European International Journal of Pedagogics
213
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
213-215
DOI
3
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
28 March 2025
ACCEPTED
24 April 2025
PUBLISHED
30 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Specific Aspects of The
Analysis of The Natural-
Geographical
Characteristics of The
Lower Zarafshan District
on The Base of Gat
Technologies
Begjan Khusanov
Uzbek National Pedagogical University, Master's degree in Teaching
Methods of Exact and Natural Sciences (Geography), 2nd year, group 202,
Uzbekistan
Anvar Rasulov
Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Teaching Methods,
Uzbek National Pedagogical University, PhD, Tashkent, Uzbekistan,
Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article discusses the issues of assessing
the natural components of the Lower Zarafshan
physical-geographical district using geoinformation
technologies (GIS). The main focus is on the
interrelationships of natural components such as relief,
climate, water resources, soil and vegetation cover, and
their spatial analysis. GIS technologies allow for the
systematization, analysis and visualization of large
volumes of natural data. This article is aimed at forming
scientifically based conclusions that will serve the
effective use, protection and sustainable development
of natural resources in the region.
Keywords:
Lower Zarafshan, physical-geographic
assessment, natural components, geo-information
technologies, relief, climate, water resources, soil,
vegetation cover, spatial analysis, geoecology,
monitoring, digital map, landscape analysis, natural-
geographic area, satellite data, digital elevation model,
natural environment, database, geographic information
system, environmental sustainability.
Introduction:
Today, the issues of rational use of natural
resources, ensuring ecological sustainability and
environmental
protection
are
gaining
global
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
importance. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, in-depth
study of the natural and geographical features of each
region, their assessment and appropriate use for
economic activities are one of the important tasks. One
of such regions is the Lower Zarafshan physical and
geographical district. This district is distinguished by its
unique natural resources, geographical location and
environmentally sensitive environment. The diversity
of the relief, climatic conditions, water resources and
biological diversity of the region are an important
resource for human activity, and their correct
assessment and management require special scientific
approaches.
Geoinformation
technologies
are
emerging as an important tool in effectively solving
such complex and wide-ranging tasks. Through GAT,
the spatial distribution, interaction, dynamics and
potential of the natural components of the region are
determined. This serves to make scientifically based
decisions on the rational use of the natural resources
of the region and their protection. Therefore, this
article analyzes the natural components of the Lower
Zarafshan district using GAT technologies and
discusses the issues of their comprehensive
assessment.
The Lower Zarafshan physical and geographical district
is located in the central part of Uzbekistan, in the
middle and lower basin of the Zarafshan River, and is a
region of important strategic importance in terms of its
geographical location. This district is located on the
territory of Samarkand and Navoi regions, and its area
consists mainly of low mountains and plains.
Geomorphologically, the relief of the district is
characterized
by
medium-altitude
foothills,
denudation plains and alluvial valleys. The relief
structure is one of the main factors determining the
distribution of natural resources and economic activity
(K.Z. Khamidov, 2019).
In terms of climate, the district belongs to the
continental climate zone. Summers here are extremely
hot and dry, while winters are mild and short. The
average annual temperature is around +15°C, and in
July it can rise to +38°C. The annual precipitation is
around 200
–
300 mm, falling mainly in spring and
autumn. Such climatic features directly affect the soil
and vegetation cover in the district (Geography of
Uzbekistan. Academy edition, 2020).
The hydrography of the region is mainly formed under
the direct influence of the Zarafshan River. Zarafshan
is the largest natural water source in the district, which
is used for irrigation, drinking and industrial needs. At
the same time, the district has a network of numerous
small streams and ditches, which are mainly formed by
alluvial waters. The formation of the hydrological
network is also closely related to the relief and climate
(T.Kh. Tashmatov, 2017).
The soil structure is closely related to the climate and
water regimes of the district. Here, mainly gray soils,
saline soils and poorly drained soils are found. Gray
soils, adapted for agricultural products grown on
irrigated lands, occupy a large area. Due to rational
irrigation and soil reclamation works, some lands give
high results in terms of productivity. However,
salinization processes are also observed in some areas,
which requires special environmental control (S.R.
Nurmatov, 2021).
In terms of vegetation cover, the district belongs to the
semi-desert and steppe zones. The natural vegetation
includes ephemerals, sedges, saxaul, juzgun and other
species adapted to drought. At the same time,
agricultural crops - cotton, grain, vegetables and melons
- are widespread on irrigated lands. Although biological
diversity is not high, the existing flora and fauna play an
important role in ensuring the balance of the
ecosystem. In some areas, plant degradation is
observed, which indicates the impact of human activity
(M.M. Yunusov, 2018).
The natural and geographical features of the Lower
Zarafshan district are one of the main criteria
determining its resource potential. A complete study
and assessment of this area is of great importance not
only for academic research, but also for the formation
of practical projects. In this regard, modern
geoinformation technologies allow for a systematic,
accurate and rapid assessment of these natural
components. Geoinformation technologies (GIT) are
currently widely used in the fields of geography,
ecology,
resource
management
and
regional
development. GIT technologies play a key role in the
complex analysis of natural components, determining
their spatial distribution and visualizing various data. In
areas such as the Lower Zarafshan Physical and
Geographical District, GIT tools are very effective in
assessing relief, climate, hydrography, soil and
vegetation cover (N.A. Ergashev, 2020).
The main methods used for terrain assessment are
digital elevation models (DEM) and slope, exposure, and
erosion analysis based on them. These methods
determine the height difference in the area, the
steepness of mountainous areas, and the areas suitable
for irrigation. For example, models based on satellite
data such as ASTER and SRTM generate relief maps with
a resolution of 30 meters (USGS, 2018).
Climatic data are dynamically analyzed using GAT, and
the chronological changes in parameters such as
temperature, precipitation, and wind direction are
modeled. ERA5 or WorldClim data are used to visualize
climatic conditions in the area in graphical form and
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
determine their impact on vegetation cover (Hijmans
et al., 2005).
Hydrological modeling and spatial analysis are
important in water resource assessment. The state of
river networks, canals, reservoirs, and groundwater in
the area is determined using GAT. The “Flow direction”
and “Watershed” functions calculate water flow
directions and basin boundaries. These processes are
useful in planning irrigation systems and effectively
organizing water distribution (T. Rajabov, 2021).
Soil maps are created using GAT technologies to assess
soils, which determine parameters such as salinity,
moisture, and fertility. NDVI and NDWI indices are
calculated based on remote sensing (RS) data, and the
state of soil and vegetation is monitored. Landsat and
Sentinel images are used, in particular, to identify
areas prone to salinity (Bakr et al., 2012).
Remote sensing (RS) and NDVI (Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index) are used to analyze vegetation
cover. This index is used to assess the health and
coverage of vegetation. Serial satellite images taken
during the growing season determine the dynamics of
plant growth, and monitor degraded lands (K.S.
Salomov, 2022).
GAT capabilities are an important tool for analyzing the
location, creating thematic maps, compiling data into
databases, documenting, and making accurate
decisions. GAT serves as the main scientific and
practical tool for ensuring the effective use of natural
resources and environmental control in the Lower
Zarafshan region. These technologies allow not only to
assess the current situation, but also to predict future
changes (E. Esri, 2019).
The Lower Zarafshan physical-geographical district is of
particular importance as a region rich in natural and
geographical resources, with unique climatic and
geomorphological conditions. Studying and assessing
its natural components, such as relief, climate, water,
soil and vegetation, allows us to understand their
interrelationships. Such analyzes are important for the
sustainable development of the region and the rational
use of natural resources. GAT technologies serve as a
modern and effective tool in these processes. With the
help of digital relief models, climatic data, remote
sensing index, thematic maps and hydrological
analyzes, it is possible to form an objective and
accurate picture of natural components. This approach
serves to effectively solve important tasks such as
assessing the ecological state of the region, identifying
risks in advance, and planning agricultural and land
reclamation works. Thus, the use of GAT technologies
in the complex study of the natural and geographical
features of the Lower Zarafshan district is of great
scientific and practical importance..
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