No. 1 (2021) Oriental studies

This article analyzes the symbolic expressions reflected in colors in the stories of Razia Tujar, one of the greatest representatives of modern Iranian literature.  In modern Iranian literature, the famous writer Raziya Tujar has a great ability to fully understand a woman's heart, reach the depths of a woman's heart, revealing all its secrets. Razia Tudjar writes in a unique style that distinguishes her works from other writers for the richness of philosophical observations, the beauty of language and style, and the presentation of social problems.  Most of the characters in her stories are women.  The writer is very fond of colors in her stories.  She sees the world through different colors and shades.  Especially gray, full of hardships, she describes it and ends her work in a depressed state.  Our scientific article also emphasizes the role of color symbolism in the richness of the literary imagery of the writer.

The  article  analyzes  regional  cooperation  among  Central  Asian  countries  based  on  identity dimension. The peoples of the region share common cultural and civilizational values, economic ties, history, ethnic and linguistic kinship, common security challenges and threats. This allows us to declare that now regional interaction is a priority for political, social, economic and cultural and humanitarian spheres of life among Central Asian states. The presence of regional identity is an important foundation for regional cooperation and acts as a guarantor of deepening interstate relations in Central Asia. The development of regional cooperation strengthens the role of Central Asia as an independent subject of international relations system.

At present, as in all branches of science, translation is developing at a rapid pace, in sync with the achievements of world translation science. Of course, the main basis for this is the radical reforms being carried out in our country. Today, in Uzbek literature, as in all types and genres, there is an increase in the practice of literary translation. A lot of work is being done to translate samples of world literature directly into the Uzbek language and translate the masterpieces of Uzbek literature into foreign languages. When translating a text, it is important to preserve national identity and correctly and clearly express it in the translated language. It is no secret that the fulfillment of the honorable task of translating samples of Uzbek literature into foreign languages and the best works of world literature into our native language depends on the  talent  and  enthusiasm  of  the  current  young  generation.  Therefore,  young  people  need  to  pay  more attention to their native language and study it in depth. In some languages, words are grammatically divided into gender categories: maxuline (masculine) and feminine (feminine) or neutral (neutral). Although the Uzbek language does not have such categories as maksulin (masculine), feminine (feminine), or neutral (neutral), gender categories are defined according to the meaning of words. For example, dugona describes the friendship of two women and is only feminine. Words like oshna, ortoq belong to the maxulin category. Given these features, it is important to correctly translate into another language or from a second language into Uzbek. Gender studies are not only about gender biology studies, but also the ability to choose words and sentences and use them where necessary in the translation process.

They related opinions about lexicology in linguistics to the study of word meaning. “... linguistic analysis of translation covers linguistic and speech factors. An integrated, structural-functional approach to the study of translation is in line with the development trend of modern linguistics, which is characterized by its  refusal to limit its  subject to  the field  of  "internal linguistics"  and  considers  language  as  a  "form of activity." The thing in the universe, the event, the behavior are reflected as a concept in human thinking. They expressed the concept through the integrity of meaning and the form of action. Language represents being. Existence and language are inextricably linked. It is on the basis of these two concepts and a number of approaches  to  their  relationship  have  emerged.  Some  linguists  believe  that  language  and  being  are inextricably linked, and that language represents the objective world. Some argue that language and being are  separate  concepts.  They  don't  talk  about  animals,  or  they  don't  have  mythical  expressions,  such  as mermaids or giants in textiles, but they are expressed in language.

Despite the fact that there are many works on Arabic grammar, which are perfect and known for their content,  the  work  of  Zamakhshari  “ لصفملا”  is  considered  by  his  contemporaries  "the  best  book  on  Arabic grammar"1 . Another scientist compares it with “fine-grained durga” 2. This work has great historical importance due to the laconic and clear interpretation.  The issues raised in Zamakhshari's work testify to the development of Arabic linguistics at that time. In the play, we see the achievements of the 12th  century through the coverage of grammatical issues.  A “Mufassal” is an aggregated and refined review of research conducted prior to this work.  When creating "Mufassal" Zamakhshari pursued not only a scientific goal, but also its convenience. This aspect allowed him to become one of the most famous works. Zamakhshari, as a linguist well versed in the theory of Arabic grammar, managed to compose the book in his own way.

This  article  analyzes  the  etymology  numerative  lexemes  of  Hindi  specific  to  Indo-aryan languages.  All analyzed examples were studied such types as tadbhava, tatsama and vidshi, recognized in Indian linguistics and their specific semantic features were shown. Aspects of some numeratives equal to other  numerative  words  have  also  been  identified.  It  has  been  studied  that  lexemes  belonging  to  most numeratives  have  other  semantic  properties  in  addition  to  their  own  meaning,  i.e.  they  also  have  the phenomenon of homonymy. All the samples analyzed were found to belong to 3 groups, namely, weight, length, land area, and their specific  expressions  were studied.  The  etymological study of  numerative  lexemes revealed that only  one group, the numerative words per unit length, existed in both tadbhava, tatsama, and videshi types. It has also been found that there are several forms of examples of some numeratives and that there are differences in their application. In particular, it is emphasized that many numerative words belonging to the tatsama and tadbhava types were widely used in ancient times and are still widely used today. Different aspects of the use of lexemes specific to some numeratives are also shown.

Currently, one of the actively developing directions in linguistics is language learning in a functional-stylistic aspect. Special attention is paid to the study of the use of language units in different functional styles. Publicist texts are studied according to the functional approach to linguistic analysis of newspaper texts, investigated  based  on  semantics  and  form  of  language  units,  their  function  in  text  formation.  In  the implementation of this function, the semantics and form of the language unit are transformed into a means of generating newspaper text. Although the analysis of the application of parts of speech and their semantic groups within functional styles is particularly important in iranistics, there are no studies on this subject. The study of the newspaper-publicist style of Persian is the most important direction of modern iranistics.

The article examines the poetry of the poet and writer Ihara Saikaku, one of the leading figures in  Japanese  literature  of  the  17th  century,  in  particular  Genroku  period,  and  its  features.  Researching Saikaku's poetry and highlighting his role as an innovator of Genroku period is the goal, and close analysis of the development of his creative path and selected works, revealing the essence of the "Dutch style" that was introduced by him into haikai poetry are considered as the tasks of the work. The cultural-historical, comparative-historical  methods  of  analysis  are  used  through  implementing  the  goals  and  objectives mentioned above. Detailed information about Ihara Saikaku's life and poetry are reflected based on the work of Ito Baiu「見聞 談叢」 (“Stories of that we saw and heard”, 1738) and a number of other sources at the beginning of the article. The early verses of the poet Saikaku in the traditional style are briefly reviewed with examples. His productive activity as a representative of the "Dutch movement" of the poetic school "Danrin" that aimed to make innovative discovery in the poetry of that period also find its reflection in the paper. Furthermore, the essence of "dokugin" and "yakazu" haikai – short verses in the "Dutch style" of Saikaku is revealed through the examples and analyzes given from the collections 「俳諧独吟一日千句」 ("Solo one thousand verses in one day”, 1675) and 「俳諧大句数」 ("A great number of haikai stanzas of Saikaku", 1677). Based on these the respective conclusions about the main aspects of the innovative poetic creativity of Saikaku are presented at the end of the article.

This  article is  devoted to the life and  work  of the  great  thinker  Abu  al-Ala  al-Maari, who occupies a special place in Arabic literature. It first deals with the description of Abu-l-Ala al-Maarri by Eastern and Western scholars, as well as research and scientific treatises about his work. The article provides information about  the  life  of  al-Maari, his  scientific  travels  and  his  teachers.  His  work  begins  with the philosophical lines of pre-Islamic poets and culminates in the development of Arabic philosophical lyricism, which runs through the poems of Abu al-Ataxia and the pessimistic irrigation poems of al-Mutanabbi. Al-Maari is not only a skilled poet, but also a mature philosopher. Throughout his philosophical lyricism, there is the theme of extreme dissatisfaction with life and the motives of helpless loneliness in a terrible world, the theme of helplessness in the face of evil. In addition to philosophical and religious problems, the poet was also interested in moral problems, which he viewed from a very humane point of view. The poet steadfastly opposed social injustice, believing that serving the people is the only path worthy of a person.

This article is devoted to translations and research into world languages of Liao Jai's works of miracles. They were written by the great Chinese storyteller Pu Songling, who wrote under the pseudonym Liao Jai, who laid the foundation for the development of the magic novella and the creator of a unique school of  folklore  writing.  It  examines  some  issues,  in  particular  the  translations  of  short  stories  and  their publications. Three centuries ago, he created Liao Jai's "Stories of Miracles". According to some reports, Pu Songling wrote about 500 short stories. However, some of his stories have not reached us. Throughout his life, the writer collected stories about extraordinary events and magical things, as well as folk anecdotes. No Chinese writer would know so many different forms of stories other than Pu Songling. In Chinese literature, the term story refers to the processing of folk tales and legends, sometimes parables or anecdotes, and in some cases - ancient stories or short stories. As a result of research and observation during this writing, it became known that from the 18th century to the present, Liao Jai's Strange Miracle Stories has been translated into more than twenty languages. The translations were into English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Czech, Greek, Polish, Hungarian, Russian, Irish, Latvian, Uzbek, Tajik, Kyrgyz, Russian, Ukrainian, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian and other languages. In the course of this study, it was found that among the Chinese classical literature, there are very few works translated into such a number of languages. No historical work can detail the landscape of the past in as much detail as fiction. In this sense, Pu Songling's work is a reflection of the life of the Chinese people, an integral part of cultural heritage, a source of information that allows one to reflect on the life and uniqueness of different strata of Chinese society.

The scientific and creative activity of the teacher Shoislom Shomukhamedov is quite complex and  this  article  focuses  only  on  his  works  on  the  problems  of  studying  Persian  literature,  and  gives information  about  the  teacher's  involvement  in  this  activity,  the  reasons  for  his  partial  love  of  Persian classical literature. The teacher's fruitful creative work was covered in more detail in the article.

This article examines the features of the genre “travelogue” in modern Arabic short stories. “Travelogue” is one of the oldest and most varied genres. During the many thousands of years of human history, and especially after the appearance of written literature, thousands of works on the subject of travel were created in the languages of the peoples of the world. The genesis of the genre is the result of the synthesis of the traditions of folklore and written literature, where works of folklore (e.g., fairy tales) were created and in written literature (e.g., ancient travel notes), in the center of which there is a traveler-narrator. As genre compositional features of travelogue, you can point out that the focus is on the image of the traveler-narrator and the presence of the fact of travel (changing in space and time movement in a certain direction), and it is noteworthy that the traveler-narrator stands in the status of an observer and compares what he saw in a foreign  land  with  the  situation  in  his  native  country.  Although  these  main  features  of  the  genre  were preserved, a number of other manifestations of travelogue appeared in the course of the development of literature.  If  in  Uzbek  classical  literature  the  works  describing  the  impressions  of  travel  are  called “sayokhatnoma”, then in Arabic literature this genre is called “rihla”. Studying modern Arabic fiction, you can trace how writers create works in the genre of travelogue, combining elements of the genre with the genre  of  the  short  story.  A  number  of  modern  and  contemporary  Arab  writers,  such  as  Muhammad  al-Muwaylihi, Sunallah Ibrahim, Jamal al-Ghitani, and Abdurahman Majid al-Rubeyi, used features of the travelogue genre in their short stories and novels. Among them can be the Syrian writer Abdus-Kalam Al-Ujayli (1918-2006), whose travel collections, such as Journey to Europe and The Call to Travel, consist of short stories that reflect the peculiarities of the travelogue genre. The collections Journey to Europe, Call to Travel comprise 22 short stories  about  travelling.  Abdus-Salam al-Ujaili depicted  with high artistry  the greatness of his motherland Syria, where he was born and raised, showed its beautiful nature, the way of life, occupations, religion of the population, as well as he gave a description of some cities, their history, and shared hois impressins of unspeakable Paris after a trip to Europe.

The article examines the emergence, formation and development of such small prose genres in Hindi and Punjabi literature as a sketch ("rekhachitra"), also their distinctive features, and role in literature. The Rekhachitra (image) genre is a virtually unexplored genre in Russian Indology. There are opinions given of some Russian Indologists, such as E.P. Chelysheva, A.P. Senkevich and N.P. Utekhina also the opinions of  some  Hindi  literature  scholars,  in  particular,  Mahendra  Kumar  Dhingra,  Lakshmisagar  Varshaya, Nagendra and Tripathi on this genre. An attempt made to shed light on this topic using the example of the works of writers in the genre of "rekhachitr" (image). Speaking about the origin of the documentary-journalistic genre of sketching, it should be noted that it is directly related to the development of the media in the Hindi language.  It was in them that the first works of this type, written in different genres, appeared, the best of which later made up his "golden fund". The sketching genre has come a long way before it emerged as an independent genre. Today it is not a story or an essay, but a separate genre based on its own laws, and, of course, a story, essay and other genres that develop in accordance with changing times and social life. Today it is not a story or an essay, but a separate genre based on its own laws, and, of course, a story, essay and other genres that develop in accordance with changing times and social life. This article provides some reflections on this genre.

Using the example of ancient Indian fairy tales, this article reveals the role of a historical person acting as the protagonist of fairy tales, which are based on a fictional plot depicting the eternal struggle  between  good  and  evil,  where  the  dreams  and  aspirations  of  ordinary  people  are  intertwined, through the images of people, animals, even the speech able nature tell about supernatural events, magical powers, incredible phenomena of the human mind. Вased on the analysis of fairy tales, the article makes an attempt substantiate how a historical person who entered the content of fairy tales became a folk hero, as well as it examines what character traits made him the main character of these fairy tales. It is well known that, in terms of its content, a fairy tale reflects events and phenomena that are far from real life. However, in ancient India there were such kings who really became famous among the people for their justice, humanity, valor and wisdom, which led to the creation of fairy tales that perpetuate their names. The historical person who is mentioned in the tales Vikram (Vikrmaditya) was the king of the Ujjain state, located in the western part of India.  The people of India recognize him as the fairest, most intelligent and most humane king after King Rama. He even founded a new era. The era of Vikram begins from 57 BC.  India currently has two calendars. If according to the current calendar it is 2021, then according to the Vikram calendar it is 2078.  King Vikram ruled around the 1st century BC.

The article comprehensively covers the life and work of the Afghan classical poet Abdurrahman Momand (Rahman Baba). Along with presenting the opinions of literary scholars on the essence of his poetry and the place of his works in the history of Afghan literature, it highlights the content and artistic features of his poetry using specific examples. The article also highlights the question of his attitude to Sufism, the poet's views on the reality of his time, and reveals the essence of humanism and national character expressed in his poetry. The scientific significance of this article is determined by the fact that for the first time in the Oriental studies of Uzbekistan, the life and literary works of the poet are presented in the broadest possible way, and conclusions about the essence of his poetry are made on the basis of a direct analysis of his poems. Keywords  and  phrases:  creative  process,  myth,  mythology,  folklore,  myth,  mythology,  mythological current, intertextuality, mythological image.

Устоз  Шоислом  Шомухамедов  Умар  Хайёмнинг  рубоийларини  биринчи  марта  1965 йилда ўзбек тилига таржима қилиб, Тошкент нашриётида чоп эттирганлар. Ва мана шу битта таржимаси  билан  бутун  республика  ва  ундан  ташқарида  машҳур  бўлиб  кетдилар.  Кейинчалик,  Рудакий,  Фирдавсий,  Низомий,  Саъдий,  Ҳофиз  ва  бошқа  форс  мумтоз  шеърияти намояндаларининг  асарларини  таржима  қилган  бўлсаларда,  улар  бунчалик  шуҳрат келтирмаган. Устоз таржима қилган Умар Хайём рубоийларидан 87 таси “май” мавзусига бағишланган. Умар  Хайём  нима  учун  айнан  “май”  тимсолини  ўзининг  рубоийлари  учун  танлаган?  Бунинг сабабини ҳеч бир тадқиқотчи ўзига савол қилиб қўймаган.

Ўзбекистонда  Шарқшуносликнинг  ХХ  аср  60-йилларидан кейинги  тараққиёт  даврлари ҳақида гап кетганда кўз олдимизда энг аввало, аллома устоз, улкан шарқшунос олим, моҳир педагог, истеъдодли таржимон, шоир ва адиб, юксак салоҳиятли ташкилотчи-раҳбар Шоислом Маҳмудович Шомуҳамедовнинг (1921-2007) табаррук сиймолари гавдаланади. Устознинг  шарқшунослик  дунёсига  илк  қадамлари  Ўрта  Осиё  давлат  университети (Ҳозирги Мирзо Улуғбек номидаги Ўзбекистон Миллий университети)нинг Шарқ факультетига ўқишга кирган 1947 йилдан бошланади.

This article examines the literary process of Arabic Middle Ages (VIII–XII) – Golden age of Arabic literature.

In the 10th-12th centuries there had been a rapid flourishing of literary creativity in the Arabic language in the regions of Central Asia such as Mawaraunnahr and Khwarezm. Tens of thousands of Arabic language manuscripts have been stored in manuscript collections all over the world, including the manuscript collection of our Republic. Some of them have been selectively studied by orientalists. At the same time, the number of still unexplored manuscripts is very large, and there are manuscripts containing vivid artistic creations among them. Translating and researching of these works in order to bring the treasures of spiritual and aesthetic heritage to our people is a responsible and honorable task of Uzbek orientalists. This article expounds on the contributions of the Central Asian thinkers in the development of Arabic literature in the 10th-12th centuries, in the establishment of its genres, and the formation of its primary trends. In the article, a brief overview of the main literary works of the period and their influence on the direction of the literary development both in Central Asia and the entire world of Islam is given. The rich Arabic literature of Mawarannаhar and Khwarezm spurred vibrant cultural growth locally during the first stage of the Islamic Renaissance and further development of the social and moral thought of its peoples. Abu Bakr al-Khwarezmi, Abu Ali Sina, Mahmud al-Zamakshari, and many other Central Asian thinkers combined both scientific and literary endeavors throughout their lives.  During this very period, the main body of the greatest literary monuments was created. Additionally, the perspectives of a deeper study of this literary heritage as part of the world heritage and the entire human civilization are examined in this article. A comprehensive study of the Arabic literary heritage of the 9th-12th centuries may, on one hand, help to fill out the gap in the studies of the literary activities of the period. On the other hand, even though certain steps in this direction have been made, prospects of research from the position of literary studies demand a deeper exploration of literary activities, thematic categories, poetics, uniqueness of local genres, and other facets, which will help make certain the size of the contribution of Central Asian scholars to the development not only of Eastern literature but of Western as well.