European International Journal of Pedagogics
114
https://eipublication.com/index.php/eijp
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
114-119
DOI
3
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
12 March 2025
ACCEPTED
08 April 2025
PUBLISHED
11 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Operation in The System
Flows and Their Types
Yuldashev Mirzohid Maxmudjonovich
Andijan state technical institute, Andijan, senior teacher, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
The course on operating systems is an integral
part of any computer education. Therefore, rapid
changes are taking place in this field, as computers are
now used in almost all areas of everyday life.
Keywords:
Operating systems, threads, user level
currents, meaning until meaning model, meaning until
one model, one to one model.
Introduction:
Operating systems are an integral part of
any computer system. Therefore, a course in operating
systems is an integral part of any computer education.
Rapid changes are taking place in this area, as
computers are now widespread in almost all areas of
everyday life - from devices built into cars to the most
sophisticated planning tools for governments and
multinational companies. A modern computer consists
of one or more processors, RAM, disks, a printer, a
keyboard, a mouse, a display, network interfaces and
various other input/output devices. The result is a
rather complex system. In addition, managing all the
components and their optimal use is a very difficult task.
Therefore, computers are equipped with a special level
of software called an operating system, the task of
which is to manage user programs and all their
resources.
A thread is the essence of an operating system, the
process of executing a set of instructions on a processor,
or more precisely, program code. The general purpose
of threads is to execute two or many different tasks in
parallel on a processor.
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picture. One flowing one process, three flowing one process appearance
Flow own code segment, data segment and open files
with its peers. If one stream is a code segment memory
element if it changes, remaining all currents this sees.
Flow light process that also is called. Currents provides
a way to improve program efficiency through
parallelization. The following figure shows the
operation of single-threaded and multi-threaded
processes. shown.
Flows are workflows that correspond to a classic process
improve the performance of the operating system by
reducing aimed at software approach.
1- table. Process and between the streams difference
No.
Process
Flow
1
Process heavy or many resource demand
does
The flow
is light
and the process
requires fewer resources than does
2
Process switching requires interaction with
the operating system
Switching streams does not require interaction
with the operating system
3
One how many again work Every process in
the environment is the same the code will
do, but own memory and to file resources
has
All currents child open files in the same process
set sharing possible
4
If one process If blocked, then
the first
process
Until unblocked other process not fulfilled
One stream is blocked and waiting at the time,
second
thread in the same task
performance possible
5
One how many processes without using
streams uses more resources
Many flowing processes less from resources
uses
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One how many in processes every one The
process
is carried out independently
. increased
One
stream, another stream information
study, to write
or change possible
Every one stream clear one to the process relevant and
from the process no current will exist outside. Each
current is separate management
flow
means.
Currents network servers and web servers done
in increasing successful used. They also, general to
memory has was many in processors applications
parallel accordingly to perform for worthy the basis
provides.
Flow advantages
❖
Currents context replacement time reduces ;
❖
Using streams
allows for parallelism
within a process provides ;
❖
Effective communication;
❖
More on switching
and
creating
context
streams economical ;
❖
Currents
many
processor
from
architectures wide on a scale and effective to use
opportunity gives.
Flow types
Currents following two in a way done increased:
❖
User level currents
(User Level
Threads) - user governing currents ;
❖
Core level currents
(Kernel Level
Threads)
–
in the core working operational system
governing currents , operational system core .
User level currents
Such without, streams management core of streams
existence about aware It won't happen. Currents
library create and destroy streams, messages and data
streams between transmission, streams to do planning
and stream contexts restoration and storage codes own
inside takes.
User level of streams advantages:
❖
Stream
replacement
core
mode
benefits demand does not do;
❖
User level stream any operational in
the system performance possible;
❖
Planning user level to the stream typical
was program to be possible;
❖
User level currents quickly will be
created and managed.
User level of streams disadvantages:
❖
Simple operational in the system
system of calls most blocke;
❖
Multithreaded applications require
multiprocessor
processing from the advantages use can't.
2- picture. User level currents
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Core level currents
Such without, the flow management core by done is
increased. Application in the field flow control code
there is it's not. Kernel threads are directly supported
by the operating system. powered. Every how
application many flowing programming possible. In the
application all currents one in process is supported.
Core whole process for and process in the content
separately currents for context information save
stands. Core by planning currents based on done is
increased. Core streams create, planning and to
manage core carried out in the field increases. Core
currents usually user to the streams than slower will be
created and managed.
Advantages
❖
The kernel can schedule multiple threads from the
same process to multiple processes at the same
time;
❖
If one thread in a process is blocked, the kernel can
schedule another thread in the same process;
❖
Can make the kernel module itself multithreaded;
Disadvantages
❖
Kernel threads are generally created and managed
more slowly than user threads;
❖
the same process requires switching to kernel
mode.
Many flowing model
Some one operational systems combined user which
combines core-level flows and core-level flows Solaris is
a good fit for this unified approach. is an example. In an
integrated system, multiple applications in a single
program threads can run in parallel on multiple
processors, and blocking system call whole the process
not blocking necessary.
Many flowing models three to the type divided into:
❖
Many until meaning model ;
❖
Many until one model ;
❖
One until one model .
Many until meaning model
Many until meaning to
the model
example following 2.7-
in the picture The many to many model can handle any
user flows. equal or small numerical core to the streams
increases.
3- in the picture many flowing model shown, then 6
user-level threads with 6 core-level threads multiplied.
This in the model working speakers, how much user can
create as many streams as needed and match core
currents many processor in the car parallel accordingly
it can work.
Figure
3. Many to many model
Many until One Model
The many to one model
allows for multiple user-level
flows. one core level currents with compares. Streams
control by the streams library in user space done is
increased.
If stream block system call done increases, whole
process is blocked. One of time in itself only one stream
to the core can be accessed, so on multiprocessor
systems, multiple currents parallel accordingly work
can't. If
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4- picture. Many until One model
user level currents libraries operational in the system
system not supporting them in a way done if
increased, then core flow meaning until one model
uses.
One to One Model
User level stream and core level stream There is a one
to one relationship between. This model is many to
one to the model than more parallelization provides.
From this except, she is block system call done when
increased, other allows the stream to run. Parallel in
microprocessors execution for one how many streams
supports. This model disadvantage is that, user flow
create A kernel-compatible stream is required for OS/2,
Windows NT and Windows 2000 OTs one until one from
the model uses.
5- picture. One until One model
User level and core level stream between difference
Table 2
N
o.
User level currents
Nuclear level currents
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User -level flows faster will be created
and managed
Core-level flows are created and
managed more efficiently . will
2
User level stream library by done increased Operation
system
core create
streams supports
3
User level stream is general and any
operational in the system performance
possible
Operation system for to oneself
typical core level stream
4
Multithreaded applications cannot take
advantage of multiprocessor processing
capabilities.
The kernel module itself can be
multithreaded.
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