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22
Узбекистану. Ядерные
реакторы с успехом используются в надводных и
подводных кораблях.
Во
-
вторых, Узбекистану необходимо наращивать производство
электроэнергии за счет всех источников, в числе которых атомная
энергетика должна стать ведущей.
Это вызвано в т.ч. и тем, что, в
-
третьих, Узбекистан находится в
числе
мировых лидеров по запасам урана.
В
-
четвертых, производство атомной энергии несомненно даст
большой толчок развитию соответствующих областей науки и практики.
Литература
1.
Жиро
Г.
COP28
или
частичный
триумф
нефтяного
лобби.
https://pluralia.forumverona.com/ru/a/cop28-
15/01/2024
2.
Постановление Президента Республики Узбекистан от4 октября 2019 г., №
ПП
-
4477 «Об утверждении стратегии по переходу Республики Узбекистан на «зеленую»
экономику на период 2019
-
2030 годов»
ISSUES OF CLIMATE MIGRATION IN THE CONTEXT OF
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Kadirova Zulaykho
PhD, Associate Professor
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies
Ismoilov Bakhtiyor
PhD Student Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies
Climate change is reshaping human mobility across the planet. Climate-
related hazards such as floods, storms, and wildfires have already become major
drivers of global human mobility. Policy advancements in the field of climate
migration are unprecedented and critical, as they have impacts not only on a
global scale but also at regional, national, and sub-national levels. These policies
are especially important for countries and populations most vulnerable to
climate change, particularly the least developed countries, landlocked
developing countries, and small island developing states.
All countries are experiencing difficulties in addressing climate change and
its consequences, which undermines efforts to achieve sustainable development.
For example, in 2016, the 15 countries most vulnerable to natural hazards were
predominantly least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and
small island developing states. In 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development was adopted, which called for climate action as well as safe and
regular migration. Finally, in 2017, the Human Rights Council adopted a
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resolution focused on the human rights of environmental migrants, highlighting
the significance of this type of migration and its consequences[1].
Climate change is not the primary cause of people's migration, but it is
increasingly gaining significance. Environmental issues are generally minor
factors in migration decisions and often rank much lower than economic
demands, even in countries severely affected by climate. For example, only 6%
of households sending migrants in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras cited
climate and environmental reasons for emigration, according to a 2021 report
by the World Food Programme, the Migration Policy Institute, and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In Central Africa, only 5% of migrants
reported moving due to ecological reasons. However, when asked whether the
environment influenced their migration decisions, 50% of respondents in
Central Africa agreed[2].
Migration is not a new phenomenon. Numerous studies indicate that
migrations to other places due to climate change and various extreme weather
events are increasing year by year, and experts emphasize that these phenomena
will have a significant impact on human migration, especially in Central and
South Asia, in the future. Based on the above considerations, integrated climate-
related migration and the connection between climate change and migration in
countries worldwide can be explained through the following factors:
Firstly
, temporary climate migration is seen as a strategy for diversifying
livelihoods, where reliance on temporary migration increases during extreme
weather events or other environmental changes.
Secondly
, when agricultural productivity declines due to climate change or
other weather events, people often relocate to new areas as a means of
protecting their food and water security. Additionally, existing social inequalities
within countries can play a significant role in migration decision-making.
Ecological migration theories explore the reasons why people are
compelled to leave their homes due to changes in the environment. The main
theories and factors related to ecological migration include:
–
Climate Change Theory
(Hansen, J[3]., Mann, M. E[4]., and Solomon, S[5]):
Global Warming. The increase in global temperatures leads to changes in
climate conditions such as drought, flooding, and rising sea levels, forcing people
to migrate to safer areas.
Extreme Weather Events. The frequency and intensity of storms, cyclones,
tornadoes, and other extreme weather conditions are increasing, creating
unfavorable living conditions.
–
Environmental Degradation Theory
(J. Lovelock[6], D. Attenborough[7]):
Desertification: Intensive land use and climate change are increasing the
area of deserts, forcing rural populations to seek new lands for agriculture.
Deforestation: Deforestation and forest fires lead to the loss of biodiversity
and changes in local climate conditions, compelling people to migrate.
–
Natural Resource Depletion Theory
(J. Rockström[8], K. Raworth[9]):
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
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Water Scarcity: Changes in water balance, such as the drying up of rivers
and lakes, make it impossible to maintain agriculture and meet the water needs
of the population, leading to migration.
Soil Depletion: Erosion, intensive farming, and the use of agrochemicals are
decreasing soil fertility, forcing farmers to search for new land.
–
Technogenic Disaster Theory
(N. Klein[10], David P. Clarke[11]):
Environmental Pollution: Industrial pollution and accidents at chemical and
nuclear plants create hazardous conditions for life and health, forcing people to
leave contaminated areas.
Oil Spills and Toxic Waste: These events lead to the destruction of
ecosystems and the deterioration of living conditions.
–
Socio-Economic Factors Theory
(T. Piketty[12], M. Marmot[13]):
Economic Impact of Climate Change: Changing climatic conditions are
forcing people to migrate in search of work and a better life due to declining
income from agriculture, fishing, and tourism.
Social Instability and Conflict:Competition for resources arising from
environmental changes can lead to social conflict and compel people to leave
their homes.
Each of these theories considers different aspects of how the environment
influences population migration and emphasizes the importance of a
comprehensive approach to studying the causes and consequences of ecological
migration.
Currently, the main factors driving climate migration can be grouped into
two categories:
Table 1
Factors of Climate Migration
Environmental Change Factors
Ecological Factors
·
Rising sea levels
·
Desertification
·
Forest fires
·
Water scarcity
·
Crop failure
·
Extreme weather
·
Spread of diseases
·
Increased risk of wars and conflicts
·
Loss of biodiversity (extinction of insects)
·
Water pollution (microplastics, nitrogen,
phosphorus)
·
Air pollution (ammonia, particulates)
·
Soil erosion and land degradation
·
Deterioration of human health
(respiratory issues, obesity, cancer)
The neoclassical migration theory indicates that an individual's decision to
migrate is determined by the relative costs and benefits (primarily economic) of
their current and potential alternative locations. According to this perspective,
prospective migrants seek to have complete information about employment
opportunities and income levels in the areas they intend to move to. Thus, their
movement decisions are driven by financial considerations and personal
preferences, with the primary motivation being to improve their financial
situation[14].
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
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25
It is important to note that the consequences of climate migration can be
both positive and negative:
Positive consequences of climate migration
:
- Outward migration can help communities find new sources of income and
become more resilient to environmental changes;
- Immigration to specific targeted locations can provide economies facing
demographic challenges, such as an aging population and low birth rates, with a
supply of inexpensive and skilled labor.
Negative consequences of climate migration:
- Immigrants may increase pressure on existing infrastructure in the
destination areas, especially in low-income countries;
- New arrivals often become targets of xenophobic behavior;
- Issues related to assimilation and integration can arise, with migrants
being perceived by the local population as competitors for jobs and access to
public services, among other threats (for example, arising from cultural
differences).
Most migrations related to natural disasters are short-term, while migration
linked to gradual climate change may be more permanent and potentially
widespread. Rising sea levels, land degradation, coastal erosion, extreme
temperatures, and other incremental effects of climate change can render entire
regions (or in some cases, entire islands) uninhabitable, threaten the livelihoods
of rural populations, and intensify competition for resources.
Looking ahead, according to World Bank data[15], by 2050, worsening
climate change impacts could force 143 million people in three regions of the
world (sub-Saharan Africa, South and Central Asia, and Latin America) to migrate
within their countries. This could be primarily due to disasters such as declining
crop yields, water scarcity, and rising sea levels. However, if migration is planned
and well-managed, it could be a positive part of a survival strategy.
We believe that the anticipated consequences of climate migration will
primarily manifest in disruptions to food production and human well-being.
Additionally, climate migration could exacerbate intergroup conflicts within
societies, as competition for scarce resources may become more intense in such
situations. In this context, strict control over natural resources can have less
impact on local communities, the environment, and health, which in turn could
help reduce climate migration.
References:
1. International Organization for Migration (IOM).2019. Climate change and migration in
vulnerable
countries.//
https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/climate_change_and_migration_in_vulnerable_co
2. Migration Policy Institute. Climate Migration 101: An Explainer //
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/climate-migration-101-explainer#driver.
“MILLIY IQTISODIYOTNI ISLOH QILISH VA BARQAROR RIVOJLANTIRISH ISTIQBOLLARI”
mavzusida xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi
26
3. Hansen, J., Efficacy of climate forcings. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Atmospheres,2005. Pp 110.
4. Mann, M. E., Bradley, R. S., & Hughes, M. K. "Global-scale temperature patterns and
climate forcing over the past six centuries." Nature, 2004, P 105-108.
5. Solomon, S., et al.. "Contribution of working group i to the fourth assessment report of
the intergovernmental panel on climate change." The physical science basis climate change 2007.
6. James Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia. 2006
7. David Attenborough, “A life on our planet: My witness statement and a vision for the
future”.2020.
8. Johan Rockström. “Planetary boun
daries: exploring the safe operating space for
humanity”.2009.
9. Kate Raworth. “Doughnut ec
onomics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century
economist”.2017.
10. Naomi Klein. “This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate”.2014.
11. David P. Clarke.
“The Science and Politics of Global Climate Change: A Guide to the
Debate”.2006.
12. Thomas
Piketty . “Capital in the Twenty
-
First Century”.2013.
13. Michael Marmot. “The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World”.2015.
14. Ahsan R, Kellett J, Karuppannan S. (2014) Climate induced migration: lessons from
Bangladesh. Int J Climate Change Impact Responses.2014. P. 1
–
15
15. Groundswell:
“Preparing
for
Internal
Climate
Migration”
//https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/09/13/groundswell-preparing-for-
internal-climate-migration.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS AND THEIR IMPACT ON
CO
2
EMISSIONS IN UZBEKISTAN
Khamdamov Shoh-Jakhon
1,2,3
1
Researcher, Research center CEDR of
Tashkent State University of Economics,
2
Faculty of Economics and Humanities, Mamun University,
3
Faculty of economics, Alfraganus University,
Uzbekistan, as a rapidly developing country, faces significant challenges
related to energy consumption and environmental sustainability. The country’s
economy has long been dependent on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, which
contributes to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, in recent
years, Uzbekistan has been working to address these environmental issues by
adopting energy efficiency programs aimed at reducing energy consumption and
minimizing CO2 emissions. This article examines the role of energy efficiency
programs in Uzbekistan and their impact o
n the country’s CO2 emissions,
focusing on key policies, initiatives, and their results.
Uzbekistan is one of the largest natural gas producers in Central Asia, and
its energy sector relies heavily on fossil fuels. The industrial, residential, and
transport sectors are the main energy consumers, with natural gas accounting
