“Иқтисодиѐт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. № 7, сентябрь, 2013 йил
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G.Nazarova
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT OF EXTERNAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
ON THE ASSUMPTION OF GLOBALIZATION
Статья посвящена проблеме использования инновационного механизма в
создании
высокотехнологичного
производства,
импортозамещения
и
экспортоориентрованное производство, основанное на передовых локальных
технологиях в Республике Узбекистан. Исследование проведено на основе
системного и сравнительного анализа, с использованием информационных и
статистических показателей. В результате автором определены основные
факторы, влияющие на инновационное развитие экономики Республики на
средне-долгосрочную перспективу.
Мақола Ўзбекистон Республикасида юқори технологик ишлаб чиқаришни
илғор маҳаллий технологияларга асосланган, импорт ўрнини қоплаш ва
экспортга йўналтирилган ишлаб чиқаришни яратишда инновацион
меҳанизмдан фойдаланиш муаммосига бағишланган. Тадқиқот ахборот ва
статистик кўрсаткичлардан фойдаланган ҳолда тизимли ва қиѐсий таҳлил
асосида ўтказилган. Натижада муаллиф томонидан ўрта ва узоқ муддатли
истиқболда Республика иқтисодиѐтини инновацион ривожлантиришга таъсир
этувчи асосий омиллар аниқланган.
Key words: stimulation, reform, resources, innovation.
Extending of economic reforms taking place in Uzbekistan newly puts a lot of
the problems connected with the mechanism of management, definition of scientific
and technical priorities, an estimation of efficiency of long-term investments,
increase of innovation activity of economical subjects. Carrying out of strong
structural, investment and innovation policy while parallel use of leverages, methods
and stimulus of a market economy is one of the major priorities of state scientific and
technical policy being realized in Republic Uzbekistan.
In republic on realization of target programs powerful results are reached. Thus
the important role is played with the Decree of the President of the Republic of
Uzbekistan №ПФ-3860 « About stimulation of modernization, technical and
technological rearrangements of manufacture» [ 1].Proclaiming an independence, in a
transition period of realization of radical reforms in all fields of activity state and a
society, one of the important conditions of transition to market relations was defined
a maintenance of preservation and the further development of scientific and technical
potential of the country by consecutive, stage-by-stage perfection of managing of
research activity, adequately being realized by reforms in sphere of the government,
economic and social development of the country[1] .
Extending of reforms has demanded the further perfection of managing of
research activity, concentration of intellectual and material resources on performance
of large-scale scientific programs and innovation projects, development of
mechanisms of involving in innovation activity of real sector of economy, transition
to competitive system of formation and financing of innovation scientific and
technical programs and projects[2,3].
“Иқтисодиѐт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. № 7, сентябрь, 2013 йил
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Tasks of innovation policy for the nearest prospects are defined as follows:
Formation of the effective scientific and technical potential appropriate to
resource, intellectual, economic needs and opportunities of the state;
Choice of development priorities of innovation sphere in realization in
branches of economy and innovation projects influencing increase of production
efficiency and production competitiveness;
Use in real sector of economy of innovation technologies and the
manufactures providing release of competitive production, computer information
technologies and automation of management by complex technological processes;
Development of scientific and technical system, information supply of
formation, science and manufacture.
Innovation scientific and technical programs cover, as a rule, sphere of applied
scientific researches and development in the field of natural and engineering science,
developmental and technological works. Thus development, as a rule, are focused on
reception of concrete "commodity" result in the form of trial samples of installations
or experimental batches of production, proceeding from the purposes and problems of
competition on the basis of significant results, inventions, high technologies, etc.
It is necessary to notice, that competitive programs are formed on the basis of
Hokimiyats’ offers of regions, ministries, departments, etc. managing subjects, with
concrete volumes of their individual share in financing for the decision of problems
put forward by them, under the scheme «order - result»[2,3].
Feature of programs of innovation works is precise and concrete definition of
functions and the responsibility of all participants of innovation activity, character of
a used scientific-technological innovation, the enterprise mastering this innovation
and making on its basis competitive production, outlet of manufactured production,
etc.
Use of the innovation mechanism allows: to carry out transition to manufacture
high technology, import substitution and export oriented production on the basis of
the advanced domestic technologies, as much as possible having kept thus a structure
of industrial activity of the enterprises, that is to do without significant capital
expenses;
to create conditions for development in manufacture of high technologies
with direct participation in this complex process of their developers;
more effectively to use not loaded capacities of the enterprises;
to involve in manufacture of hi-tech production of the qualified experts and
scientists;
to unite financial, material means and organizational opportunities of
founders of the research-and-production Centers and to provide their more rational
use;
to create conditions for economic interest of developers in creation and
development of competitive scientific and technical production.
Now the innovation activity basically is carried out due to means of the State
budget. The world experience indicates, that prevalence of budgetary financing of
“Иқтисодиѐт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. № 7, сентябрь, 2013 йил
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innovation activity reduces its qualitative parameters. Budgetary funds are used more
effectively under condition of co-financing innovation projects.
Thus, one of effective elements of the mechanism of realization of innovation
projects is the principle of their participation financing, allowing to carry out these
development by a flexible combination of use of budgetary funds, and means of
branches and regions, the enterprises and the organizations interested in results of
development for the decision of problems put forward by them. Such state support is
shown in the form of stimulation of development of a science, techniques and
innovations by economic methods, active use of market mechanisms of regulation of
attitudes in scientifically-technological sphere, creations of conditions for
development of a competition and business in scientific and innovation activity[4].
Presence of shared sponsorship on behalf of the ministries, departments or
Hokimiyats
1
is the original guarantor of that the given development will be
demanded, introduced by them in manufacture.
Regulation of innovation activity should be provided with the state (in
particular, purposefulness of set strategy of social and economic development of a
society, problems of increase of a level of competitiveness of national economy in the
world market) with the purpose of maintenance of the coordination of interests of all
subjects participating in innovation process. It also is necessary, for the fullest
orientation of their motivation on realization of the national purposes.
In innovation process economic attitudes between founders of an innovation,
i.e. proprietors of resources, consumers of innovations concerning their
manufacturing, use and maintenance with resources participating during subjects are
realized. In this connection, the organizational structure of management of innovation
activity should be shown in economic attitudes between all participants of innovation
activity and should not include all of structure[2,4].
It is possible to speak about an organizational effectiveness of management of
innovation activity only when activity of social and economic subjects has the
purposeful, realized character, i.e. new quality arises during target transformation of
the natural public environment and, first of all, economics. So, it is direct on a
microeconomic level is shown in the subjective realized activity of the economic
subject realizing a new combination of factors of manufacture.
In national economy as an uniform system are inevitably formed special sphere
of economic activities - innovation, isolated from production of goods and actually
scientific sphere. Therefore special economic attitudes, i.e. subjects of scientific
sphere and production of goods are peculiar to innovation activity. In organizational
construction of a control system uniform process - from creation of an innovation
before its consumption (use) in material sphere on a chain "science-innovation-
manufacture" should be created.
For market economy presence of variety of organizational-legal forms of
managing of its market institutes that is transferred and on innovation sphere no less
than on existence of inconsistent unity between the most innovation sphere, a science
and production of goods is characteristic.
1
The administrative regional structure in Uzbekistan
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The decision of national problems of an intensification of innovation process
demands creation of the new mechanism of management of activity of its all
participants, as across, and on a vertical, by means of market levers. It means: taxes,
the prices, the state orders, credits, retraining of personnel, business and industrial
parks, target programs, information-consulting and marketing support, etc.
For developing countries the choice of ways of their competitive economic
development, especially in uneasy conditions of financial crisis of economic is important.
Reorganization of former structure of economy to the new changed conditions is
complex both in practical, and in the theoretical plan. Studying of experience of innovation
development of foreign countries allows to reveal the basic directions of their development
leading creation of modern manufacture and transformation of a society, and to define
innovation strategy of development comprehensible to republic.
The prospect of development of the country is considered in a context of world
tendencies and competitive models, thus the attention is accented on definition of own
way of development with a condition of use of elements of foreign experience. The
deepening of reforms has demanded the further perfection of the organization of
research activity, concentration of intellectual and material resources on performance
of large scientific programs and innovation projects, development of mechanisms of
involving in innovation activity of real sector of economy, transition to competitive
system of formation and financing of innovation scientific and technical programs
and projects [2,4].
For nowadays, creation in the Republic of Uzbekistan of national innovation
system (NIS) is a key problem not only scientific and technical sphere, but also
increase of competitiveness of domestic economy. Transition to economy of
knowledge demands formation in the country of complete system, effectively
reforming new knowledge in new technologies, products and services which find the
real consumers (buyers) in the national or global markets. The concept and the
concept of formation of national innovation system last decade is actively used in all
works devoted to economic aspects of technological development. It has occured in
many respects owing to activity of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), and also other international organizations, in particular World
Bank. Under aegis of these organizations last years a plenty of the analytical
researches, devoted to problems of transformation of national economies from
traditional industrial in postindustrial, i.e. the economy based on knowledge is
executed. Let's note some basic differences of concept NIS from traditional model of
innovation activity of economy.
First, it is obviously considered, that creation and transformation of new
knowledge is carried out by concrete economic subjects and interests.
Secondly, the major role in innovation process according to this concept is
played not only subjects, how many with attitudes between them.
Thirdly, it is very essential, how, by means of what rules and laws these
attitudes are adjusted in concrete economic system.
In other words, efficiency of innovation processes in economy depends not
only on that how much effectively activity of economic subjects (firms, the scientific
organizations др.), but also from their interaction with each other as elements of
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collective system of creation and use of knowledge, and also with public institutes
(such, as values, norms, the right).
Without modern technology the market economy cannot provide increase of
competitiveness of national economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, from this
development of a state policy of support of the technological innovations based on
new principles and including replacement of administration managerial control
follows, that, is a defining element of spent reforms. In this situation high enough
scientific potential of republic will mostly be neutralized by low efficiency of
innovation process. For mobilization of a mental potential of republic on the decision
of priority problems of social and economic and scientific and technical development
it is required allowing to create creation of new organizational structures
environment, способствующею the effective organization of innovation process on
the closed cycle.
Commercialization technologies are a part of the complete mechanism of
creation and realization of innovations within the limits of national innovation
system.
By consideration of a question of the further development of innovation
activity following basic problems are especially allocated. The first - Uzbekistan
possesses a more potential in a number of areas of fundamental science, however the
mechanism of reproduction of this potential is not developed. The second - in
industrial sector remains low a level of a susceptibility of the enterprises to
innovations that predetermines a low level of demand from sectors of economy on
high technologies. Resources of the industry are focused in a greater degree on
purchase of the import equipment, and the technologies developed by scientific sector
appear not demanded owing to absence of the information on achievements of a
domestic science and weak development marketing and engineering services in the
republic. The third - the important elements of national innovation system are not
developed, are absent necessary институциональные communications between
available elements.
The above-named problems can be solved by maintenance of research-and-
production integration which according to world experience needs to be formed by
creation of an innovation infrastructure – industrial parks, the innovation centers, etc.
in which manufacture will carry out investments of means in scientific researches,
and a science will give manufacture innovations necessary for it [5].
Important essential expansion of innovation researches due to attraction of
means of the ministries, the departments, managing subjects and a private sector on
performance of innovation projects of their priorities directed on the decision.
The decision of these problems demands development of the state program of
innovation development of economy of republic, on medium- and long-term
prospect, with simultaneous revision of scientifically-technological priorities and
maintenances of the state scientific and technical programs, and also mechanisms of
its realization[2,5].
In the conclusion it is necessary to stress
,
аs an element of system of state
regulation, the program of innovation development of economy should have:
- Precisely definite purposes of innovation development of economy;
“Иқтисодиѐт ва инновацион технологиялар” илмий электрон журнали. № 7, сентябрь, 2013 йил
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- The controls realizing functions which provide achievements of the
formulated purposes;
- The system forming an information image of object of regulation sufficient
for realization of functions of management;
- Tools of regulation and support by means of which state bodies influence the
enterprises and environment within the limits of performance of the functions.
To the basic tools of regulation, in turn, concern a little making:
- Direct state stimulation of research and development by distribution
budgetary and outside of budgetary financial resources (grants, crediting) between
various spheres of scientific researches and development according to system of the
state scientific priorities;
- Indirect state stimulation of a science and development of its achievement in
the state and private sectors of economy by means of tax, amortization, patent,
customs policy, and also by support of innovation business;
- Granting various sorts of privileges to subjects of innovation process (as it is
direct to the businessmen who are carrying out innovations, and to those elements of
an infrastructure which render this or that support);
- Formation of an innovation climate in economy and an infrastructure of
maintenance of researches and development, including national services of the
scientific and technical information, patenting and licensing, standardizations of
certification, statistics, the analytical centers for studying foreign experience,
preparation of forecasts of scientific and technical development and formation on
their basis of system of national scientific priorities for maintenance with the
information of the persons making the decision
.
The literature list (References)
1. I.A.Karimov. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan №ПФ-
3860 « About stimulation of modernization, technical and technological
rearrangements of manufacture».T.-2010/Узбекистон.
2. The theory of innovative economy: the textbook by O.S.Belokrylova. –
Rostov: Fenix, 2009. 376 p.
3. Nazarova R.R. Innovative management of foreign trade activities of the
enterprise. Научный журнал «ЭФИ: Экономика.Финансы.Исследования.»
Казахстан,Астаны,2010г. 8стр.
4. Юрченко
Е.
В.
Совершенствование
системы
управления
инновациями на основе выбора конкурентоспособных технологий / Е. В.
Юрченко, А,И. Козлов, Н. И. Комков, А. Ю. Шатраков // Научный Вестник МГТУГА.
– 2009. – № 147.
5. Innovations Management – М.: Alipina Business books, 2008.-237 p.
