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DEVELOPING TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES’ PHYSICAL PREPAREDNESS
CAPACITIES AS A KEY FACTOR OF THE TRAINING PROCESS
Shayimova Asila Meyliboy qizi
Master’s Degree Student, 2nd Year
Faculty of Sports, Qarshi State University.
Tel: +998 (97) 805 92 62
E-mail: ashayimova@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17559726
Abstract.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of developing
physical preparedness capacities of track and field athletes within the training process. The
study examines the significance of both general and special physical training in enhancing
athletes’ functional capabilities, endurance, speed, and strength. The research also describes
effective methods for designing individualized training programs through special exercises
tailored to athletes’ unique characteristics. The article presents practical recommendations for
optimizing the training process, systematically selecting and performing exercises to improve
physical qualities, and increasing overall athletic performance. The findings contribute to
assessing athletes’ general preparedness levels, planning both individual and group training
sessions, and enhancing competitive potential. Furthermore, the study highlights approaches to
ensure effective physical training that considers the complexity and specificity of track and field
disciplines.
Keywords:
Physical training, general physical training, special physical training,
functional capabilities, special exercises, physical qualities.
РАЗВИТИЕ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДГОТОВЛЕННОСТИ ЛЕГКОАТЛЕТОВ
КАК КЛЮЧЕВОЙ ФАКТОР ТРЕНИРОВОЧНОГО ПРОЦЕССА
Аннотация.
Данная статья представляет собой комплексный анализ роли
формирования физических подготовительных способностей легкоатлетов в учебно-
тренировочном процессе. Исследование рассматривает значение общей и специальной
физической подготовки для развития функциональных возможностей спортсменов,
выносливости, скорости и силы. Также описаны эффективные методы разработки
индивидуальных программ подготовки с использованием специальных упражнений,
адаптированных к индивидуальным особенностям атлетов. Статья содержит
практические
рекомендации
по
оптимизации
тренировочного
процесса,
систематическому подбору и выполнению упражнений для повышения физических
качеств и общего спортивного результата. Результаты исследования позволяют
оценить уровень общей подготовленности спортсменов, планировать индивидуальные и
групповые занятия, а также повышать их соревновательный потенциал. В статье
также подчеркиваются подходы, обеспечивающие эффективную физическую подготовку
с учетом сложности и специфики легкоатлетических дисциплин.
Ключевые слова:
Физическая подготовка, общая физическая подготовка,
специальная физическая подготовка, функциональные возможности, специальные
упражнения, физические качества.
Introduction
Physical preparedness is one of the fundamental components of success in track and field
sports. The efficiency of an athlete’s performance largely depends on the level of their general
and special physical training, which determines their endurance, strength, speed, and
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coordination. Modern sports science emphasizes that the development of physical capabilities
must be systematic, scientifically grounded, and based on the individual characteristics of each
athlete. In recent years, the role of physical preparedness in the training process has significantly
increased due to the growing competitiveness of sports and the introduction of innovative
training methods. The development of functional capacities and specific physical qualities has
become a determining factor in achieving high results in athletics. Therefore, a comprehensive
approach that includes both general and special physical training is required to form an athlete’s
professional competence and maintain their performance stability throughout the competitive
season. The purpose of this study is to analyze the theoretical and practical aspects of developing
track and field athletes’ physical preparedness capacities as a key factor in the training process. It
focuses on identifying effective training methods, assessing functional readiness, and
establishing optimal strategies for improving athletes’ physical performance in alignment with
modern sports requirements.
Literature Review
Physical training is an important part of the training process and the main factor. Physical
training is a process of raising physical abilities that are inextricably linked with increasing the
overall level of the div's functional capabilities, all-round physical development, and
strengthening health. Physical training is divided into general and special types of training.
General and special physical training tasks are directly related to each other. The general
physical fitness of track and field athletes serves to solve the tasks of comprehensive education
of physical abilities, increase of general working ability. General development exercises and
exercises from other types of sports that have a general effect on the div of the participants are
used as the main tools. It contributes to the development and strengthening of muscle tendons,
the improvement of the function of internal organs and systems, the improvement of
coordination of movements and the general level of movement qualities. The purpose of special
physical training is to develop and improve the physical qualities and functional capabilities
unique to the athlete [1,5]. The high intensity of muscle work alternates with a decrease in
activity and transition to a relatively calm state. Fast running, jumping ahead, jumps alternate
with light running, walking, stopping, the direction of movement, rhythm and pace change. Such
activity is associated with the implementation of a certain physical load, vegetative processes,
first of all, continue with serious functional changes in metabolism, breathing and blood
circulation [3,4].
Methodology
It is possible to gradually improve the performance of some technical methods with the
help of special exercises aimed at developing more specific physical qualities. For this, as a rule,
special exercises are used that are similar to one or another technical method or its individual
elements according to the nature and structure of execution. More repetitive, intermittent,
variable, game and competition styles are used in physical training. In the annual training cycle,
it is advisable to do general physical training first, and then special physical training on this
basis. Strength, quickness, agility, dexterity play a key role in the general and special physical
training of track and field athletes. These same physical qualities represent the level of
movement capabilities of track and field athletes. The training of physical qualities is part of the
training process. Looking at the methods of improving the physical fitness of athletes, we mean,
first of all, the methods of training physical qualities.
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For comprehensive physical development, strengthening of health and success in sports,
it is necessary to develop and educate the main physical and spiritual will qualities. The
development and training of these basic physical and spiritual qualities of will is an important
part of the training of athletics. Development of the main physical qualities of track and field
athletes (physical training) is first of all a comprehensive and special physical development
process of the athlete. Physical training is divided into general physical training and special
physical training [2,6]. Exercises that develop the qualities of strength, speed, endurance, agility,
and flexibility play a key role in general and special physical training.plays. Based on the same
physical qualities, the ability of the organs and systems in the div of the athlete to work reflects
his ability to moveis enough.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Physical preparedness is an integral part of the general and specific training process of
track and field athletes. The study revealed that physical training plays a decisive role in
enhancing the athlete’s functional capacities, improving muscle activity and internal organ
systems, refining movement coordination, and developing essential physical attributes such as
strength, speed, agility, endurance, and flexibility. While general physical preparedness
contributes to the overall development and health of the athlete, special physical preparedness
focuses on improving movement techniques and functional capabilities that are specific to the
discipline of track and field. The results indicate that organizing the annual training cycle in two
main stages-first emphasizing general physical preparedness and later focusing on special
physical preparedness—ensures higher effectiveness. The use of repetitive, variable, game-
based, and competitive methods in training promotes sustainable development and improved
athletic performance. Furthermore, it is crucial to consider the athlete’s age, gender,
psychological, and individual characteristics in designing training programs to achieve optimal
outcomes.
Recommendations:
1. The ratio between general and special physical training should be adapted to the
athlete’s level of preparedness and individual characteristics.
2. The use of modern technologies such as biomechanical analysis, heart rate monitoring,
and video analysis is recommended to monitor and control training loads.
3. Special exercises should be designed to resemble technical movements in athletics while
engaging various muscle groups for balanced development.
4. Alongside physical qualities, attention should be paid to developing athletes’ moral and
volitional traits, as they play an important role in achieving long-term success.
5. Recovery exercises and elements of psychological preparation should be integrated into
the training process to maintain performance stability.
6. Coaches and trainers should be provided with scientifically grounded methodological
guides to effectively apply these principles in practical training.
