ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
90
BLACK ALBUMIN DRYING TECHNOLOGY USING A SPRAY
EXPERIMENT ON CATTLE BLOOD
Khalmuhammedova SH.A.
Jurayev U.CH.
Abdulazizov K.A.
Kuchkarova Sh.N.
E-mail: qudratullohabdulazizov@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12705371
Abstract.
This research document shows the experimental results of spray
drying processes of black albumin found in cattle blood. Physico-chemical
properties of bovine black albumin were obtained during the drying process.
The granulometric composition and particle structure of dried albumin were
obtained for spray drying using a centrifugal sprayer and a pneumatic sprayer
for different ranges of solid content in the source product and different drying
agent initial temperatures. Spray method - the effect of the initial temperature of
the drying agent and the range of solid content in the source product on the
average size of the dried bovine albumin particles was determined.
Introduction
A wide range of blood and its components is used in sausage production.
These include whole, defibrinated or stabilized blood, blood serum, blood
plasma, and blood cells. All these products can be fresh according to their degree
of freshness, according to their thermal state - chilled, frozen, frozen or canned,
for example, with table salt. In addition, in food production technology, clarified
blood and black food albumin of the highest or first grade, obtained by drying
defibrinated or stabilized blood or formed elements, are used.
Blood as a raw material is also used for the production of natural medicinal
preparations (for example, protein blood substitute BK-8, hydrolysin L-103,
aminopeptide-2, fibrin films, hemostatic sponge) and nutrient media for
bacteriological research.
Based on indicators (changes) in the composition of blood in the div of
animals, certain diseases are registered in veterinary medicine. In forensic
veterinary medical examination, methods of physical evidence based on blood
residues left on things, objects, etc. are widely used.
Blood is a nutrient medium for microorganisms. Therefore, during its
processing and storage, it is necessary to comply with a set of veterinary and
sanitary requirements that ensure the sterility of raw materials and obtain high-
quality and safe products. The presence of hemorrhages, bruises, injuries, etc. in
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
91
animal slaughter products. reduces the quality of products and determines the
corresponding sanitary assessment.
According to the existing veterinary and sanitary Rules, veterinary
specialists, production technologists and craftsmen must strictly comply with
the sanitary and hygienic requirements for the collection, processing and
storage of blood, and also recommend an appropriate sanitary assessment both
during storage and sale of blood products. her products. To do this you need to
know:
– organoleptic properties of blood;
– physical and chemical properties of blood;
– chemical composition of blood;
– blood functions;
– features of blood collection for food, medicinal, feed and technical
purposes.
The bovine blood albumins are globular proteins contained in the bovine
blood (black albumin, food albumin) and bovine serum (bovine serum albumin,
BSA).
The bovine albumins are used for laboratory researches and to produce
various medicines, food additives, farm animals and birds’ feeds, glues, and for
other purposes.
Table 1
Basic physiological blood constants of cattle
The bovine albumins are manufactured from the source products (such as
the concentrated blood, the blood plasma the blood serum) by the various
methods of the drying: the freeze-drying, the spray drying, the spouted bed
drying, the fluidized bed drying and the vibro fluid bed drying.
Indicators
Cattle
Volume (in relation to div weight, %)
7,5-8,3
Hematocrit, %
24-46
Erythrocytes(x10
12
/l)
5-10
Leukocytes (x10
9
/l)
4-12
Platelets ( x10
11
/l)
1-8
pH
7,2-7,5
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( mm in
1 hour)
0,5-1,5
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
92
This paper is focused on the experimental research of the drying of the
bovine black albumin from the concentrated blood using the straight-through
spray dryer with the centrifugal and pneumatic spaying devices.
Experimental research
Figure 1 below shows the scheme of this experiment stand. The drawing
shows the drying chamber [1], air heater [2], water tank [3], product tank [4],
cyclone separator [5], tank for dried product [6], blowers [7, 8], filters [9 ,10],
pump [11], gate [12], control valves [13], flow meters [14], consists of. F -
flowmeters, T – thermometers.
Figure 1
.
Simplified scheme of the experimental test-stand:
1 – drying chamber, 2 – the air heater, 3 – water tank, 4 – source product
tank, 5 – cyclone separator, 6 – dried product tank, 7, 8 – blowers, 9, 10 – filters,
11 – pump, 12 – gate, 13, 14 – control valves, F – flowmeters, T - thermometers.
The diameter of the cylindrical part of the drying chamber is 1000 mm and
the height is 940 mm. The camera is made of stainless steel. The inner surface of
the drying chamber is polished. The steam capacity of the drying chamber is 10
kg per hour.
The rate of source product from the source product reservoir to the pump
drying chamber is controlled by a flow meter and regulated by a control valve.
The temperature of the source product is controlled by a thermometer and
regulated by a regulator. source product tank coil heat exchanger From the
supply line, the source product enters the sterilization device (centrifugal disc
sprayer or pneumatic nozzle) at the top of the drying chamber and forms a spray
pattern.
In the case of using the centrifugal sprayer, the spray pattern is formed by
rotation of the centrifugal disk with the range of the ration velocity 0-360 rpm.
The diameter of the centrifugal disk is 120 mm. In the case of using the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
93
pneumatic sprayer, the spray pattern is formed by the source product flow in
the spiral channels of the nozzle and by the pressure of spraying compressed air.
The pressure of the spraying compressed air is 3.8 bar.
In our research, we used the heated air as the drying agent. The blower
takes the air from the workshop and feed it to the air heater the air rate is
regulated by the control valve. The drying agent leaves the air heater and enters
the base of the source product spray pattern at the top of the drying chamber.
The temperature and the rate of the drying agent are controlled by the
thermometer T and flowmeter F respectively. In our research, we used the
drying agent with the initial temperature in the range of 178-215 °С.
The source product mixes with the drying agent and moves along the
drying chamber. During the drying process, the water from the source product
evaporates and mixes with the drying agent. The water evaporation takes place
due to drying agent and the sources product solution and particles contact the in
the highly turbulent flow. The water mass fraction of the dried product particle
on the exit of the drying chamber was about 2.5-5% in our research.
Results and discussion
Figure 2 shows the granulometric composition of the dried bovine black
albumin obtained from the concentrated blood by the spray drying using
centrifugal the disk sprayer for various values of the solid content in the source
product and the drying agent initial temperature. The temperature of the dried
product on the exit from the drying chamber is 90 °C for all shown cases.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
94
Figure 2.
Granulometric composition of the dried product in case of the
centrifugal sprayer using.
It was found that the average particle size of the dried bovine black albumin
decreases with the growth of the initial drying agent temperature. Average solid
phase particle size rises with the solid phase mass fraction in the source
product. The average sizes of the solid phase particles for the solid phase mass
fraction value in the source product 25 % are 46.5 μm, 44.9 μm and 37.4 μm for
the initial drying agent temperature values 178 °C, 200 °C and 215 °C
respectively. The average sizes of the solid phase particles for the solid phase
mass fraction value in the source product 15 % are 40.9 μm, 34.9 μm and 32.3
μm for the initial drying agent temperature values 178 °C, 200 °C and 215 °C
respectively.
Figure 3 shows the granulometric composition of the dried bovine black
albumin obtained from the concentrated blood by the spray drying using
pneumatic nozzle sprayer for various values of the drying agent initial
temperature. The temperature of the dried product on the exit from the drying
chamber is 90 °C for all shown cases. The solid phase mass fraction value in the
source product for all shown cases is 25 %.
It was found that the average particle size of the dried bovine black albumin
significantly decreases with the growth of the initial drying agent temperature
using pneumatic nozzle sprayer. The average sizes of the solid phase particles
are 61 μm, 12.2 μm and 10 μm for the initial drying agent temperature values
178 °C, 200 °C and 215 °C respectively.
The dried product particles obtained using the pneumatic sprayer is bigger
than particles obtained using the centrifugal sprayer for the relatively small
drying agent initial temperature. The average solid phase particle size in the
case of the pneumatic spaying is about 61 μm, and the average solid phase
particle size in the case of the centrifugal spaying is about 41-49 μm for the
initial drying agent temperature 178 °C.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
95
Figure 3.
Granulometric composition of the dried product in case of the
pneumatic sprayer using.
The dried product particles obtained using the pneumatic sprayer is
significantly less than particles obtained using the centrifugal sprayer for the
drying agent initial temperature bigger than 200 °С. The average solid phase
particle size in the case of the pneumatic spaying is about 10.5-12 μm, and the
average solid phase particle size in the case of the centrifugal spaying is about
34-43 μm for these conditions.
Figures 4 shows the micro photos of the dried albumin particles for the
various initial temperatures of the drying agent in the case of the centrifugal
spaying. Figures 5 shows the micro photos of the dried albumin particles in the
case of the pneumatic spaying. The solid content in the source product is 25 %
mass for all shown photos. The significant part of the particles is in a free state.
Some particles are combined with each other. The quantity of combined
particles is not significant. The shape of most of the particles is almost spherical.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
96
Figure 4.
Micro photos of the dried albumin particles in the case of the
centrifugal spaying for the initial temperatures of the drying agent:
a – 178 °C, b – 200 °C, c – 215 °C.
Figure 5.
Micro photos of the dried albumin particles in the case of the
pneumatic spaying for the initial temperatures of the drying agent:
a – 178 °C, b – 200 °C, c – 215 °C.
It is found that the spraying method does not influence on the shape of the
bovine black albumin dried particles. The moisture influences on the dried
product density significantly. The measured density of dried bovine black
albumin is 1100 kg/m3 with the 2 % moisture and 1200 kg/m3 with the 3 %
moisture.
Conclusion
We have obtained the experimental granulometric composition of the dried
bovine black albumin. It was shown that the average particle size of the dried
product decreases with the growth of the initial drying agent temperature for
the spray drying using the mechanical centrifugal disk sprayer and the
pneumatic nozzle sprayer. It was found that the average dried albumin particle
size rises with the solid phase mass fraction in the source product. We found
that the average size of the dried albumin particles in the case of using the
pneumatic sprayer is bigger than the average particles size in the case of using
the centrifugal sprayer for the relatively small drying agent initial temperature
and significantly less for drying agent initial temperature bigger than 200 °C. It
is shown that the significant part of the dried product particles is in a free state
and shape of most of the particles is almost spherical. The spraying method does
not influence on the shape of the bovine black albumin dried particles. The
measured density of dried bovine black albumin is 1100 kg/m3 with the 2 %
moisture and 1200 kg/m3 with the 3 % moisture.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE
International scientific-online conference
97
References:
1.
Volkov A.T and Osipov A.P Blood of slaughtered animals with the basis of
its processing
2.
Galanakis C.M 2019 Sustainable Meat Production and Processing
(London: Academic Press)
3.
Simpson R.J and Greening D.W 2011 Serum/Plasma Proteomics: Methods
and Protocols (New York: Springer)
