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дәрттен аянышлы ҳалға түсиў, азап шегиў,
жанды қурбанлыққа бериў
– жәни тәни менен
ислеў, бағышлаў. Сөз шақап категориясы бойынша фейил сөз шақабы.
Пайдаланылған әдебиятлар:
1. Алефиренко Н.Ф. Фразеология и паремиология: Учебное пособие для бакалаврского
уровня филологического образования / – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2009, – С.15. (-344 с.)
2. Sadullaeva A.N. «Love/Muhabbat» konseptining lingvomadaniy xususiyatlari (ingliz va
qoraqalpoq tillari misolida): Filol.fan. Fals. (PhD)..d-ri. dis. avtorefer. – Nukus, 2024. – 54 b.
3. Yusupova B. Qaraqalpaq tiliniń frazeologiyası. Oqıw qollanba/B.Yusupova. – Toshkent.
«Tafakkur qanoti», 2014. – 10. (- 244 b.)
4. Кдырбаева Г.К. Лингвокультурологические и лингвокогнитивные особенности единиц
концептосфры «man» и «адам» (на примере английского и каракалпакского языков):
Афтореф.дис. д-ра. филол. наук. – Т., 2017. – 45 с.
5.
Телия
В.Н.
Русская
фразеология.
Семантический,
прагматический
и
лингвокультурологический аспекты. – М.: Школа «Языки русской культуры», 1996.-288 с.
6. Усенова Г.А. «Mother/Ана» концепти идентификаторларининг лисоний-маданий
хусусиятлари (инглиз ва қорақалпоқ тиллари мисолида): Филол. фан. Фалс. (PhD) ..д-ри
дис. автореф. – Нукус, 2020. – 54 с.
7. Худайбергенов А.А. Маданиятлараро мулоқотда инсон характерини ифодаловчи
фразеологик бирликларнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари (инглиз ва қорақалпоқ тиллари
мисолида): Автореф. дис. …филол. наук. Нукус, 2022. – 58 б.
THE USAGE OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN KUTADGU BILIG AND THEIR
EQUIVALENTS IN KAZAKH TURKIC
Orazbayeva Gulshad Medetkyzy
3rd Year Bachelor Student, Department of Pedagogical Foreign Languages, Faculty of
Philology, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan
Abstract:
This article explores the derivational suffixes found in Kutadgu Bilig and their
equivalents in the Kazakh language. The primary aim of the study is to analyze how these historical
affixes function in the context of the Old Turkic language and how similar structures are used in
modern Kazakh. The research is based on a comparative and descriptive method, focusing on semantic
and structural parallels. The study also highlights the cultural and linguistic continuity within Turkic
languages, demonstrating the preservation and transformation of suffixes across centuries. This
analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the historical development of the Kazakh language
and its connection to classical Turkic heritage.
Keywords:
Kutadgu Bilig, derivational suffixes, Kazakh language, Old Turkic, comparative
analysis.
Introduction.
The study of historical Turkic texts plays a significant role in understanding the
development of modern Turkic languages, particularly Kazakh. One of the most prominent works of
Old Turkic literature is Kutadgu Bilig, written by Yusuf Khass Hajib in the 11th century. This literary
masterpiece not only reflects the sociopolitical and ethical values of the Karakhanid period but also
serves as a rich linguistic resource that contains numerous examples of derivational suffixes.
In Turkic linguistics, derivational suffixes are essential in word formation and semantic
expansion. Through suffixation, new nouns, adjectives, and verbs are derived, enabling a deeper
exploration of language structure and function. The aim of this paper is to examine the derivational
suffixes found in Kutadgu Bilig and compare them with their modern Kazakh equivalents. Such
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comparison sheds light on the diachronic development of word formation in the Turkic language
family and helps preserve the linguistic heritage of the Kazakh people.
The research employs a comparative-descriptive method to identify structural and semantic
parallels between the suffixes used in the 11th century and those present in contemporary Kazakh.
The relevance of this study lies in its contribution to historical linguistics, as well as its potential to
support language education and identity through deeper understanding of etymological roots.
Theoretical Background
The study of Kutadgu Bilig has attracted the attention of numerous scholars in the fields of
Turkology and historical linguistics. As a work composed in the Karakhanid period, it provides
valuable insight into the lexical, morphological, and syntactic features of Old Turkic. Scholars such
as Radloff, Dankoff, and Erdal have emphasized the importance of this text not only as a political and
ethical guide but also as a linguistic reference point for Turkic languages.
One of the key areas of linguistic interest in Kutadgu Bilig is the system of derivational
suffixes, which play a vital role in word formation. These suffixes allow for the creation of nouns,
verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, and reflect a systematic approach to the development of meaning. In
modern Kazakh, many of these suffixes have either been preserved or transformed, offering a direct
link to the language’s historical roots.
The theoretical foundation for this study is based on the morphological approach to language
analysis, particularly the theory of derivation in agglutinative languages. According to this theory,
suffixes are used to expand the semantic scope of root words without altering their core meaning. This
approach enables the tracing of suffix evolution from Old Turkic to modern Kazakh, establishing a
linguistic continuum within the Turkic language family.
Previous studies have largely focused on the grammatical and syntactic aspects of Kutadgu
Bilig, but fewer have conducted a detailed comparison of its derivational morphology with modern
Turkic languages. This study aims to fill that gap by focusing specifically on derivational suffixes and
their Kazakh counterparts.
Analysis.
This section presents a comparative analysis of selected derivational suffixes found
in Kutadgu Bilig and their equivalents in the modern Kazakh language. Each suffix is examined in
terms of its morphological structure, function, and meaning.
1. –lig / –lıq / –lik / –lük
This suffix, widely used in Kutadgu Bilig, is a typical adjective-forming suffix that adds the
meaning of “having” or “possessing” a certain quality.
Example:
bilgülig
– ‘knowledgeable’ (bilgü – knowledge + lig)
Kazakh equivalent:
білімді (білім + -ді)
Both suffixes serve a similar function by forming adjectives that describe a person with a
particular quality.
2. –sız / –siz / –sus / –süs
This is a negative suffix indicating absence or lack of something.
Example:
aŋsız
– ‘unconscious, ignorant’ (aŋ – understanding + sız)
Kazakh equivalent:
ақылсыз (ақыл + -сыз)
The suffix -сыз is directly preserved in Kazakh and functions in exactly the same way, which
indicates strong historical continuity.
3. –çı / –çi / –çu / –çü
This is a productive agentive suffix used to denote professions or people associated with a
certain action.
Example:
balçı
– ‘honey maker’ (bal – honey + çı)
Kazakh equivalent:
балшы
In Kazakh, this suffix is also widely used to denote occupations, such as аңшы (hunter),
балықшы (fisherman), etc.
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4. –lı / –li / –lu / –lü
This suffix forms adjectives and nouns indicating possession or relation.
Example:
köngüllü
– ‘willing, with heart’ (köngül – heart + lü)
Kazakh equivalent:
көңілді
The Kazakh -ді / -ты / -лі suffixes are context-dependent but share the same semantic function
— to express possession of a quality.
These examples illustrate that many derivational suffixes used in Kutadgu Bilig have survived
in modern Kazakh with minimal phonological change. Their function remains largely the same, which
is a testament to the stability of Turkic morphological structures over time. This linguistic continuity
emphasizes the deeprooted connections between Old Turkic and modern Kazakh, highlighting the
relevance of historical texts in understanding present-day language dynamics.
Conclusion.
тIn conclusion, the comparative analysis of derivational suffixes in Kutadgu Bilig
and modern Kazakh highlights the rich historical continuity within the Turkic language family. The
study has demonstrated that many of the affixes used in this 11th-century text are still present in
Kazakh, albeit with some phonological and morphological adaptations. These suffixes serve
fundamental roles in word formation, creating adjectives, nouns, and verbs that expand the meaning
of root words and reflect the underlying structure of the language.
Through this analysis, it is evident that the preservation of these suffixes over centuries
underscores the enduring connection between the historical Turkic language and its modern variants.
The similarities between Old Turkic and Kazakh affixation patterns are a testament to the linguistic
resilience and cultural continuity that have shaped the Kazakh language.
This research not only contributes to the field of historical linguistics but also reinforces the
importance of studying classical Turkic texts for understanding the evolution of modern Turkic
languages. Furthermore, it highlights the necessity of preserving linguistic heritage in the context of
cultural identity, as the transformation of these derivational elements reflects the dynamic nature of
language in a historical context.
References
1. Taş, İbrahim.
Kutadgu Bilig’de Söz Yapımı
. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2015.
2. Dilaçar, A.
Kutadgu Bilig İncelemesi.
Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2020. – pp. 3-23.
3. Arat, Reşit Rahmeti.
Kutadgu Bilig I.
Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 1999. – pp. 25-26.
4. Banarlı, Nihad Sâmi.
Resimli Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi I.
Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı
Yayınları, 12th edition, 2016. – pp. 230-231-232-237.
5. Korkmaz, Zeynep.
Türkiye Türkçesi Grameri.
Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2009. – p.
21.
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Üniversiteler İçin Türk Dili.
İstanbul: Bayrak Yayınları, 2009. – pp. 194-
214-230-235-248.
THE NATURE OF LINGUISTIC LANGUAGE AS A SYMBOLIC SYSTEM: SEMIOTIC
AND COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
Obidova Zulhumor Orifjon qizi,
Student of Chirchik State Pedagogical University
Scientific adviser: Z. A.Umirova ,
Chirchik State Pedagogical University, EFL teacher
ABSTRACT. Language is a vital element of human interaction, serving not only as a means of
communication but also as a symbolic system for conveying meaning. The core of language’s function
lies in its capacity to represent abstract ideas, experiences, and objects through symbols. This paper
