European International Journal of Pedagogics
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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
244-250
DOI
3
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
31 March 2025
ACCEPTED
29 April 2025
PUBLISHED
31 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Methodology of Teaching
the Division of
Gymnospheres Or
Pinophyta In Practical
Training
Saidmuratov Shokhid Khusanovich
Senior Lecturer, Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami,
Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article explains the methods used in the
practical training of the division on gymnosperms in
botany and provides information about some of the
methods used within the subject.
Keywords:
Method,
pine,
herbarium,
dome,
micropreparations, microsporophyll, microsporangia,
exine, intine megasporangium, endosperm, nutcellus,
micropyle, archegonium, antheridial, viability.
Introduction
:
It is also relevant to conduct practical
classes in botany lessons using new innovative
technologies, as well as to prepare graduates who will
independently, critically, socially, economically and
ecologically examine topics during the lessons. Because
a student who has acquired such characteristics as
education and upbringing based on the development of
sustainable education, self-development and self-
expression, independent and critical thinking will not
encounter difficulties in the process of teaching in
secondary schools in the future. For this reason, we
tried to develop assignments using the textbooks of
U.Khijanazarov, R.Ishmuhammedov, J.Tolipova
[1, 2, 3,
4].
Required materials:
Microscope, magnifying glass,
slide, cover glass, tweezers, sharp-edged scalpel or
razor, live branches of juniper, cypress and common
pine, herbariums. Alcohol-fixed samples of young pollen
and seed cones of the species. Various permanent
micropreparations.
Aim of the work:
To study the systematics of the
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subfamily Pinus, the general structure, living
conditions and the structure of male and female cones
in their specific development (Pinus sulvestris) based
on natural, herbarium and plant samples.
General concept
Seed plants are sharply distinguished from other
higher spore-bearing plants (mosses, lichens,
centipedes, and centipedes) by the presence of seeds.
These plants reproduce by seeds, and their shoots
remain viable for a long time even in unfavorable
environments. Gymnosperms appeared on Earth
about 350 million years ago. The department is a
division of higher spore-bearing plants, which includes
more than 1000 modern species. Among modern
gymnosperms, trees and shrubs predominate in terms
of life forms. The leaves of most representatives have
a needle-like or lanceolate appearance. Open-seeded
plants have seeds and ovules, which are located openly
on the macrosporophyll or carpel, therefore these
plants are called open-seeded plants. Representatives
of the department are also considered archegonal
plants, but their distinctive feature is the presence of
seeds. So these plants appeared before seeds, flowers
and fruits in the evolutionary process. The fact that
gymnosperms have a seed bud and seeds due to
fertilization sharply differs from other higher spore
plants, including mosses, lichens, and ferns.
Gymnosperms reproduce by seeds. Their seeds are in
an open state in the fruit leaf. Their buds remain intact
for a long time even in unfavorable environments.
Gymnosperms do not produce fruits, but in some
species, like flowering plants, they form fleshy berries
as a result of the growth of their stamens (juniper,
yew). The seed gametophyte consists of an endosperm
and 2 archegonia. The department is mainly divided
into six classes:
1. Pteridosperms (Pteridospermsida)
2. Cycads (Cycadopsida)
3. Bennettites (Bennetitopsida)
4. Ginkgos (Ginkgopsida)
5. Pines (Pinopsida)
6. Gnetums (Gnetopsida)
Representatives of the class Pteridospermopsida
appeared on Earth in the
Devonian period and
flourished during the Carboniferous period. Some
representatives grew until the end of the Permian
period. These plants are fossil plants that resemble
modern-day tree-like centipedes. An example is
Lyginopteris oldhamia. Lyginopteris oldhamia is a
dioecious plant that reproduces by seed.
Representatives of the class Cycads (Cycadopsida) are
found in tropical and subtropical regions, although
they are rare. They are mainly widespread in Central
America and Southeast Asia. This class has about 100
species and has one family Cycads. They are tree-like
plants, 15-20 meters high, with a trunk about 2 meters
long, covered with feathery leaves. An example of this
class is the cycad (Cycas).
The class Bennettites (Bennetitopsida) is similar in
appearance to representatives of the Cycads.
Representatives of the class Bennettites lived in the
Mesozoic era and are among the plants that later
became extinct. Their disappearance coincides with the
time of the appearance of flowering plants. Therefore,
most botanists attribute the origin of flowering plants to
the Bennettites. Representatives of this class were also
various spore plants. We can take the giant williamsonia
(Williamsoniella) as an example.
The class Ginkgo (Ginkgosida) has only one family and
one species (Ginkgo biloba). Ginkgo biloba is a large
deciduous tree, reaching a height of 30-40 meters. The
leaves are fan-shaped, with a pointed tip and fall off in
winter. It is grown in gardens as an ornamental and
medicinal plant.
The class Pinopsida is the largest class in the
gymnosperms, with about 50 genera and about 550
species. The common pine (Pinus silvestris), a member
of the Pinaceae family, and the juniper (Juniperus), a
member of the cypress family, form dense forests.
These plants are valuable for paper production, various
building materials, and valuable raw materials.
The branching type is monopodial, the leaves are
needle-like, and therefore evergreen, located on a short
stem
Let’
s consider the development of the common pine
(Pinus silvestris) of the pine family (Pinaceae) of the pine
order (Pinales) of the pine class (Pinopsida). This plant
has a monopodial branching type, and is 40 meters high
with a taproot. It is an evergreen with needle-like
leaves, the tips of which are sharp, hard, in bundles of
two or three, and are located on a shortened branch.
The common pine is a monoecious, single-sex plant. In
spring, the flowers are formed in clusters at the ends of
the branches, and a spike-like male inflorescence, a
“
ball
of flowers
”
, is formed.
After producing microspores in the male peduncle
(dome), the “
ball of flowers
”
quickly dries up and the
terminal branches fall off. A shaft passes through the
middle of the male peduncle, and the microsporophylls
are attached to this shaft. The membranous tip of the
microsporophylls is turned upwards and looks like a
div. At the bottom of the peduncles are two anthers,
that is, microsporangia. A large number of microspores
(pollen) ripen inside the microsporangia. Microspores
have a unique appearance. They are round in shape and
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are surrounded by a double shell, an outer thick
endosperm and an inner thin endosperm. The
endosperm shell forms two air-filled sacs on both sides
of the microspore. As a result, it allows the
microspores to be dispersed by the wind. Two
vegetative and generative cells are formed inside the
microspore. Pollination processes occur in the first
month of summer.
Pinus silvestris, male cones
The female cone is much larger than the male cone,
and is located singly or in pairs on the lower branches,
and matures in two years. Initially, the green fruits are
densely covered with scales, but the following year the
fruits open and turn brown. The male cone has a shoot
that passes through the middle of the female cone, and
the fruits are attached to this shoot. Two types of
bodies are distinguished in the male cone. These are
the covering and seed bodies. The covering div is a
small div that is attached to the shoot, and in its axil
is a somewhat large fruit div with a thick edge. Near
the base of these bodies, two ovule micropyles are
located facing downwards.
The ovule is an oval macrosporangium with an
endosperm and gametophyte in its center. In its upper
part there are archegonia with large nuclear egg cells.
The archegonia are surrounded by the endosperm and
nutcellus from the outside. There is a cover over the
nutcellus, which is surrounded by the lower side of the
ovule. The ends of the cover do not touch each other,
forming a micropyle. The resulting spore falls from this
micropyle into the nutcellus and grows. Its cells divide,
forming a pollen tube. It passes through the nutcellus
and goes to the archegonia through the endosperm, and
two antheridial cells fertilize the egg cell.
Female cone of Pinus silvestris
The leaves of the representatives of the cypress family
are opposite or whorled trees and shrubs. The leaves
are often lanceolate, sometimes needle-like,
monoecious or dioecious plants. The seed cone of the
seed-bearing cypresses fuses with the covering cypress
to form a dome-shaped shell, inside which there are 1-
3 ovules. The microsporophylls consist of a short
thread and an expanded part with 3-6 microsporangia.
The cypresses of junipers are berry-like, spherical,
contain from 1 to 10 seeds, and ripen in the second or
third year. Three genera are widespread on Earth:
1.Juniperis
2.Cupressus
3.Thuja
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
Task 1: Write down the classes belonging to the pine family in Table 1.
Task 1: Answer the classes belonging to the pine family in Table 1.
(Pinophyta)
Uuuu
(
Pleridospermopsida
)
(Cycadopsida)
(Ginkgopsida)
(Bennettitopsida)
(Gnetopsida)
(Pinopsida)
Pinophyta
Uuuu
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Task 2: In the table provided, write the correct answers to the representatives of the classes belonging to the
pine family.
No.
Classes belonging to the pine family
Class representatives
1.
Pteridospermopsida
A
Ephedra
2.
Cycadopsida
B
Pinus silvestris
3.
Bennetitopsida
V
Ginkogo biloba
4.
Ginkgopsida
G
Williamsoniella
5.
Pinopsida
D
Cycas
6.
Gnetopsida
E
Lyginopteris oldhamia
Answers
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
Task 2: Answer the representatives of the classes belonging to the pine family in the given table.
No.
Classes belonging to the pine family
Class representatives
1.
Pteridospermopsida
A
Ephedra
2.
Cycadopsida
B
Pinus silvestris
3.
Bennetitopsida
V
Ginkogo biloba
4.
Ginkgopsida
G
Williamsoniella
5.
Pinopsida
D
Cycas
6.
Gnetopsida
E
Lyginopteris oldhamia
Answers
1 - E
2 -D
3 -G
4 -V
5 -B
6 - A
Task 3:
Based on the pictures
provided, write the names of the parts of the female pelvis and describe their general structure in the table.
B
V
G
D
A
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Task 4: Based on the pictures provided, write the names of the parts of the male genitalia and descriptions of
their general structure in the table.
A
B
V
G D
V
B
V
G
D
A
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European International Journal of Pedagogics
Task 5: Based on the given picture, write down the developmental process of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) in
Table 1 in sequence.
Table 1.
№
Female cone
№
Male cone
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
CONCLUSION
By teaching this practical exercise, students will be able
to understand the specific features and teaching
methods of teaching botany, types of assessment and
control of knowledge, skills and qualifications related
to
gymnosperms,
modern
requirements
for
developing lesson plans. Moreover, students will be
able to apply modern methods of teaching botany, and
ensure the coherence and consistency of the content,
tools, methods and forms of botany.
REFERENCES
Khujanazarov O.E. and others. Botany textbook.
–
T.:
Innovation-education, 2022.
Ishmukhammedov R.J., Yuldashev M. Innovative
pedagogical technologies in education and upbringing.
–
T.: Nihol publishing house, 2013, 2016.
Tolipova J.O., Gofurov A.T. Technologies of biology
education. Methodological manual.
–
Teacher
publishing house, Tashkent, 2002.
Tolipova J.O. Innovative technologies in biology
teaching. Textbook for students of higher educational
institutions of pedagogical sciences.
–
Tashkent, 2014.
