European International Journal of Pedagogics
235
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
235-238
DOI
3
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
31 March 2025
ACCEPTED
29 April 2025
PUBLISHED
31 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Providing Students with
Additional Information
About the Glycine Hispida
L. Plant and Its Cultivation
Technology When
Transitioning From
“
Biological Fundamentals
of Agriculture
” To Topics
Related to Plant Science
Bakiev Dustmakhmat Tashmatovich
Associate Professor, Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after
Nizami, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article aims to provide students with
additional information about the technologies for
growing the legume Glycine hispida L. plant when
teaching subjects related to plant science in the
Biological Fundamentals of Agriculture subject at higher
educational institutions in the pedagogical field,
including the Glycine hispida L. plant and its importance;
the importance of legume crops in increasing soil
fertility, effective use of arable land; land preparation
for planting, methods of planting Glycine hispida L.
seeds and their cultivation; planting dates; varieties of
Glycine hispida L. to be planted; crop care, irrigation,
feeding, measures to combat diseases and pests,
harvesting and storing the crop.
Keywords:
Cultivation
technology,
agricultural
technology, repeated sowing, plow, horse-drawn cart,
chisel tillage, harrowing, hilling, variety, seedlings,
protein, animal protein, mature bacteria.
Introduction:
In the Republic of Uzbekistan, as in all
sectors, great importance is attached to the
development of agriculture. Large-scale work is being
carried out in the republic to increase the cultivation of
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
fruit and vegetable crops, improve their quality,
effectively use land, increase soil fertility, as well as
increase the planting of leguminous crops, plant more
leguminous crops in plots, cultivate them, increase the
planting of secondary crops, increase productivity, and
export them to foreign countries [1].
Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan aimed at the
development of agriculture, decrees and resolutions of
the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and
numerous government resolutions have been
adopted. Starting from the 2020-2021 academic year,
admission
quotas
have
been
allocated
for
undergraduate education in Gulistan, Bukhara, Karshi,
Namangan, Samarkand, Fergana, and Urgench state
universities,
along
with
existing
agricultural
universities, to train specialists in the agricultural
sector.
It would be appropriate to provide students studying
Biology at higher educational institutions in the field of
Pedagogy with additional information on the
importance of legumes in increasing soil fertility and
the technology of growing Glycine hispida L. in the
subject of Biological Fundamentals of Agriculture [2].
In addition to increasing soil fertility by increasing the
area under legumes, increasing grain yield, providing
livestock with feed, and providing students with
knowledge and skills in plant science, it is also
important to form entrepreneurial ideas and skills in
them.
Students will be given the following information on the
technology of growing legumes.
A person should consume oxygen, carbohydrates,
vitamins, minerals and other substances in the daily
diet. The more varied a person's diet is, the more active
his life activity is, and the healthier his div is. Each of
us realizes how important such nutrition is, especially
when we are faced with daily fatigue, depression,
neuro-psychological stress and negative effects of the
environment. It should be noted that for the normal
functioning of the human div, the need for protein
should not be less than 0.7 g per kilogram of its weight
per day [3].
Theoretical bases
. Glycine hispida L. is cultivated in
more than 60 countries in all regions of the world.
In developed China, with a population of more than a
billion, and in Japan, Korea and other countries, where
arable land is very small, the population's protein
needs are mainly met by protein obtained from Glycine
hispida L. grains.
The root of the common Glycine hispida L. species is
well-developed, taproot, branched, penetrating the
soil to a depth of 2 m, the main part of which is located
in the arable layer (bacteria develop in the root zone).
Soybean is a plant belonging to the legume family. This
crop originated in Asia and gradually spread throughout
the world. The seeds of cultivated soybeans, which are
commonly called “soybeans”, are a widely distributed
food product in the world. annual plant of the legume
family (Fabaceae).
The root system is taproot, penetrating into the soil to a
depth of 1.5-2 m. The stem is strong, erect, strongly
branches, does not lodge, forms a bush from 45 to 150
cm high. The leaves are trifoliate, usually fall off by the
time of harvesting.
The inflorescence is a raceme of 3-8 flowers. The flowers
are small, white or light purple, planted in the axils of
the leaves in racemes of 3-5 flowers. Self-pollination
predominates, due to the closed flowering, natural
hybrids are rare. Beans have different shapes and
colors, contain 1-5 seeds, usually do not crack. Stems,
leaves, beans are covered with thick hard whitish or red
hairs. Seeds are round, oval or oblong-flattened,
depending on the variety have yellow, green, brown or
black colors. Weight of 1000 seeds 100-400 g.
Soybeans contain macro- and microelements.
Linoleic and linolenic acids - prevention of
atherosclerosis,
heart
disease,
osteoporosis.
Phospholipids are responsible for metabolism, restore
cell membranes, nervous system, help the pancreas and
liver in their work. Vitamins A, E, strengthen the
immune system. Estrogens restore hormonal balance,
protect the female div from breast cancer, prolong
youth. Soy products improve human attention and
memory. Soy products are a faithful assistant in the fight
against excess weight.
Glycine hispida L. is a versatile plant, and is included in
the group of highly valuable crops due to the fact that
its grain contains 50% oxalic acid and up to 28% oil.
Today, more than 400 different products necessary for
the national economy are produced from Glycine
hispida L. grain. The grain is an environmentally friendly,
high-quality raw material used in the food industry. 35%
of the vegetable oil consumed by the population, which
does not contain harmful substances, is obtained from
Glycine hispida L. grain. After the oil is extracted, Glycine
hispida L. isolate is obtained, and its protein content
reaches 75%. It is used to prepare baby food, cookies,
bread additives, proteins for the sausage industry,
products for the confectionery industry (decaffeinated
chocolates), coffee and its substitutes [4].
Industrial products are made from Glycine hispida L.
waste that is not used in the food industry and animal
husbandry. Various products are made from it; -
building boards, fabrics, artificial fertilizers, soap,
varnish, paints, rubber products, linoleum, the highest
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
quality and expensive car paints are obtained from the
residues of Glycine hispida oil production.
In medicine, products made from Glycine hispida L. can
be recommended for the following diseases:
atherosclerosis,
hypertension,
heart
ischemia,
recovery period after myocardial infarction, chronic
inflammation of the gallbladder, diabetes mellitus,
chronic constipation, obesity, diseases of the
musculoskeletal system (arthritis, arthrosis), allergic
diseases. One kilogram of Glycine hispida L. grain can
produce 4 liters of milk for humans and 8 liters for
calves, as well as all the products produced by animals
- milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, and meat
(sheep, beef, chicken, goose).
In animal husbandry, no other forage crop has as many
nutritional units as Glycine hispida L. It contains 138
nutritional units per 100 kg of grain, which is lower
than that of corn, alfalfa, and other crops. Even 100 kg
of its dry stalks contain 52 nutritional units. No other
forage crop can surpass Glycine hispida L. in terms of
nutritional value. In order to quickly fatten cattle and
increase the daily weight of poultry in the world,
products containing Glycine hispida L. are necessarily
included in their daily diet.
Another feature of this plant is that, since it belongs to
the legume family, it leaves behind 55-60 kg of pure
nitrogen in the soil. Today, restoring soil fertility or
maintaining it in its current state remains an urgent
issue in our country. During the growth and
development of Glycine hispida L., there is no need to
apply large amounts of mineral fertilizers to the field,
the plant itself is able to absorb and use nitrogen from
the air.
The soil and climatic conditions of our country are very
favorable for the cultivation of Glycine hispida L., and
it can be grown as a main and repeated crop in all
regions and Karakalpakstan. Glycine hispida L. planted
as a repeated crop reduces the harmful effects of
water and wind erosion, enriches the soil with organic
matter, and reduces its secondary salinization. When it
is planted in fields vacated by wheat crops, the
microclimate of the crop field, the phytosanitary
condition of the field, and microbiological processes in
the soil improve. The yield of crops planted after
Glycine hispida L. increases by 20-30 percent. Of the
varieties planted as repeated crops in our republic,
varieties with a growing season of 91-110 days are
planted.
Glycine hispida L. cultivation technology
. Glycine
hispida L. is planted in alternating plantings. After
itself, Glycine hispida L. leaves the soil fertile, free from
weeds, enriched with organic matter and nitrogen. The
water-physical properties and biological activity of the
soil increase significantly after planting Glycine hispida
L.
Soil cultivation
. The depth of plowing of the beds
planted with Glycine hispida L. on irrigated lands
depends on the thickness of the cultural layer of the soil,
groundwater, and the relief of the field.
If the field is contaminated with ajrik, ghumai and other
perennial weeds with rhizomes, the soil is plowed with
a 16-18 cm depth with a plow without a tine. Then the
rhizomes are collected with a cultivator or chisel and
burned. Before plowing, the annual rate of organic and
potash fertilizers and 70-80% of phosphorus fertilizers
are applied. On saline soils, after plowing, the soil is
washed of salt, organic and local fertilizers are applied.
During plowing, measures are taken against wind and
water erosion. In early spring, harrowing is carried out
to preserve moisture in the soil. When the land is
plowed in the fall, it is leveled, if the soil is compacted
due to salt washing, moisture-accumulating irrigation or
rainfall, it is chiseled and harrowed. In some fields, a
trowel can also be used.
Seed preparation for sowing
. For sowing, selected,
cleaned, treated with anti-disease drugs, and inoculated
with nitrate before sowing are used. Seeds are sprayed
with panoctin, raxil preparations 20-24 days before
sowing, at a rate of 1.5 and 2 kg/ha, respectively. On the
day of sowing, seeds are inoculated with nitragin or
rhizotorphine in a closed building or in the field with
Glycine hispida L. at a rate of 200 grams per hectare.
Sowing time
. In our republic, when the soil temperature
warms up to 16-18o C, Glycine hispida L. seeds
germinate evenly, evenly, and in a short period.
Methods and norms of sowing seeds
. Glycine hispida L.
is a crop that is planted in wide rows. When planted in
dense rows, productivity decreases. Row spacing can
vary from 50-102 cm. The density of the plants should
be 300-400 thousand plants per hectare, which ensures
high yields.
In irrigated lands in Uzbekistan, Glycine hispida L. is
mainly planted with row spacings of 60 cm. Glycine
hispida L. is also planted with row spacings of 45, 70, and
90 cm. In experiments, the grain yield of Glycine hispida
planted in a 60 x 15 scheme was 4.3 c/ha higher than
that of Glycine hispida planted in a 45x15x6 row
spacing. Numerous experiments have shown that in the
conditions of Uzbekistan, Glycine hispida L. yields are
highest when the row spacing is 60 cm and the seeding
rate is 80 kg/ha. Reducing the seeding rate to 60 kg/ha
or increasing it to 120 kg/ha leads to a decrease in grain
yield [2].
When planting early-ripening varieties, the sowing rate
is set at 90-100 kg/ha, and late-ripening varieties at 60-
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70 kg/ha. Glycine hispida L. seeds are sown to a depth
of 4-5 cm. If the soil is loamy, the sowing depth is 6-8
cm.
Crop care
. In irrigated farming, Glycine hispida L. rows
are cultivated, the plant is fed, weeds are removed and
watered, and diseases and pests are controlled.
Interrow cultivation begins when the plants have
sprouted and rows have formed. Subsequent
cultivation is carried out depending on the weed
infestation of the field, soil compaction, and soil
maturity after irrigation. Interrow cultivation is usually
carried out every 10-15 days. The first cultivation is
carried out to a depth of 6-8 cm, and subsequent ones
to a depth of 10-15 cm.
Against weeds, Fosilad-super is applied at a rate of 2-4
kg/ha after seed germination. During the growth
period, Glycine hispida L. is sprayed with 2-4, and Pivod
herbicide is sprayed with 0.8-1.0 kg/ha before leaf
formation or after sowing until germination. Spraying
Treflan with 4 kg/ha 10-15 days before sowing seeds
also gives good results.
Glycine hispida L. can be damaged by grasshoppers,
spider mites, thrips, and scale insects. Summi alpha is
used against pests at a rate of 0.25-0.30 kg/ha and
karate at a rate of 0.15-0.25 kg/ha. Insecticides are
used when insects are in a quantity that causes
damage to the Glycine hispida L. crop [5].
Diseases such as artacnose, leaf mosaic, phytophthora,
and root rot are common in crops. A number of other
agrotechnical measures are used against them,
including pre-sowing seed treatment, cleaning, drying,
and disinfection of storage facilities.
Irrigation
. Irrigation of crops varies depending on the
mechanical composition of the soil and the level of
groundwater. On gray soils with groundwater on the
surface, it is recommended to conduct irrigation 5-6
times. In the case of Glycine hispida L., if not irrigated,
it yields 4-5 c/ha of grain. Proper organization of
irrigation in the conditions of Uzbekistan ensures high
yields [6].
Harvesting
. When the moisture content of the seeds
of Glycine hispida L. reaches 14-16%, they are
harvested and threshed with special combines. When
the moisture content of the seeds exceeds 12%, the
speed of rotation of the combine drums is reduced to
500-600 per minute, and the spacing of the drums is
widened. Harvesting should be carried out in a short
time, without damage. The seeds are cleaned and
sorted. This work is carried out on special machines.
The seeds are stored with a moisture content of no
more than 14% [7].
CONCLUSIONS
In short, providing students with additional information
about the Glycine hispida L. plant will contribute to the
increased cultivation of leguminous crops in our
republic, and the further increase in the yield of new
promising varieties will contribute to the increase in
grain and grain products, and ultimately to the increase
in the well-being of the population.
Providing students studying biology with additional
information on increasing the production of legumes in
the Biological Fundamentals of Agriculture course will
increase the understanding of agricultural sciences
among future biology teachers preparing for general
secondary schools, and will serve as a key resource for
planting legumes in school experimental fields and
personal plots, guiding students in their careers, and
engaging in entrepreneurship in the future.
It is also important to provide students with additional
knowledge in teaching agricultural sciences, guide them
in their careers, and develop entrepreneurial ideas and
skills in students.
REFERENCES
Khujanazarov, U.E., Bakiyev, D.T. (2023). “Biological
foundations of agriculture”. –
T:. “Innovation
-
Ziyo”.
Yormatova, D.E. (1991). Glycine hispida L.
–
T:. Mehnat.
Khalilov, N., Artikov, Z. Yormatova, D., Khamraeva, M.,
Nodirov, A. (2004). “Recommendations on the
cultivation of new varieties of Glycine hispida L.”. –
Tashkent.
Ostonakulov, T.E., Khalilov, N.Kh., Lukov, M.K., Sanaev,
S.T. (2017). “Repeated crops are a source of
prosperity”. –
Samarkand.
Kholikova, M.A., Matniyazova, X.Kh., Azimov, A.A.
(2020). “Morphoeconomic indicators of some local and
foreign varieties of Glycine hispida L. planted as a
repeated crop”. Bulletin of Agrarian Science of
Uzbekistan. No. 3 (81).
–
Pp. 110-113.
Internet information
https://www.samdu.uz/cy/news/46402
https://agro-olam.uz/soya-daromadli-va-foydali-ekin/
