No. 1-2 (2019) Oriental studies

This article, devoted to the analysis of parts of speech in the works of Makhmud Zamakhshari, addresses the question of conjugation of verbs in the last chapter named “Tasrifu-l-af’al” of the book “Mukaddamatu-l-adab”. The article emphasizes that the verb is an important part of speech in Arabic, that it is impossible to master the grammatical rules and categories without knowing its morphological features, that some parts of speech, especially masdars, the degrees of adjectives are formed from verbal roots. In “Mukaddamatu-l-Adab” was written that verbs in Arabic are divided into verbs with three and four roots and the majority are the verbs with three roots. Verbs with four roots, as well as verbs with three roots, lean with the help of those suffixes and prefixes. In the formation of the present tense forms, imperative forms, masdars, participles are also based on the same rules as for three-verbs.Makhmud Zamakhshari, defining the doubled verbs as verbs in the three-root group, in which the second and third roots consist of the same letter, emphasizes that the hamza is a “healthy” letter, not defective, and because of its complex pronunciation it is either changed with another letter or sometimes it is missed when pronounced and this provides ease of pronunciation. The question of writing hamza and its spelling has always been a difficult question of the language.
Since Zamakhshari created his work for the quick study of Arabic and its grammar by non-Arab people, he did not go deeply into the essence of some difficult questions of Arabic language. The scientist notices that ings are added to the verbs of the actual voice gives samples conjugation of regular verbs in the past tense, and says that all regular verbs and verbs that are similar to regular verbs are conjugated in the above order.
In his work, Zamahshari gave a sample of the conjugations of the verbs of the passive voice and examples of adding personal endings to such verbs, as well as conjugations of regular verbs, and verbs
similar to regular verbs, empty and defective verbs. The scholar’s work not only gave conjugation of verbs, but also provided exceptions to the rules, it also highlighted a separate chapter in the interpretation of the imperative form in Arabic. The work contains information that the formation of an imperative form from
verbs of the present-future tense. The article emphasizes that the verbs of surprise are formed only from the first chapter of the three-root verbs, that such forms are not formed from verbs expressing physical imperfection. Ways of expressing astonishment from doubled and defective verbs are commented.
Regarding the verb conjugation, which is devoted to the chapter on the study of infinitives (masdar), the author dwells on the names of actions, ways of forming masdars from empty verbs, gives definition to real and passive participles, gives examples of their formation. This chapter provides information on the formation of real and passive participles from the derived chapters and four-root verbs, an interpretation of the adjective forms of the excellent and comparative degrees.

There are two types of affixing – prefixing and suffixing in modern Chinese. Suffix words are formed by adding a semantic morpheme and a suffix. It should be noted that in modern Chinese the number of morphemes acting as suffixes in the formation of nouns is not much. However, they stand out for their productivity. The suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” in modern Chinese are considered one of such suffix morphemes. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation of nouns by 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes in modern Chinese. For the purpose of disclosure of the goal, the author refers to various sources, reveals common and characteristic features only corresponding to the suffix, explores the grammatical features of the lexical units formed by the 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” suffixes and presents conclusion on this topic, justifying each of them with corresponding examples. It was revealed that two, three and four-syllable words are formed by these suffixes; the nouns are formed by combination of 子 “zi” and 儿 “er” with certain verbs, adjectives, countable words, numerals; several constructions including these suffixes were identified. There are many similar features in using the suffixes 子 “zi” and 儿 “er”, which are described in this article. However, there are also significant differences, for example, the suffix 子 “zi” combined with nominal roots with the meaning of objectivity forms words with abstract concepts. And the suffix 儿 “er” sometimes forms words with a dismissive, derogatory meaning and words with the suffix 子 “zi” acquire a caressing shade. According to the study, it was revealed that in Chinese, affixing words are mainly formed by means of suffixing, the degree of use of prefixing is limited. With the help of suffixing a large number of nouns and verbs, as well as adverbs are formed. With the help of prefixation, only ordinal numerals and a limited number of nouns are formed.

Over the years of independence, our national literature has been developing rapidly and in recent years has gone through various stages of the literary process. In the works of modern authors like Isajon Sultan, Khurshid Dostmuhammad, Ulugbek Khamdam, Zulfiya Kurolboy kizi, Abdukayum Yuldash, Nazar Eshankul such issues as people and society, family relationships, personality and societies, and human existence are described with elements of modernism and postmodernism. This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the stories of the famous Syrian-Lebanese writer of Arab origin Gada as-Samman (born in 1942, Damascus) and the Uzbek writer Zulfiya Kurolboy kizi (born in 1966, Dzhizak). The article discusses such issues as the mastery of psychological analysis of the authors, the image of the mother and the interpretation of "mother" psychology in fiction in the stories of writers of two people, the role of the child in the fate of a mother, the influence of infertility on the fate and psychology of women, as well as the clash of ideas in the writing style of the authors.

The writing is one of the great discoveries in human history. Modern and old languages in their history had used different types of writings. In particular, the Turkic language also used the alphabetical writing system. Among them there are Kok Turk (Turk Runic), Uighur, Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic letters. These writings were commonly used by all Turkic people. However, in the scripts used for the Turkic language, there were several types of letters that were used by tribes or religious philosophers. For example, the Syrian script was used by Turkic-Syrian tribes, and the inscription of Brahmi was used by the Turkic Buddhists, and the Manichaean script was spread in the Turkic-Manichean circles. In the Turkic- Manichean letter, many monuments of that era are survived. For example, Berlin copies of the Manichaean prayer book “Khuastuanivt”, Turkic-Manichaean prayer texts and other works. Only Turkic-Manichean letter, among other little-used scripts, was more adapted to the Turkic language. This article covers the adaptation of the Manichean letter to the Turkic language, about sources, reflected in the letter of vowels and consonants, the practical implementation of harmonicity in the texts. At the same time, when covering the aforementioned issues, examples from manuscripts and from fragments written on monuments of the Turkic language are given. At the end of the article, the Turkic-Manichean letters are listed in alphabetical order. This alphabet can help for those, who is interested in learning this letter.

This article presents a new information about "Olimiya" treatise by scientist of Alimkhan ibn Musakhan Tashkandi, one of the Tashkent scientists who lived in the beginning of the 20th century. The manuscript and lithography and all the composition of this work were mentioned for the first time in this article. The article will undoubtedly contribute to enriching the knowledge about Islam. The single copy of manuscript of the work “Olimia” was found in the manuscript fund of the Academy of Oriental Studies named after Abu Reykhan Beruni of the Republic of Uzbekistan and was scientifically described in the article. The book was printed in 1903 in the "Ilyin" printing house of Tashkent city. It was known under the name “Olimia”, but in fact it's real name was “Fath ut-tajvid”. Information about the author of the work "Olimia" – Alimkhan ibn Musakhan has never occured. He noted that he had finished writing his own work in 1321, on the 5th day of the "Safar Month" by the "islamic calendar" and it consists of 190 "bayts". This number falls on the "Gregorian calendar" on March 31, 1903. This means that the author had finished writing the book and managed to publish it in the "Ilyin" printing house. The manuscript which is saving in the fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies was written later – in July 7, 1939. In this work, the methods and rules for correct reading of "Koran" are written in a special poetic form and investigated in a peculiar style. And the names of all the scientists of Tashkent who had read the book and wrote their reviews about it, given one by one. The names of these religion scientists open the way to the study the activities of local scientists and their scientific heritage. The next part of the work starts from 16 to 23 pages and it consists of questions and answers. And the fact that the manuscript begun with Arabic sentence, means that the author knew Arabic very well. The work “Olimia” is considered as a manuscript which contains reading methods, rules of "Koran". And its significant on the scientific study at the beginning of the twentieth century in Turkistan and regard to "Koran" readers and studies about it. 

The study of the lyrical heritage of Alisher Navoi has always been an important issue. However, the study of the texts has been widespread in the last century. In particular, the textological study of the “Hazoyinu-l-Ma'ani” divan was initiated by Hamid Suleiman in the 20th century. The scientist conducted a great deal of research on the “Hazayinu-l-Ma'ani”, the first complete scientific toolkit. In the introductory part of the study, it was pointed out that this publication should be clarified in determining the factors that led to great discrimination and objections in the literature. The aim of the research is to analyze the scientific findings of the first edition published by major scholars, and to clarify the role of the publication between publications. This publication was created by A. Hayitmetov and N. Mallayev, for the sake of great difficulties. H. Sulayman distinguished 20 manuscripts from the cuneiform manuscripts and, by comparison, identified the issues of composition, genre classification, clerical editions and their compositions. The manuscripts stored under the number 55 are the basis for this publication. Critical textbooks began in 1962 and they were based on four manuscripts of "Garayibu-s-sigar" and "Navodiru-sh-shabab". The other two critical texts were left untouched by the
death of the scientist. The first publication for the research is not a critical text. The aim of the research was to achieve the historical, analytical and synthesis methods by means of summarizing and concreting methods. In the final part of the release, the Navoi Liras are created on the basis of this publication and it has been stated that the creation of a critical text that has been started by Hamid Suleyman has been created today, and that this issue is one of the most urgent issues facing the solution.

The works of Abdullah Kadiri, who have attracted the attention of local and foreign readers interested in Uzbek literature for nearly hundred years, have been translated into dozens of world languages, including Turkish. This article analyzes the Turkish translation of the novel “Days gone by” (“O‘tkan Kunlar” – “Ötgen Künler (Geçmiş Günler)”). It deals with the degree of recreation of the national identity of the original in translation. From the point of view of comparison, the author also turns to the Russian translation of the novel “Days gone by”. In the article, the author gives his assessment of the work of the Turkish translator, who had to deeply understand the subtleties of the meaning of each word of the original, the culture and national identity of the Uzbek people. The author’s proposals and conclusions made during the study show not only the achievements of the translator, but also indicate some controversial points in the translation of the novel by an outstanding Uzbek writer. As it is known, in translation studies there are a lot of questions related to the transfer of elements reflecting the national indentity of the original in literary translation. When translating the novel “Days gone by”, which can be called with confidence the gallery of Uzbek national specific words, the translator should have the same talent and abilities as the author. However, its achieving is not an easy task. This can be seen in the example of translations of national specifications that reflect the national identity, culture and social life, traditions and customs, spirituality and worldview of the Uzbek people. After all, the translation of national specific words requires a special approach from the translator. It is impossible to single out such words among thousands of words and simply translate into another language. However, the fact that the Uzbek and Turkish languages belong to the same language family, and that many words have the same form and meaning in both languages, allowed the translator to translate the text without difficulty. However, despite this, the Turkish translator had to pay special attention to the fact that such words were not false equivalents, and had to study in depth the etymology of such words. This article emphasizes this aspect of the question.

The following article considers the origins, external and internal factors of the modern crisis in Yemen. It is particularly noted that one of the reasons that Yemen has always been the arena for a clash of interests of the powers due to its strategic position on the sea route connecting Europe with the Indian ocean. It describes in detail how, along with the external threat, North and South Yemen in the second half of the XXth century was torn by internal contradictions. It is noted that after the integration of Yemen in 1990, opposition intensified its activities against the conditions of unification, which led to a new civil war. The article has a strong focus on the fact that in Yemen in the end of twentieth century political factor has been supplemented by religious factor, i.e., the confrontation escalated between the northerners Shia zaidis and the South Sunni. Attention is drawn to the fact that the spread of Wahhabism in Yemen as an ideological and political force, the creation of "al-Qaeda of the Arabian Peninsula" has further aggravated the explosive situation in the country. The analysis of the process of transformation of the theological movement of the Houthis-zaidis into a military-political force, which managed in the Wake of the "Arab spring" and in Alliance with the supporters of former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, not only to seize power in Sana'a in January 2015, but also to expand its position up to Aden. The particular emphasis has been placed on the fact that since March 2015 the conflict in Yemen has acquired an international character, when the Saudi coalition (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, Egypt) sided with the President in the exile of Abd Rabbo Mansur Hadi and forced the Houthis to retreat from Aden and Bab El-Mandeb Strait by force of arms. It is noted what changes have occurred in the US policy towards the support of the Saudi coalition in recent years. The role of Iran in Yemen and the nature of its relations with the Houthis cause disputes between researchers. Based on the analysis of recent events, it is concluded that the military actions of the Saudi coalition can lead to the elimination of Yemen as a state. The ongoing armed conflict and the futility of attempts at a political solution make the possibility of a peaceful settlement in Yemen problematical.

At the moment, the Middle East remains one of the most explosive regions in the world. Today, Syria has become a kind of center for the global political crisis. This article explores the political prerequisites for the emergence and development of a regional problem, reveals its features, and analyzes the external factors that have had and are affecting the evolution of the Middle East problem. The preconditions for the growth of conflict potential and the intensification of the struggle for influence in the Middle East are studied. The role of Syria in the framework of the rivalry of leading Arab countries and Iran for regional leadership is examined and conclusions are drawn about the goals pursued by them in the Middle East. The issues of the formation of Syria's foreign policy are investigated, the influence of the Palestinian factor on its regional policy is analyzed, the position of Syria on the Lebanese problem is revealed. A number of factors are analyzed that influence the evolution of Syria's foreign policy in the new geopolitical situation in the region.

This article analyzes the priority directions of social development at the present stage based on proposals, initiatives and conceptual ideas put forward in the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Oliy Majlis in 2018. As noted in the article, the Strategy of Action on the five priority directions of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017–2021 contributes to the improvement of the strategic framework to ensure the vital needs and legitimate interests of the population and strengthen the foundations of a decent and comfortable life. In this regard, as noted in the article, the Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev to Oliy Majlis on December 28, 2018, and the fact that 2019 was proclaimed the “Year of Active Investments and Social Development” became the logical continuation of the years of “Dialogue with the people and human interests”, “Support for active entrepreneurship, innovative ideas and technologies” in the country. It indicates that in the third stage of the reform strategy, the importance of social development as a priority of state policy increases. According to the author, increasing the economic potential of the country by attracting investment will inevitably lead to the development of social spheres. The article focuses on the development of the social sphere. The author reveals the essence of the concept of “social development”. As noted, “social development” is a change that contributes to the emergence of new social relations, institutions, norms and values in society. In this regard, features and criteria of social development are shown. The article outlines the main tasks for the further development of the social sphere in 2019, as defined in the Presidential Address. In particular, comments were given to initiatives and conceptual ideas for further improvement of science, modern and continuing education, further strengthening of state social support for young people, and the development of a national idea. The article widely describes the concept of “investment in human capital” and the article notes that investments in human capital include expenditures on health care, general and special education, employment, vocational training, raising children and others. The effectiveness of such investments is reflected in the pace of development of society in all areas. The article shows how the issues of modern education and upbringing of young people and their social support are important in the social development of the country. The article analyzes important practical steps taken to ensure that the sphere of education and training directly serves further human improvement.

In this article, the conceptual and doctrinal foundations of the ideas of non-use of force and ensuring peace in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan are investigated in chronological order. The foreign policy of Uzbekistan is, first of all, a course aimed at ensuring vital tasks, primarily for the state and society. Uzbekistan's foreign policy strategy is primarily aimed at ensuring integration into the world community. The deepening of the country's integration into the world community in the current difficult conditions of international relations is an important task facing the foreign policy of Uzbekistan. The conceptual idea of foreign policy and foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan is the indivisibility of security and joint and partnership actions to ensure it. The problem of national and regional security occupies an important place in Uzbekistan's foreign policy. One of the main tasks in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan was the formation of a system of regional security, which is necessary both for the republics of Central Asia and for the vast geographical area bordering the region. Another advanced idea for Uzbekistan's foreign policy is the postulate that the problems of the Central Asian region should be solved without the intervention of external forces and only by the countries of the region. Given all this, the cornerstone of Uzbekistan's foreign policy remains the non-use of force and the threat of force, and the maintenance and observance of peace. The article examines the changes occurring in the foreign policy of Uzbekistan, their regulatory consolidation, guidelines for the short, medium and long-term perspective, and on the basis of this, a number of scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are given.

The article deals with one of the important issues of modern language policy in Germany where the language and cultural integration of children from families of migrants and refugees are developed. Cultural integration will also be affected. Knowledge of German and possibilities of integration are in direct connection. In view of the migration crisis of 2015–2016, when about 1,139 million refugees arrived in Germany, this issue has become particularly relevant. A large number of refugees are also able to distort the real native German language. So the observations can be noted, that the indigenous Germans began to imitate their "brothers" from the Middle East. Young people in Germany, particularly Germans, tend to copy the accent of refugees, and the same refugees with great effort to copy the accent of the Germans. In addition to linguistic differences, there are differences in culture and religion. The specificity of cultures makes itself felt. The German government faces new problems affecting new spheres of life. The large influx of refugees undermines the country's economic, cultural and political stability. The main dissatisfaction is that the Germans increased the rate of income tax to provide refugees with all the necessary attributes for a comfortable stay in their country. At the same time, another problematic issue of the well-being of the Germans is the spread of the Islamic religion. Today in the information "ocean" there are many examples of how Islam is exposed under the wrong angle. This has a rather negative impact on the successful integration of refugees in new country. Language integration of adults and children who arrived in the country with their parents for permanent residence becomes a task of national scale. The concentration of attention in solving such disputes is explained by the fact that in a multinational country like Germany it is difficult to get along with several people at once. The article discusses the degree of effectiveness of solving the problem of language policy by the government of Germany in the post-crisis period.

The role and place of public diplomacy in international relations, peace and stability, and the strengthening of mutual relations among nations are constantly increasing in the context of globalization. People's diplomacy plays an important role in shaping friendly relations between Uzbekistan and the international community with political, diplomatic and economic ties. In the development of public diplomacy, scientists, science and culture representatives, educational institutions, public and religious organizations, as well as public associations founded by fellow citizens, play a key role in the development of public diplomacy. The article aims to provide a systematic illustration of the history of cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Germany within the framework of public diplomacy. It follows from the following tasks: The Role of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan; Opening of the main directions of the German cooperation in the field of public diplomacy; The role of societies in the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with public diplomacy with Germany. The research has been used in the analysis, synthesis, history, logic research ways. The external mining partnership, formed in connection with public diplomacy, has given its results in the short run. In 1992, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan received 36 representatives from 9 countries (England, Germany, Israel, India, Malaysia, Turkey, USA, France and JAR). In 1993, about 160 countries recognized the independence of Uzbekistan and established diplomatic relations with 60 countries. In 1993, The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov visited Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Japan and India. As a result of the visit, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed with India, Turkey, Germany, France, Great Britain and China. The development of public diplomacy has played a significant role in the Uzbek Culture Days in Germany and the German Cultural Days in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the role of art and theater days in the countries in the development of cooperation between two countries in the sphere of culture was particularly significant. The role of friendship societies and cultural centers in the development of bilateral relations between two states in Eurasia – Germany and Uzbekistan is immense. The role of "Uzbekistan-Germany" Friendship Society and "Germany-Uzbekistan" societies, which unite representatives of two nations in the development of cooperation within the framework of people diplomacy are unique.