeguarding the broader society. By engaging radicalized
individuals in correctional facilities, offering comprehensive counseling through
specialized centers, and extending support to youth affected by extremism in
conflict zones, the Kingdom sets a standard for countering radicalization with
compassion and effectiveness. This approach not only protects Saudi citizens but
also contributes to global stability and the prevention of extremism.
The experience of
Singapore
is also noteworthy in the fight against
radicalism. As a secular, democratic, and multi-ethnic, multi-religious developed
state, Singapore actively promotes tolerance among all its citizens and has
become one of the leading nations combating radicalism to ensure societal
harmony. Singapore faces the unique challenge of “
self-radicalization
,” where
individuals, influenced by travel to Arab countries or exposed to extremist
content online and on social media calling for “jihad,” adopt radical ideologies.
This phenomenon has become especially prevalent among adolescents aged 15–
20 and women [3].
In Singapore’s approach to combating radicalism, as in Saudi Arabia, the
initial focus is on identifying the root causes of radicalization in individuals
influenced by extremist and radical ideas. Authorities conduct an in-depth
analysis of these individuals' understanding of Islam and assess their exposure to
extremist content. Through a structured program, affected individuals are paired
with mentors who provide psychological, social, and religious guidance. This
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program includes one-on-one counseling sessions and religious consultations to
correct misunderstandings and reinforce accurate teachings of Islam that
promote peace and unity .
Singapore’s counter-radicalization program extends beyond direct
interventions. As a major component of this initiative, awareness campaigns are
conducted in secular and religious educational institutions, community
organizations, and various public forums. This wide-reaching program includes
training and awareness for a diverse range of people, including taxi drivers, call
center operators, hotel and retail staff, as well as foreign nationals and their
families. The goal is to empower these groups with knowledge to recognize and
counter signs of radicalization, fostering a sense of shared responsibility in
maintaining societal safety and unity.
Singapore’s proactive approach combines educational outreach, community
involvement, and individualized interventions to build resilience against
extremist ideologies and promote inclusivity. By addressing the social,
psychological, and religious factors contributing to radicalization, Singapore
strengthens its multicultural society and mitigates the risks associated with self-
radicalization. This comprehensive strategy serves as a model for other nations
facing similar challenges in an increasingly interconnected world.
Pakistan
is another country with significant experience in combating
radicalization. As a nation with considerable potential for democratic
development, Pakistan today stands as a strong opponent to radicalization,
effectively cooperating with the international community and, most importantly,
retaining a modern governance model.
One of the unique aspects of Pakistan's approach is the
legal foundation
provided by its Constitution, which plays a crucial role in the fight against
violence and extremism. This foundation is further supported by the efforts of
policymakers, political parties, and community organizations
, all of whom
contribute to countering radical ideologies. The commitment of these diverse
groups strengthens Pakistan’s stance on radicalism and supports a holistic
approach to national security and social cohesion.
A key component of Pakistan's counter-radicalization efforts is its military's
“Winning Hearts and Minds” (WHAM)
initiative. Under this slogan, the Pakistan
Army has focused on the youth, women, and minors in border regions, using
education, ideological support, psychological counseling, economic assistance,
and social welfare initiatives to steer vulnerable populations away from radical
and extremist ideologies. By investing in these communities, the program not only
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deters radicalization but also contributes to
peace and stability in these
regions
.
Over the years, Pakistan has gained extensive experience in deradicalization
through its efforts to address
Afghan refugees, captured combatants, and
separatist movements
. This has provided the country with the tools and
strategies necessary for effective rehabilitation, even among individuals exposed
to prolonged extremist influences. Pakistan's experience has proven instrumental
in integrating combatants back into society and providing them with pathways
away from extremism.
Pakistan has established
deradicalization centers
such as
Sabon, Mishal,
and Sparley
, which have been operational since 2009. These centers focus on
rehabilitating inmates in correctional facilities by providing religious education,
psychological counseling, and vocational training to counter extremist beliefs. In
cases where the inmate's behavior warrants, these sessions are held with family
members present, creating a support network that enhances the individual’s
rehabilitation.
These centers are part of a broader
deradicalization program
, which,
according to Pakistani officials, has successfully helped over
2,500 former
fighters
from terrorist organizations to transition toward a path of recovery.
Through a combination of
religious re-education, psychological support, and
vocational training
, Pakistan’s deradicalization centers aim to not only
rehabilitate individuals but also equip them with skills for a constructive role in
society.
Pakistan’s approach to combating radicalization highlights the importance
of a
multi-dimensional strategy
that encompasses legal, social, military, and
educational elements. With a focus on both
prevention and rehabilitation
,
Pakistan addresses the root causes of radicalization while also offering viable
paths for reformed individuals to reintegrate into society. This comprehensive
approach not only strengthens Pakistan’s internal security but also contributes to
regional stability and counter-radicalization efforts globally. Through WHAM
initiatives, deradicalization centers, and collaboration with the international
community, Pakistan sets a practical example for effectively combating the
pervasive issue of radicalization [4].
China
has a distinctive approach to combating radicalization, viewing it as a
critical component of its broader policy to prevent extremism and terrorism.
China has established specialized anti-radicalization training centers under the
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Anti-Terrorist Committee in regions where separatist, extremist, and terrorist
activities may be observed, such as in Xinjiang and Tibet. These centers focus on
providing vocational training and enhancing awareness of the rule of law to
address the general lack of knowledge about national legislation and legal rights
among residents. Individuals at these centers receive legal education alongside
professional skills training, aimed at creating stable opportunities for them to
reintegrate into society positively.
In China, traditional media channels such as television, newspapers, radio,
and the Internet play a prominent role in the fight against radicalism. The
government has introduced specific programs to promote anti-separatist and anti-
terrorism legislation, using public spaces to broadcast awareness content. For
example, digital screens, billboards, and bus televisions in city centers display
anti-terrorism messages and videos, creating a consistent reminder of the
importance of countering extremism.
In addition to direct informational campaigns, China has developed
innovative anti-terrorism education projects aimed at promoting cultural values
through entertainment. This approach uses songs, games, and comedy sketches to
communicate anti-radicalization messages in an engaging manner. By embedding
these themes into popular culture, China aims to shape public attitudes against
terrorism and foster a community ethos that discourages extremist beliefs.
The Tibetan Autonomous Region presents unique characteristics in China’s
anti-radicalization strategy. In response to the specific threat of extremism in this
region, police officers receive training within Buddhist temples to address local
issues effectively. Tibet’s counter-terrorism strategy also includes redefining
certain behaviors, such as self-immolation, categorizing them as acts of
“terrorism” to discourage such actions and highlight the consequences of
extremist ideologies.
China offers financial incentives for citizens who provide information about
foreign terrorist organizations, their members, or individuals involved in
spreading religious extremism and promoting terrorism within China. Rewards
can be as high as 300,000 yuan (approximately $45,000), encouraging community
involvement in identifying and reporting extremist activities [4].
China’s approach to radicalization prevention is comprehensive, combining
legal education, media campaigns, cultural projects, targeted training, and
financial rewards. This multi-layered strategy not only seeks to counter
immediate threats but also aims to foster a society resilient against extremist
influences.
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In the
Arab Republic of Egypt
, the fight against radicalism and extremism is
supported by institutions such as the Al-Azhar Observatory for Combating
Extremism, the Electronic Fatwa Center, and the Salam Center for Extremism
Studies under the Egyptian Dar al-Ifta (House of Fatwa).
Al-Azhar Observatory for Combating Extremism -
Established in 2015, the
Al-Azhar Observatory’s primary goal is to monitor and analyze extremist
ideologies and propaganda disseminated by terrorist groups. To achieve this, the
observatory employs
50 multilingual experts
proficient in foreign languages
who actively monitor extremist ideas and content on various websites and social
media platforms. These experts produce counter-narratives and responses in
13
different languages
, effectively challenging extremist messaging and providing
alternatives to radical interpretations.
Electronic Fatwa Center -
The Electronic Fatwa Center serves as a central
point for responding to religious inquiries from the public. Questions submitted to
the center are categorized based on content and subject matter, allowing them to
be directed to the appropriate specialists. In addition to responding to individual
queries, the center monitors the quality of its online responses to ensure they
align with authentic Islamic teachings.
The center emphasizes the importance of both in-person discussions and
disseminating information via social media as effective tools in the fight against
radicalism. Through online engagement and interactive sessions, the Electronic
Fatwa Center works to clarify religious misconceptions, thereby reducing the risk
of individuals being influenced by radical ideologies.
Salam Center for Extremism Studies -
The Salam Center focuses on
researching and developing strategies to combat extremism and radicalism. It
provides support to government bodies by examining the
scientific, cultural,
social, economic, and psychological dimensions
of extremism and
radicalization. By addressing these facets, the center aids in the creation of
comprehensive counter-radicalization policies that consider the root causes and
various influences contributing to extremism [5].
Each of these institutions plays a critical role in Egypt's strategy to counter
extremism. Through
monitoring extremist narratives, providing religious
guidance, and developing preventive measures
, these centers work
collaboratively to create an environment where radicalism is less likely to thrive.
By integrating cultural and psychological understanding into their approach,
Egypt is working towards a sustainable and multifaceted solution to the
challenges posed by radical ideologies.
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In Uzbekistan, several strategies have been developed to combat
radicalization and extremism. These strategies include the following key
measures: establishing fnti-radicalization centers, promoting cultural diversity
and religious tolerance through educational programs,: rapid response to
religious extremism in media, countering recruitment, efforts by extremist
organizations, educating youth with positive role models, engaging in
international experience exchange.
In summary, methods and strategies to combat radicalism, violence, and
extremism vary across the globe, with each country developing approaches suited
to its environment and circumstances. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Singapore,
Pakistan, and China have distinct methods tailored to their unique conditions.
Similarly, Uzbekistan is developing effective measures against radical ideologies,
focusing on education, cultural and religious tolerance, social rehabilitation, and
increasing efforts against extremist organizations. By utilizing foreign experiences
and continuously improving national strategies, Uzbekistan is advancing in its
fight against radicalism and extremism, building a safer and more resilient
society.
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