№ 1 (2025) International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics

Liver cirrhosis remains a significant long-term complication of chronic viral hepatitis, particularly in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). This study investigates the clinical and laboratory changes associated with the progression from chronic viral hepatitis to liver cirrhosis. A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 250 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis (150 with HCV and 100 with HBV) along with a control group of 80 healthy subjects [1]. Clinical parameters—including liver function tests, coagulation profiles, and ultrasound findings—were evaluated alongside immunological markers such as cytokine levels and viral load quantification. The results demonstrate significant alterations in biochemical and immunological parameters as cirrhosis develops, with notable differences between hepatitis C and B infections. These findings may improve early diagnostic accuracy and help guide therapeutic strategies to delay cirrhosis progression [2].

Viral hepatitis C (HCV) in young children continues to be a significant health problem, including in the context of declining prevalence of other types of parenteral hepatitis. Features of the course of HCV in early childhood are associated with the immaturity of the immune system and the possibility of vertical transmission of infection from mother to child. This article examines the main routes of infection in young children, clinical manifestations and modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment [1]. Risk factors for the chronic course of hepatitis C are analyzed and the need for early screening diagnostics is emphasized, which allows timely initiation of antiviral therapy and improves the outcome of the disease [2].

This article reviews current data on the clinical and immunological features of whooping cough in young children. An analysis of the clinical course, characteristic symptoms and dynamics of the immune response, including anti-whooping cough immunity and age differences in its formation, was conducted [1]. The results of the study emphasize the importance of timely diagnosis and adequate therapy, as well as the need to comply with national vaccination schedules to prevent complicated forms of whooping cough [2].

This article analyzes the economic aspects of increasing energy efficiency in rural areas through the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in agrotourism. The integration of RE and agrotourism is important in ensuring sustainable development in the agricultural and tourism sectors. The study analyzes the economic aspects of this integration, including factors such as reducing energy costs, creating new jobs, and developing local infrastructure. Foreign experience is also studied and the possibilities of its application in the conditions of Uzbekistan are considered.

This study explores the application of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models—DeepSeek, Grok 3, and ChatGPT—in orthodontics through a virtual simulation framework. Twenty virtual patients with malocclusions (Class I, II, III) were simulated over 28 days to evaluate AI-driven diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient education. DeepSeek achieved a 15% reduction in diagnostic errors compared to manual assessments, leveraging structured reasoning for cephalometric analysis. Grok 3 improved treatment plan accuracy by 20%, utilizing real-time biomechanical feedback to adjust tooth movement. ChatGPT enhanced patient comprehension by 25%, delivering natural language explanations of treatment processes. The virtual platform ensured precise control over variables like tooth movement rates and compliance, overcoming ethical and logistical barriers of traditional studies. Statistical analysis using t-tests (p < 0.05) confirmed significant performance differences, with DeepSeek excelling in diagnostic precision, Grok 3 in adaptive planning, and ChatGPT in communication. These findings underscore AI’s potential to enhance orthodontic practice by improving accuracy, efficiency, and patient engagement. The complementary strengths of these models suggest a hybrid approach for future applications. As an open-access study, this work aligns with the Journal of Dental Sciences mission to advance clinical dentistry through innovative research, offering a scalable, cost-effective framework for orthodontic advancements.

The publication examines the clinical features and methods of preventing primary headaches in children and adolescents: migraine and tension headaches. Modifiable and non-modifiable migraine trigger factors are analyzed, and methods of non-drug and drug prevention of headaches are discussed.

Functional abdominal pain in children and adolescents is characterized by a wide range of manifestations, does not belong to a separate nosological form, has clinical, prognostic significance and maintains the interest of internists in diagnostics and treatment. Given the wide variety of signs of the systemic nature of the process in childhood, it is advisable to comprehensively examine patients with abdominal pain. Of fundamental importance for pediatric practice is an accurate syndromic diagnosis, which determines the need and strategy of treatment, while the tactical task of the doctor is to choose a drug with the greatest therapeutic and least toxic potential.

This study examines how teachers function in both conventional and contemporary teaching methods, examining how they affect learning outcomes, information retention, and student involvement. Although they offer structured learning, traditional teaching approaches that emphasize lectures, memorization, and teacher-centered instruction frequently restrict student interaction and critical thinking. On the other hand, contemporary methods that encourage active engagement, creativity, and problem-solving abilities include project-based learning, student-centered learning, and technology integration. According to the research findings, while modern teaching methods increase engagement and deeper learning, limitations such as teacher training, resource availability, and institutional constraints prevent complete implementation. The study reveals that a balanced approach, combining classic techniques' organized discipline with the interactive and flexible nature of modern education, can improve learning experiences. Future study should concentrate on improving teacher training programs, boosting access to digital resources, and creating adaptive curricular models to meet the changing educational context.

This study employs cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis to determine Apple Inc.'s major product lines' critical volume and operating leverage. We examine the relationship between production volume, expenses, and profitability using available financial data. The findings reveal Apple's profitability sensitivity to changes in sales volume and cost structures.

In pedagogical literature, the term "Education" is used in both broad and narrow senses. In a broad sense, education means the sum of all influences, activities, actions, and aspirations aimed at the formation of a human personality, ensuring its active participation in the production and social, cultural, and educational life of society. In this understanding, education includes not only educational work carried out in the family, school, children's and youth organizations, but also the entire social system, its leading ideas. Also, the concept of education in a broad sense includes education and obtaining information. This article provides information on raising students as well-rounded individuals.