Sentabr, 2025-Yil
167
COMPOUND VERBS IN KARAKALPAK, ENGLISH AND GERMAN
LANGUAGES
Aytmuratova Tumaris Zakariyayevna
Uzbek State World Languages University Master’s student
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17182009
Abstract.
This article studies the compound verbs in three different languages:
Karakalpak, English and German. In the article main features of compound verbs are
identified, analyzed and compared from morphological and structural point of view.
Keywords:
compound verbs, verb, verbal stem, noun, adjectives, part of speech,
helping verb, compound constructions, category, component, morphological structure.
Verbs as a part of speech play a key role in the vocabulary of each language and
structurally they can be compound, phrasal and auxiliary types. In the following
research compound verbs in the three languages are studied from the point of view of
the structure and formation.
In Karakalpak language compound verbs are, in general, formed by combining
two verbs or matching a part of speech with a verb. In result of compounding, they
together give another new lexical meaning. So, linguists divide Karakalpak compound
verbs into three categories
1
:
1.
Compound verbs with a different part of speech as a first component. In
these compounds as a second component will serve the helping verbs like
et, al, ber,
qoy, sal, bol, ko’r, qal, basla, jet
and others.
a) Among them the helping verb ‘
et’
is mostly combined with abstract nouns and
form a compound verb. They are widespread in the Karakalpak language:
qariz etiw,
diqqat etiw, ta’rbiya etiw, hu’rmet etiw, iqlas etiw, dawam etiw, xabar etiw, inam etiw
etc.
b) The helping verb ‘bol’ is combined with nouns, adjectives and modal words.
For instance:
abad boliw, suw boliw, qayil boliw, shad boliw, tamam boliw, qapa boliw,
qiyin boliw, awir boliw, qurg’in boliw, oylasiq boldi, ko’z qulaq bol, saw bol, duwshar
bol, bek bol, joq bol, kerek bol
and so on.
c) The helping verb ‘ber’ goes together with abstract nouns and form a
compound verb
: wa’de beriw, sa’lem beriw, esap beriw, juwap beriw, baha beriw,
dawis ber, ja’rdem beriw, ma’slahat beriw, dawis beriw, komanda beriw etc.
d) Compound verbs with the helping verb ‘al’:
dem al, xabar al, juwap aliw,
ha’wij aliw, qol alisiw, aldin aliw, esapqa aliw, sabaq al, ta’lim al, qolg’a al, tilge al,
eske al, kewilge aliw
and so on.
e) The verb ‘sal’ together with nouns form compound constructions:
na’zer
saliw, ku’sh saliw, g’ayrat saliw, qiyqiy saliw, ja’r saliw, shtraf saliw, tiyim saliw
etc.
f) compound verbs with the element qoy often come together with nouns and
onomatopoeias:
qa’dem qoyiw, qol qoyiw, bas qoyiw, kewil qoyiw, hayt qoyiw, g’iyt
qoyiw.
1
“Ha’zirgi qarqalpaq a’debiy tilinin’ grammatikasi”, Bilim baspasi, 1994, p 65
Sentabr, 2025-Yil
168
g) The helping verb ko’r in combination with nouns, adjectives serves to form a
compound verb:
jaqsi ko’riw, jek ko’riw, an’sat ko’riw, jaman ko’riw, ilayiq ko’riw,
ku;n ko’riw
and others.
h) compound verbs with a component qal:
kewil qaliw, azapqa qaliw, tan’ qaliw,
bos qaliw, hayran qaliw
and so on.
2.
Compound verbs with a verbal stem (Feyil tiykarli qospa feyiller): Verb +
verb structure.
These compounds are made up of the connection of two notional verbs. As in
other types of compounds, in the compound verbs the second component, i.e. the second
verb takes grammatical categories (changes in the person, form). The number of the
verbs serving as a second component is not so many, they are about thirty. The basic
notional verbs used to form a compound verb are the followings
2
:
al, ber, bar, kel, ket,
shiq, jat (jatir), tur, otir, qoy, jiber, tasla, o’t, qayt and others. For ex: qazip al, satip
al, sorap al.
a)
Compound verbs with the verb ‘ber’:
quyip ber, salip ber, tigip ber, tazalap
ber, alip ber, shig’arip ber.
b)
Compound verbs with the verb ‘bar’. Compound verbs of this type point out
the directedness of the action to somewhere:
aydap bar, jetip bar, kirip bar, ko’rip bar
etc.
c)
Compound verbs with the stem ‘kel’. Compounds of this type are the
antonyms of the previous subgroup of compounds with the stem ‘ber’. For instance:
kirip kel, ko’rip kel, izlep kel, aytip kel, bilip kel, jetip kel, qaytip kel.
d)
Compounds with the stem ‘shiq’:
kirip shiq, alip shiq, aytip shiq, aydap
shiq, ko’rip shiq, sanap shiq.
e)
Compounds with the stem ‘jatti’ (jatir):
so’ylesip jatti, sezip jatti, shayqalip
jatir, oylanip jatir, sezip jatir, uyqilap jatir
etc.
3.
Analytical form of the verb. The first component of these verbs can be
either a helping verb or any part of speech, but the last component is always a verb. If
the first constituent is a noun or adjective or any other part of speech, then the second
component will be a helping verb. If the first component is a verb, then the second
component will be a notional verb. The analytical way of formation can have the
following morphological structure: notional Verb + helping Verb. In Karakalpak
language the following verbs occupy the function o f helping verbs:
basla, bol, otir, tur,
ju’r, jatir (atir), bar, kel, al ber, qoy, ko’r, tasla, sal, shiq, tu’s, jet, qara, baq, jo’nel,
qash, qayt, o’t, tart, ur, tap, et (qil), de.
These verbs can do both: they can be a
component of compound verbs, saving their lexical meaning and can be used as
independent notional verbs. For ex:
oqiy basla, jaza basla, jazip bol, aytip bol, oqip
bol, ko’rip bol, oqip tur, jazip tur, aytip tur
etc.
Compound verbs in English
Compound verbs in English are considered to be controversial in Linguistics.
I.V. Arnold states that the problem indeed can be argued in several different ways. He
2
“Ha’zirgi qarqalpaq a’debiy tilinin’ grammatikasi”, Bilim baspasi, 1994, p 66
Sentabr, 2025-Yil
169
also admits that it is not even clear whether verbal compositions exist in present -day
English, though such verbs as
outgrow, overflow, stand up, black-list, stage-manage
and
whitewash
are often called compound verbs. There are even more complications to
the problem than meet the eye. H. Marchand, whose work has been quoted so
extensively in the present chapter, treats
outgrow
and
overflow
as unquestionable
compounds, although he admits that the type is not productive and that locative
particles are near to prefixes
3
. "The Concise Oxford Dictionary", on the other hand,
defines
out
- and
over-
as prefixes used both for verbs and nouns; thi s approach classes
outgrow
and
overflow
as derivatives, which seems convincing. The
stand-up
type was in
turns regarded as a phrase, a compound and a derivative; its nature has been the subject
of much discussion.
The verbs
blackmail
and
stage-manage
belong to two different groups because
they show different correlations with the rest of the vocabulary.
blackmail
v __
honeymoon
v __
nickname
v
blackmail
n
honeymoon
n
nickname
n
The verbs
blackmail, honeymoon
and
nickname are,
therefore, cases of
conversion from endocentric nominal compounds. The type
stagemanage
may be
referred to bасk-fоrmatiоn. The correlation is
as follows:
stage-manage
v _
proof-read
v _
housekeep
v
stage-manager
n
proof-reader
n
housekeeper
n
The second
element
in the first group is a noun
stem; in
the second group it is
always verbal. Some examples of the first group are the verbs
safeguard, nickname,
shipwreck, whitewash, tiptoe, outline, honeymoon, blackmail, hero -worship.
All these
exist in English for a long time.
The 20th century created
week-end, double-cross
'betray',
stream-line, softpedal, spotlight.
The type is especially productive in colloquial
speech and slang,
particularly in American English
4
.
The second group is
less numerous
than the first but highly productive in the
20th century. Among the earliest coinages are
backbite
(1300) and
browbeat
(1603),
then later
ill-treat, house-keep.
The 20th century has coined
hitch-hike
(c f.
hitch-hiker)
'to travel from place to place by asking motorists for free rides';
proof-read (с
f.
proof-
reader)
'to read and correct printer's proofs'; compare also
mass-produce, taperecord
and
vacuumclean.
The most recent is
hi-jack
'make pilots change the course of
aeroplanes by using violence' which comes from the slang word
hi-jacker
explained in
the
Chambers's Dictionary as 'a highwayman or a robber and blackmailer of
bootleggers' (smugglers of liquor)
5
. Thus I.V. Arnold points out the peculiar features of
the English compound verbs, which are controversial issues of the modern linguistics.
The structural integrity of these combinations is supported by the order of
constituents which is a contrast to the usual syntactic pattern where the verb stem would
come first. С f. to read proofs
and
to proofread.
H. Marchand calls them p s e u d o - c
3
I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, М: Высшая школа, 1986, p 126
4
I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, М: Высшая школа,1986, p 126
5
I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, М: Высшая школа, 1986, p 127
Sentabr, 2025-Yil
170
o m p o u n d s, because they
are created as verbs not by the process of composition but
by conversion
and back-formation. His classification
may seem convincing,
if the
vocabulary
is treated diachronically from the viewpoint of those processes
that are at
the back of its formation. It is quite true that the verb
vacuum-clean
was not coined by
compounding and so is not a compound
genetically (on the word-formation level). But if
we are concerned with
the present-day structure and follow consistently the definit ion
of a compound
given in the opening lines of this chapter, we see that it is a word
containing two free stems. It functions in the sentence as a separate lexical unit. It
seems
logical to consider such words as compounds
by right of their structural pattern.
Furthermore, R. S. Ginzburg also considers compound verbs as a special
subgroup among compound words. He admits that there are many polymorphic verbs
that represented of two morphemic sequences of two root -morphemes, like
to
weekend,
to gooseflesh, to spring-clean,
but derivationally they are all words of secondary
derivation in which the existing compound nouns only serve as bases for derivation.
They are often termed pseudo-compound verbs. Such polymorphic verbs are
presented by two groups
6
:
1) verbs formed by means of conversion from the stems of compound nouns as in
to spotlight from a
spotlight, to sidetrack from a side-track,
to handcuff from handcuffs, to blacklist from a blacklist, to pinpoint from a pin -
point;
2) verbs formed by back-derivation from the stems of compound nouns, e.g.
to
babysit from a baby-sitter, to playact from play-acting, to
housekeep from house-keeping, to spring-clean from spring-cleaning.
Besides Ginzburg mentions of a small group of compound verbs made up of the
combination of verbal and adverbial stems that language retains from earlier stages, e.g.
to bypass, to inlay, to offset. However, he also notes that this type of compounding is
no longer productive in modern English.
Compound verbs in German
Compounding is not so much productive in the formation of verbs, as it does
with nouns in German. The compound verbs also consist of two immediate constituents,
the last of which is a verb. As the first component different parts of speech can serve.
For ex:
teilnehmen, stattfinden, freilassen.
Compound verbs in German can have the following structures:
a)
Verb +Verb -
kennen lernen, spazieren gehen, stehenbleiben
b)
Noun (Substantiv) + Verb -
teilnehmen, stattfinden, achtgeben, Radfahren
c)
Adjective (Adjektiv) + Verb -
freisprechen, stillstehen, klarmachen,
bekanntmachen, vollgiessen
d)
Numeral (Zahlwort) + Verb -
einteilen, vierteilen
e)
Adverb (Adverb) + Verb -
weiterfahren, fortsetzen, nahelegen, fernsehen,
zuru”ckgehen
f)
Participle (Partizip) + Verb –
verlorengehen, gefangennehmen.
6
R.S. Ginzburg and others “A Course in Modern Lexicology”, Москва, «Высшая Школа», 1979, p 148
Sentabr, 2025-Yil
171
Apart from that, compound verbs in German are different from compound verbs
of other languages with their spelling. In the German language compound verbs are
graphically similar to verbs with separable prefixes. In the sentences the two
components of the compound verbs are written separately. In contrast to the compound
verbs in Karakalpak and English, that are written either hyphen or solidly, German
compound verbs are written with a break, while used in the context. For instance,
Radfahren, fernsehen
: Am Abend
fahre
ich
Rad
. Alle Familie
sieht
am Sonntag
fern
.
Conclusion
From the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that compound
verbs are more common in Karakalpak and German, while in English verbs as
compounds is one of the controversial subjects in linguistics. Karakalpak and German
compound verbs are mainly formed with the help of both noun and verbal stems and
German compounds considerably differ in the way that they are written separately while
used in the sentence. English linguists such as Arnold and Ginzburg consider them as
pseudo compounds, and that the affixes, verbs made up of can be seen as prefixes, so
the compound verbs as a subtype of compound words in English ought to be further
studied.
References:
1.
“Ha’zirgi Qaraqaqalpaq tili Morfologiya”, Qaqarqalpaqstan baspasi, 1981, 129 bet
2.
“Ha’zirgi qarqalpaq a’debiy tilinin’ grammatikasi” Bilim baspasi, 1994, 66 bet.
3.
A. Bekbergenov “Qaraqalpaq tilinde so’zlerdin’ jasaliwi” Qaraqalpaqstan baspasi,
1979,120 p.
4.
Seytnazarova “Ha’zirgi qaraqalapaq tili. Morfologiya” tekst lektsiyalari, No’kis, 2006
5.
R.S. Ginzburg and others “A Course of Modern English Lexicology”, Москва,
Высшая Школа, 1979, 269 p.
6.
I.V. Arnold “The English Word”, М: Высшая Школа, 1986, 293 p.
7.
Г.Н.Бабич «Лексикология английского языка», Москва «Наука», 2010, 101
стр.
8.
H.Marchand “The categories and Types of Present Day English Wordformation”,
Wiesbaden, 1960
9.
M.D. Stepanova, I.I. Chernysheva “Lexikologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache”, M:
Academia, 2003, 253 S.
10.
S.A. Uchurova „Lexkologie der deutschen Sprache“ Vorlesungsskripten, Jekaterinburg,
Verlag der Uraler-Universität, 2014.
11.
A.Iskos, A.Lenkowa “Deutsche Lexikologie“, Leningrad, 1960, 269 p.
12.
Fleischer W. „Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache“, Leipzig, 1974.
