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The History of The Formation of Women's Organizations and Its
Scientific-Theoretical Foundations
Nilufar D. Djuraeva
Uzbek State University of World Languages, Head of the Department of History of Uzbekistan, Candidate of Historical Sciences,
Professor, Uzbekistan
Krishna Kumar
PhD in arts, Dehli University, India
A R T I C L E I N f
О
Article history:
Submission Date: 31 May 2025
Accepted Date: 29 June 2025
Published Date: 31 July 2025
VOLUME:
Vol.05 Issue07
Page No. 21-29
DOI: -
https://doi.org/10.37547/social-
A B S T R A C T
The article is based on the fact that the women's issue is one of the most
important areas of development of modern society and is considered a set
of social problems that express such issues as the status of women in the
family and society, protection of their legitimate interests, ensuring
employment, and protection of motherhood and childhood. Therefore, the
women's issue plays an important role in the social, economic and political
development of the country.
Studying the history of the origin of the women's issue is of great
importance for a correct understanding and solution of this issue, which is
closely related to human society, social relations, nations and states,
cultures and civilizations. The emergence and development of this issue is
also associated with the transition of socio-historical processes from one
stage to another. The issue of the treatment of women has been addressed
at different times from the perspective of the social system, the interests of
different classes, and the desire to solve society's problems in the socio-
economic and spiritual spheres, but it has not yet found a complete
solution.
Keywords:
Women's issues, modern society, woman, family and
society, legitimate interests, motherhood and childhood, social
problems, country, social, economic and political development, history,
human society, social relations, nations and states, cultures and
civilizations, socio-historical processes.
INTRODUCTION
The women's issue is one of the most important
areas of development of modern society and is a
set of social problems that express issues such as
the status of women in the family and society,
protection of their legitimate interests, ensuring
employment, and protecting motherhood and
childhood. Therefore, the women's issue plays an
Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal
ISSN: 2752-7018
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important role in the social, economic and political
development of the country.
Researching the history of the origin of the
women's issue is of great importance for the
correct understanding and solution of this issue,
which is closely related to human society, social
relations, nations and states, cultures and
civilizations. The emergence and development of
this issue is also associated with the transition of
socio-historical processes from one stage to
another. The issue of relations with women has
been resolved in different periods from the point
of view of the social system, the interests of
different classes, and the desire to solve the
problems of society in the socio-economic and
spiritual spheres, but has not yet found its
complete solution.
In solving the issue of women, based on the
perspective of modern problems, it is necessary to
pay attention to the following areas:
- the socio-legal status of women;
- their participation in socio-economic processes;
- their position in political systems;
- their role in cultural development and religious
life;
- their activity in international movements;
- issues of reproductive health and its
preservation;
- their role in the formation and strengthening of
family relations.
METHODS
The article scientifically analyzes the history of the
formation of women's organizations and their
scientific and theoretical foundations using
generally recognized scientific, historical, and
comparative analysis methods.
RESULTS
It is known that in the conditions of globalization,
the process of self-identification of women is
changing, their social status, culture and level of
education are constantly increasing. This process,
which has attracted the attention of many
researchers, is reflected in the fact that dealing
with women's problems is not accidental. In
particular, the recognition of women's issues as a
global social phenomenon and the consistent
efforts to eliminate women's problems, their broad
participation in social life are increasing the status
of women in society and creating a wide range of
activities for them. As a result, they are gaining the
opportunity to fully demonstrate their talents and
abilities, striving for economic independence. This
process has led to a change in the policies of almost
all countries regarding women's issues and their
attitude towards them.
Since it is impossible to assess social development
and political processes without taking into account
the participation of women, who make up more
than half of the country's population, increasing
the social activity of the population is especially
clearly manifested in the women's movement.
Because this social group reacts to even the most
acute events in society through its own gender
characteristics and is considered the gender that
has the ability to turn its civil initiatives into
reality. Representatives of the women's movement
defend not only their own interests, but also the
positions of the needy segments of the population,
which are important for the country and society as
a whole - children and the elderly and pensioners.
In modern society, a developed women's
movement is an integral part of the political
process, and the unification of women into
organizations gives this social group the
opportunity to participate in making important
political decisions.
The world community has fully realized that the
future of the nation and society is fully determined
by the participation of women in all spheres of
social life, and that only when their active
participation in science, technology, production,
and management is achieved, society can have a
perfect direction in its development. Therefore, in
today's era of globalization and the clash of
civilizations, the problems of further developing
the place and role of women in modern society,
which are considered important to solve, and in
which progress cannot be achieved in the future
without the participation of women, are being put
forward.
After all, as President Sh. Mirziyoyev noted: “The
cultural level of any society on earth is determined
by its attitude towards women,” there is certainly
a deep meaning in the wise words: .....At this point,
I would like to quote a statement made by UN
Secretary-General Antonio Guterres at the 63rd
session of the UN Commission on the Status of
Women, which was held on March 11-17 this year,
and which was also attended by our delegation.
"Where women actively participate in political and
social life, the economy grows, stability is
strengthened, and citizens are empowered."
"the well-being of women is increasing," A.
Guterres noted.
Indeed, the level of development of modern
countries is determined by the extent to which
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women's rights are ensured. Now, many experts
studying human development believe that it is
impossible to fully understand the historical path
and progress traveled by humanity without
studying the role of women in all spheres of human
society. In particular, the following opinion of the
famous researcher of women's history, Giselle
Bock, is among them: "In the past, women's
experience, activities, and spheres of life were
ignored because they seemed to have no historical
value. However, women's history "should be
considered as general as men's history", ... because
it concerns not only half of humanity, but all of it."
According to Joan Kelly, another prominent
researcher of women's history, "it is not about
returning women to history, but first of all about
returning history to women. Such attention is not
only to women in history, but also to the history of
women, but also to a special kind of history, namely
the history of women all over the world as
women."
In order to bring about drastic qualitative changes
in the issue of women in modern society, it is
necessary to accurately assess the conditions and
state of the historical development of women's
movements. Today, the assessment of women's
rights from the perspective of human rights on a
global scale is the result of positive changes taking
place in the world's progressive thinking.
Naturally, the existence of women's movements
around the world and the recognition of their
activities by governments indicate that modern
political and state systems are modernizing and
democratizing their structure, and that the state of
liberalization in assessing women's problems is
developing widely.
It is known that the changes that occurred in the
development of society in the 18th and first half of
the 19th centuries, namely the development of
industry and the acceleration of the urbanization
process, began to lead to a change in attitudes
towards women. In particular, as a result of the
increased need for cheap labor, women began to
participate in production as cheap labor. This
situation created the basis for the emergence of the
idea of women's equality with men. Naturally, the
women's movement in each country took place
depending on the specific characteristics of the
political situation and historical traditions. In each
specific historical period, the women's movement
pursued different goals. In particular, as a result of
their efforts to achieve their rights, in particular,
the right to vote, equal access to education with
men, participation in decision-making by holding
high positions, occupying a high social position in
society, the right to divorce, property rights, as
well as equality in the obligations of caring for
children, women's organizations began to emerge.
In his article "On the Granting of the Right of
Citizenship to Women" published in 1789, the
French Enlightenment philosopher J.A. Condorcet
recognizes the situation of women and their rights
as a social problem. And, emphasizing that women
are members of society, he emphasizes that they
are part of the nation, and that it is necessary to
radically change the attitude towards them.
In 1791, Olympia de Gouges developed the
"Declaration of the Rights of the Citizen and of
Women" and declared that women have the right
to think freely and express their opinions freely. In
her declaration, Olympia de Gouges noted that
freedom and equal civil rights cannot belong only
to men, and that it is difficult to achieve equality in
practice if half of society - men - is deprived of the
privileges enjoyed by the other half, and demands
that women be given all civil rights, including
voting rights, as well as the opportunity to hold
public office.
Mary Wollstonecraft's book "A Vindication of the
Rights of Women", published in 1792, sharply
criticizes the inactive and passive lifestyle of
women and states that women should have equal
rights in political life as men. Thus, Mary
Wollstonecraft's declaration of the independence
of women established her as the mother of modern
feminism.
In 1793, Olympia de Gouges presented the "Rights
of Women", that is, the Code, to the Convention. It
states that the situation of women is a matter to be
resolved at the state level. Although the
Convention
supported
women's rights to
education, professions, and participation in trade
and economic life, it did not recognize women's
right to vote. Even the 1848 revolution did not
recognize women's right to vote.
could not ensure their participation in social and
political life, the right to vote.
The history of the formation of women's
organizations is closely connected with the
development of the feminist movement that
emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
During this period, women began to actively fight
for their rights, including the right to vote,
education,
and
labor.
Various
women's
organizations that had defined clear goals and
objectives in the field of protecting women's
interests gradually began to form.
The organization that protected women's
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economic, political, and professional rights was
first founded on March 18, 1871, during the
formation of the Paris Commune. The book “The
Subjection of Women” by the famous English
philosopher, economist and politician John Stuart
Mill, which later became known as the “Bible of
Feminism”, played a
significant role in shaping the
ideology of the organized women's movement that
began in the mid-19th century in European
countries. The issue of women's rights and gender
equality, which was expressed in this source, is still
relevant today. In particular, the work describes
the need to put an end to women's legal, economic
and social dependence on men, the lack of
significant differences between the mental and
physical capabilities of women and men, the lack of
scientific basis for claims that women have inferior
abilities; the introduction of laws and public
institutions that guarantee education, freedom of
choice and opportunities that can lead to an
increase in the status of women, etc. The work also
emphasizes that the subordination of women
limits their personal freedoms and hinders the
general progress of society, and that women's
equal rights increase the general happiness and
well-being of society. John Stuart Mill denounces
inequality in marriage as "a form of slavery" and
emphasizes that women should be given economic
and social independence. He believes that women's
education and participation in economic activities
contribute to the intellectual and economic
development of society, and that it is ineffective to
limit women's participation in the labor market.
The work was written at a time when the women's
rights movement (suffragist movement) was
developing, and it provided a theoretical basis for
this movement. Published in 1869, this work was
immediately translated into all major European
languages, including Russian, and the discussion of
its ideas contributed to the formation of
organizations fighting for women's equal rights in
many countries.
In 1879, August Bebel's book "Woman and
Socialism" ("Die Frau und der Sozialismus") was
one of the most important works discussing
women's rights and class equality in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries. It analyzes the place of
women in society at all historical stages. In
particular, it analyzes the social status of women
from ancient societies to the Middle Ages and the
industrial era and connects this situation with class
systems. It also covers in detail the issues of the
improvement and spread of women's labor, the
struggle for legal equality, and shows women's
liberation as an integral part of the class struggle.
Bebel emphasizes the importance of women's
education and equal participation in the labor
market, and argues that limiting women's
intellectual and creative potential undermines the
overall development of society. Criticizing the
patriarchal family system, viewing it as an
institution that makes women economically and
socially dependent on their husbands, he argues
that in a socialist society, the economic
foundations of marriage will disappear and women
will be able to enter into free relationships. She
considers women's social inequality to be a
consequence of the capitalist system, criticizing the
exploitation of women in the labor market,
especially the difficult working conditions of
working-class women. She emphasizes that under
capitalism, women's inability to achieve economic
independence
further
strengthens
their
subordination, while in a socialist society, the
abolition of property relations leads to women's
economic and social liberation. In socialism, she
argues, common ownership and equal division of
labor give women equal rights and opportunities.
However, under socialism, the conflict between
women as mothers and women as workers has
intensified. This problem is especially clearly
manifested in the history of the lives of Eastern
women, in particular, Uzbek women. However, the
Soviet era is described in historical literature as a
society in which the "women's question" has been
resolved. Namely, the resolution of the "women's
issue" is primarily due to the declaration of legal
equality between women and men, the widespread
involvement of women in public production, the
creation
of
conditions
for
women
to
simultaneously perform professional, family and
reproductive functions, the provision of benefits,
explained by the establishment of a system of
social protection for women in the form of benefits,
maternity and childcare leave, and restrictions on
the use of women's labor. It is worth noting that
during the Soviet Union, the issue of women in
Uzbekistan was considered within the framework
of socialist ideology. Women's education,
participation in social production, and active
participation in public life were encouraged.
However, this process was largely accompanied by
a disregard for centralized policies and spiritual
and cultural traditions. For example, in the second
half of the 1920s, the "Attack" campaign was aimed
at getting women to throw off the veil, but this was
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met with resistance from the local people. As is
known, fundamental changes do not occur without
internal conflicts, clashes of interests and ideas. It
was during the Soviet era that the "Attack"
movement, aimed at changing the situation of
women, clashed with new views on the traditional
lifestyle of women and their attitude towards
them, and with the desire for innovation. This
social movement had both negative and positive
significance. In particular, the uniqueness of Uzbek
women, their physical capabilities, their national
and religious traditions, and spiritual values were
not taken into account in this process. The "Attack"
movement was organized not to literally free
women and give them equal rights with men, but
rather for the political and economic interests of
the Soviets. As a result, women were involved in
hard physical labor along with men. The only
positive aspect of the "Attack" movement was that
it allowed Muslim women to demonstrate their
talents and potential, participate widely in socio-
political life, and receive education. V. Mineyev:
“The “Khujum” movement was a major social
phenomenon that attracted women to political life.
Women gained the right to actively participate in
social production, receive modern education,
participate in the life of public organizations, clubs,
local councils, and most importantly, participate in
elections on an eq
ual footing with men,” he writes.
In the new social order that was taking shape in the
early years of the Soviet era, efforts were made to
ensure women’s equal rights with men by ensuring
their broad participation in all spheres of
economic, social and political life as the main
productive force. To achieve this goal, Muslim
women, who were called “oppressed,” were widely
involved in social production by using their labor
as cheap labor, thereby increasing the labor force.
That is, it was precisely women’s
labor that became
an important factor in ensuring the “success” of
cotton farming and creating a socialist economy.
Secondly, in the eyes of the Soviets, the attitude
towards local women in traditional society
“seemed to be tantamount to slavery”, and thir
dly,
the communist party tried to suppress Islam.
These changes were to pave the way for the
introduction of communism, which would not have
been possible without the participation of women.
In this process, the Bolsheviks created a large
“propaganda machine” aimed at changing the
position of Muslim women.
To achieve their goal, Soviet policy towards
women was carried out in two stages. The first step
was aimed at modernizing women's rights in the
family during the years 1917-1926. Instead of the
traditional and sharia-based qazi, which had
previously regulated social life, a set of new codes
and civil courts emerged. Due to the traditional
way of life of Turkestan, until the end of the 1920s,
qazi courts based on sharia and custom existed in
parallel with t
he “new”, “just” Soviet courts.
However, as a result of Soviet propaganda, the
importance and role of Sharia courts in public life
began to decline. If in 1922 there were 220 qazi
courts in Turkestan, by 1923 there were 85, and in
1924 there were 58. In 1925, not a single case came
to the old city qazi court of Tashkent. In Fergana,
qazi courts had not lost their importance by this
time. In 1925, qazi courts remained only in remote
regions. Due to the repression of the clergy, by
1929 the religious structure and qazi courts were
abolished. In 1918, official registration of
marriages, births, and deaths became mandatory,
and common-law marriages were prohibited. To
better protect women, instead of the Sharia code,
laws aimed at "liberating" indigenous women in
Turkestan were adopted, "legally establishing
their full equality with men, prohibiting polygamy,
dowry, and the forced marriage of underage girls."
In particular, the "Law on Equal Pay for Equal
Work for Women and Men," the "Law on
Motherhood and Childhood" "On the Protection of
Women" were adopted. Also, Article 64 of the first
Soviet Constitution of 1918 granted women the
right to vote and be elected to public office along
with men. Thus, legal foundations were created to
ensure women's equality. However, all of them,
instead of giving women political rights in practice,
led to the establishment of strict control and
persecution in the country. As is known, the
Soviets' selfish goals required the alienation of
women from the family environment. Therefore, at
the first meeting of the organizers of the Eastern
Women, held on April 5-7, 1921, issues such as the
development of a "Decree on Freedom of Divorce",
"Decree on Marriage Age and Marriage" were on
the agenda. In June 1921, the Central Executive
Committee of the Soviets of the Turkestan ASSR
decided to give up the marriage of underage girls
and A decree was adopted prohibiting polygamy
and abolishing polygamy. The marriage age was
set at 16 years instead of the 9 years in Sharia law.
Chapter 10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR was
“On the fight against the vices of old age in the
family and household life”, and the acquisition of
polygamy was defined as the purchase of a bride.
Also, the III session of the Supreme Soviet of the
Uzbek SSR in 1928 adopted a new law on marriage
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for the Uzbek SSR. According to it, the age of
marriage for teenage boys was set at 18, and for
girls at 16. At the same time, marriage had to be
concluded on the basis of the consent of both
parties. The law prohibited a spouse from entering
into a second marriage without a legal separation
from the first marriage. It was established that
both spouses have equal rights in the matter of
divorce. This is a positive aspect of the law.
Extensive propaganda was carried out in order to
popularize the provisions of this new legislation.
Laws were translated into local languages and the
texts were widely distributed among the
population. Meetings were held to explain
women's civil and constitutional rights. Weeks and
even days were set to combat "kalin and
polygamy" and events were held. Also, one of the
resolutions they issued contained a clause that
said: "Divorce cases should be considered no later
than a week." Because during the "Attack" period,
the courts received a huge number of applications
for divorce, and they were women who, relying on
the new Soviet laws mentioned above, such as the
prohibition of marrying off underage girls and
polygamy, marriage without the consent of girls,
and the abolition of kalin, were dissatisfied with
forced marriages and wanted to divorce their
elderly husbands. As a result, the policy pursued by
the Soviet authorities in matters of family and
marriage led to the breakdown of thousands of
families, the wandering of children between their
parents, the spread of "kalin" (a type of marriage
between two people), and the destruction of the
family. It led to the devaluing and loss of social
status, and the punishment of women who applied
by their husbands, fathers, or brothers. Because
the centuries-old traditional life ensured the
privileged position of men in the family. The
revolutionary changes in the family and marriage
issues of the Bolsheviks, which came with a strong
moral impact, first of all, dealt a severe moral blow
to existing men, but they also encouraged women
to pursue an unimaginable “bright life”. This led to
the deprivation of women from their family, which
was their true happiness. Also, as a result of the
condemnation of women’s activities within the
family and their underestimation as a type of social
work, the family was separated from its social
status and turned into a household chore.
In order to achieve its political and economic goals,
the authoritarian regime, by claiming that “the
laws and regulations established by Sharia ensure
the l
ack of rights of women in the family”, and by
claiming that “polygamy and polygamy are the
fault of religion”, denied religious beliefs, and the
Soviet family and marriage system In order to
promote the legislation, the special representative
of the women's department - the "people's
advisers" who protected the rights - widely used
the activities of the "people's advisers". In
December 1923, the People's Commissariat of
Justice of the TASSR adopted a special resolution
"On expanding the involvement of indigenous
women in the legal profession." The special
representative of the women's department began
to participate in court as a defender of women's
rights. The people's court had its own purpose,
tasks, system of work forms and methods, and was
engaged in training women legal advisers,
promoting the law, organizing open courts, special
legal days and hours, holding meetings, etc. At the
end of 1924, about 250 women worked as people's
advisers in the Tashkent and Samarkand regional
people's courts. However, most of them did not
have special training and sufficient qualifications.
Therefore, the Central Asian Bureau of the Central
Asian Central Committee of the CPSU (b) invited
local women to study at Central Asian law courses.
Instructions on allocating 20% of seats to ethnic
minorities was developed. Women lawyers-
consultants trained according to it were trained to
promote the laws of the socialist system rather
than to represent their own rights.
Social organizations such as women's departments
(jenotdel), trade unions, Komsomol organizations,
cooperative societies, the "Koschi" association, and
women's clubs, which emerged as a component of
the political system in 1919, took the "initiative" in
involving women in socio-economic and cultural
life.
The second step is the stage during the "liberation
campaign" called the "Khujum" movement in
1926-1932, when the idea of literally equalizing
women's and men's labor took precedence.
Because, as a result of the "Attack" campaign of
1926-1927, the attitude towards women changed
significantly. The communist party, which was the
leader of the revolutionary changes that began in
the social, economic and cultural spheres of
society, based on its own interests, treated women
of the local nationality with administrative
methods for chauvinistic purposes. Especially
during
the
period
of
industrialization,
collectivization and cultural changes that began in
the country, under the pressure and demands of
the ruling ideology and the state, women's wide
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participation in changes in socio-economic and
cultural life was achieved, which was manifested
only in form and number. However, at the heart of
this process was the idea of false internationalism,
which denied any national characteristics and
promoted a “single Soviet people”, whic
h in turn
made it possible to educate Uzbek women as
supporters of the authoritarian regime, believing
in the “ideas of socialism”. This stage, moreover,
was accompanied by an increase in the number of
women who were more conflicted and more
socially and politically active, and by the end of the
1930s they became victims of the repressive
policies of the authoritarian regime. All this
indicates the importance of studying the complex,
multifaceted processes of the above-mentioned
period from a historical perspective and testifies to
the scientific, theoretical, practical and political
importance of this issue.
It is worth noting that the women's movement
reflects not only a wide range of issues directly
related to the status of women, namely their role
and place in various spheres of social life, economic
and political interests, but also covers general
social laws, including the development of society
and the prospects for the development of civil
society in the country. In this process, the role and
place of women's organizations is of great
importance.
However, the contradictory approach to women's
issues in the Soviet era, the ambiguous assessment
of the activities of Uzbek women, give rise to
debates about their current position in society. The
social activities of women in traditional society and
the problems associated with women have always
attracted the attention of researchers. In this
regard, in recent years, the scope of scientific
research on the issue of attitudes towards women,
gender equality issues, protection of women's
rights and interests, ensuring their social
protection and employment, and women's
participation in internal and external migration
has been expanding in the fields of history, social
philosophy, law, economics, and pedagogy.
Research on the history of women's organizations
in Uzbekistan should be considered as an
important direction of gender equality and socio-
economic
reforms.
The
theoretical
and
methodological foundations of the study are based
on the analysis of historical sources, modern
gender theories, and research methods. Since
theoretical foundations play an important role in
the study of the history of women's organizations,
gender theories, feminism, and theories of social
change constitute the main conceptual basis of this
study.
First, feminist theories and approaches play a key
role in the study of the history of women's
organizations. Liberal feminism, radical feminism,
and intersectional feminism offer different
perspectives on research: Liberal feminism:
Analyzes the role of organizations in ensuring
women's equal rights in education, work, and
political life. Radical feminism: Examines the role
of women's organizations in the fight against
patriarchy and their impact on social change.
Intersectional feminism: Offers a multifaceted
analysis of the activities of organizations, taking
into account the interaction of gender, class,
ethnicity, and other social factors.
The first, second, and third waves of feminism had
different influences on the formation of women's
organizations. In Uzbekistan, feminism ideas were
mainly manifested in a unique form during the
Soviet era and after independence. While in the
Soviet era, women's emancipation was carried out
within the framework of state policy, in the post-
independence
period,
private
and
non-
governmental organizations organizations began
to play an important role.
Secondly, theories of social analysis, in particular
structural functionalism and conflict theory, are
important in understanding the place of women's
organizations in society: Structural functionalism:
Sees organizations as institutions that ensure the
stability of the social system. Conflict theory:
Analyzes organizations as subjects that fight
against class and gender inequalities.
Thirdly, from the perspective of the post-Soviet
history of Uzbekistan, postcolonial approaches are
important in understanding the formation and
development of women's organizations. This
approach is used to analyze the social role of
women during the period of Soviet colonialism,
changes during Soviet modernization and
independence.
Various methodological methods can be used in
studying the history of women's organizations. The
main methods are listed below:
Historical analysis is the main method in studying
the stages of formation and development of
women's organizations. This method is used in the
following areas:
- Official documents, reports and legislation from
the Soviet era and the years of independence are
analyzed based on archival documents.
- Coverage of the activities of women's
organizations in newspapers, magazines and other
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media is analyzed based on the analysis of
periodicals.
- The activities of organizations are divided into
historical stages, and the characteristics of each
stage are determined through chronological
analysis.
Qualitative research methods are important for a
deep understanding of the social and cultural
context of the activities of women's organizations.
In particular, through interviews with former
members or activists of organizations, their
experiences and perceptions are studied. Women's
personal stories and experiences are collected and
analyzed through oral history. The materials,
programs and goals published by organizations are
analyzed in content.
Quantitative methods are used to assess the impact
of women's organizations by analyzing statistical
data: In particular, data on the number of
members, projects and social impact of
organizations are statistically analyzed. Public
acceptance of the activities of organizations is
studied based on questionnaires and surveys.
There are a number of problems in studying the
history of women's organizations, which are
mainly related to the limited availability of archival
documents (some documents from the Soviet era
may have been classified or destroyed),
subjectivity (subjective perceptions may prevail in
oral histories and interviews), and lack of
information (there may not be enough information
about the activities of organizations in certain
periods).
In solving these problems, it is important to use
periodicals
and
reports
of
international
organizations along with archival documents,
increase the reliability of data by using qualitative
and quantitative methods, and use international
experience and conduct an in-depth analysis of the
local context through comparison.
The study of the history of women's organizations
in Uzbekistan is important for a deeper
understanding of social and gender equality issues.
Theoretically, feminist, social analysis and
postcolonial approaches, and methodologically,
historical analysis, qualitative and quantitative
methods increase the effectiveness of research.
Research in this area serves not only to understand
the past, but also to identify important directions
for future social reforms.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the
ongoing research work is formed by problem-
chronological, comparative-analytical methods,
scientific principles such as the emergence and
development
of
socio-historical
events,
interconnectedness,
systematicity,
and
development, which ensure the unity of theory and
practice, allow for the synthesis of objectivity,
accuracy and progress connecting history and
modernity, and are based on a methodological
approach.
The main methodological principles, such as
historicity, objectivity, and systematicity, which
were widely used in writing research papers, were
also noted during the administrative-command
system, and in socio-political sciences they were
indicated as the main methodological principles.
However, the intended purpose of them was
different, and these principles were aimed at
implementing the political goals of the communist
ideology during the “red empire”. During the
authoritarian regime, it was not a matter of
objective study of historical sources, but of
illuminating them from the perspective of the
predetermined methodology of Marxism-Leninism
and party decisions. Adherence to the slogan
“partyness of science” was considered the “sacred
duty” of every sci
entist. Therefore, such principles
were far from solving the selected problems
scientifically in a complete and objective manner.
The collapse of the Soviet Union After the
independence of Uzbekistan, a number of
problems arose in the social life of society. In
particular, the issue of women and their place in
society caused a number of discussions. The
existing problems were clearly manifested in the
following areas:
- political rights and the possibilities of exercising
them;
- the legal rights of women as individuals and as
family members;
- women's access to various forms of education and
training, including vocational education;
- labor activities, among others.
These issues, which concern the peoples of the
region, in particular, the government of
Uzbekistan, became the main factor in determining
the further direction of state policy. After
Uzbekistan gained independence, many qualitative
changes took place in the republic in a short period
of time, which were reflected in the economy,
social processes, and especially in the rise of the
position of women in society and the family. A
number of adopted normative and legal
documents provide for the protection of women's
rights, their participation in the political and
Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal
FRONTLINE JOURNALS
29
cultural strata of society, and measures taken to
combat the discrimination of women's rights have
shown their effectiveness since the first years of
independence.
In the conditions of independence, the situation
has changed radically, and the above-mentioned
scientific principles have become devoid of the
political goals of communist ideology, and they
have begun to serve the social sciences. Also, the
theoretical and methodological basis of research
work is determined by the dialectical method of
knowledge, the national idea and the universal
principles of scientific thinking.
It is important to take the works of the First
President I. Karimov and President Sh. Mirziyoyev
as a methodological basis for carrying out the
selected work. The important theoretical and
methodological ideas raised in the works,
especially their positive attitude towards the
issues of increasing the activity of women in public
life, the place and role of women in socio-spiritual
and cultural life, and their scientific conclusions
are of significant theoretical and scientific
significance.
The political views of the Head of State Sh.
Mirziyoyev focus on the genetic foundation of the
nation, first of all, on the spiritual maturity and
perfection of women, their physical health and
their dependence on their creative and creative
potential, the need to appreciate and respect this,
as well as the need to make women equal and
active participants in society.
At the same time, the Constitution of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, the laws adopted by the Oliy Majlis
of the republic, which provide for the
strengthening of the role of women in the spiritual
spheres of society, and the programs developed on
the protection of family, motherhood and
childhood are of great importance. Articles 42, 58,
78 of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan
and special laws create legal guarantees for
increasing the social activity of women and
ensuring their social protection.
CONCLUSION
Over the years of independence, the Republic of
Uzbekistan has achieved significant achievements
in the socio-economic, political and cultural
spheres. The role of women in this development
process is becoming increasingly important. At the
new stage of the country's development, the issue
of gender equality and increasing the social activity
of women has become one of the priority areas of
state policy.
The new stage of Uzbekistan's national
development, consisting of 5 priority areas for the
further development of the republic, as well as its
logical continuation, the Development Strategy of
New Uzbekistan, and the Strategy of Uzbekistan -
2030, have led to fundamental reforms in state
policy on women's issues.
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