All articles - Physics

Subjects of research: caprolactam, montmorillonite, polyamidc-6, nanocompositc on the basis polyamidc-6 with montmorillonite via polymerization filling.
Purpose of work: complex study of features and rules of nanocomposite formation in process of polymerization fillings of polyamide-6 with montmorillonite, revealing of interrelation of physicomechanical properties with parameters of the structural organization and working out the technological scheme of getting nanocomposites in case of anion activated polymerization of caprolactam.
Methods of research: IR-spcctroscopy, DTA, X-ray diffraction, DMA, DSC.
The results obtained and their novelty: for the first time, polymerizations approach to the creation of a nanocomposite on the basis of polyamidc-6 with montmorillonite in case of anionic activated polymerization of caprolactam is realized. Optimal conditions of polymerization and the formation mechanism of nanocomposite arc defined. Parameters of the structural organization responsible for enhancing of exploitation characteristics of composite arc defined through comparison of the theoretical calculations and experimental data.
Practical value - the revealed optimal conditions and correlation between structure and properties allow developing new ideas in the field of creation of nanostructural polymeric materials. The principal possibility of implementation of single-stage technology for creation of objects by making use of advanced technique of reactive injective formation is shown.
Degree of embed and economic effectiveness: the work has fundamental-oriented character in which possibilities of creation of nanostructural composites based on polyamide-6 with excellent mechanical properties and reduced combustibility have been revealed. The test certificate is available including assessment of combustibility confirming an increase of the fire resistance property.
Field of application: synthesized nanocomposite materials of polyamidc-6 with montmorillonite can be used (1) in the textile industry, (2) in the electrotechnical industry as cards of electronic schemes and cases of calculator machines as materials with the reduced combustibility (3) in mechanical engineering for making gear wheels.

Subject of investigation: as the subjects of the investigation geliorccievers of the Solar air heaters of the different geometry arc concerned.
The aim of the work: the investigation of the heat issue and hydraulic resistance of the solar air heaters with intensification of the heat issue.
Method of the investigation: experiment, physics and mathematics modeling, equation solutions.
Received results and their actuality: methods of rational intensification of the heat issue by the means of by-thc-wall influence in the heat outing channels with the low speeds of flows; empirical depending of the heat exchanging and hydraulic resistance of the heat outing surfaces of the following type: diffuser - confessor, with perforation of discreet fault; criteria’s of the effectiveness, based on the analogical laws of Reynolds and methods of the similar power consumption; diffuser - confessor surface with the comers of the diffuser opening 12,7 and equivalently distance of the diffuser - confessor 5:1; in which diffuser’s part is made in the type of Zhukovskiy’s profile, what gives the opportunity to lowdown profile part of the hydraulic resistance.
Practical importance: the present investigations allowed to get information on the heat exchanging and hydraulic resistance of the heat outing channels with the following types of the surface: diffuser - confessor, with perforation and discreet fault; offered concreted model of the intensification of the heat exchange on the surface of the diffuser - confessor type: the received experimental information on the heat exchange and hydraulic resistance may be recommended for the usage in the projecting of the effective solar air hitters.
Level of the interference and economical effectiveness: the results of the scientific investigations and practical recommendations arc used in the following works: “Intensification of the heat exchange in the channels of the solar air heaters made for the specialists, worked on the problems of the construction and design of the solar air heaters, and also for megastars, aspirants who conduct scientific investigations in the field of geliotcchnics and heat techniques; experimental example of the solar air heater with perforation gcliorecieving devices, used in the technological process of the heating of the fruits and vegetables in the Turakurgan’s plant (Namangan city) in the methodological guides on the course.
“ The Planning process of the experimental investigations” and practical works of the students of the energetic faculty of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute
The field of appliance: heating systems, Systems of the Solar heat providence.

Subjects of the inquiry: the research objects arc synthetic polymers and low-molecular compounds. The subject of the research was determination of the quantitative relationships between structure and property in the selected class of compounds and systems.
Aim of the inquiry: development of topologic QSPR modeling for calculation of physical properties of polymers on the basis of information about their structure and with use of optimal descriptors based on statistical regularity as theoretical basis for determination of properties and purposeful synthesis of polymers.
Method of inquiry: for determining of the “structure - property” dependencies optimization of correlation weights of local graph invariants has been applied. Per se this approach is a hybrid of the additive scheme and the regression analysis based on structural descriptors.
The results achieved and their novelty: for the first time optimal descriptors have been used for the determining of the “structure - property” correlation. Application of local descriptors based on the optimization of correlative weights of local graph invariants for prediction of physical properties of single- and doublecomponent polymeric systems has been estimated. For the first time models of the glass transition temperature of polyarylcnoxides, the melting temperature of oligophcnilens and octanol-water partition coefficients of organic substances have been estimated as well as the Flory-Huggins parameter, lower critical temperatures of blendings and the intrinsic viscosity of two-componcntal of “polymer-solvent” systems.
Practical value: practical relevancy includes the fact that models of various characteristics of polymeric systems allows to predict by the calculation way above mentioned characteristics for wide range of single- and double-components “polymer-dissolvent” systems obtained which makes unnecessary complicated and expensive and sometimes even technically labor-intensive experiments.
Sphere of usage: research method, obtained “structure - property” models and prediction algorithms can be used:
• for analysis of set of polymeric structures in order to select prospective structures for technological implementation of practical tasks in physics and chemistry of high-molecular compounds;
• for researches in the field material science during investigation of the “structure - property” dependencies for high-molecular single- and doublecomponents systems;
• in educational process in material-sciences high education institutes.

Object of research: the defects formation in steatite ceramics SK-1 under high-dose y- and n-y-reactor radiation.
Purpose of work: the purpose of this work is to establish the mechanisms of radiation-induced defect formation processes in the steatite ceramics SK-1 under у -radiation with the 6()Co source and the reactor n-y radiation.
Methods of research: TL, GL, X-ray luminescence and photo-luminescence, EPR, X-ray structure and activation analysis.
The results obtained and their novelty: In the work the nature of radiation defects is identified and mechanism of Mn2‘ luminescence is proposed. For the first time by using the complex method the processes of radiation-induced defects formation were studied in steatite ceramics SK-1. It was demonstrated that the radiation defects induced in SK-1 ceramics were caused by sub-threshold mechanism and mainly took place at the interface of crystal and glassy phases. Ions excitation, emission and quenching of recombination luminescence arc verified. It is established that the degradation of optical properties of SK-1 ceramics at high temperature annealing (Tann >850 °C) is caused by the phase transitions in crystal phase and partial crystallization of glassy phase. In the steatite ceramics SK-1 under the reactor irradiation new structure defects, like nonbridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHC) and different types of V- centers arc formed as compared to the y-irradiated reference sample.
Practical value: The obtained results significantly expand the variety of peculiarities in mechanisms of radiation-induced processes in complex oxide compounds which arc the ceramics insulators with complex phase-mineralogical composition.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: The results can be implemented in the atomic energy, radiation physics and other fields of science and technology.
Field of application: physics of condensed state, atomic energy, radiation physics, material sciences and high-energy physics.

Topicality and relevance of the subject of dissertation. According to the current development of the physics of phase transitions and cooperative processes in liquids, as well as the optics of strongly fluctuating media in the world there is an actual problem of investigation of physical processes occurring in the region of critical and special points of single-component liquids and solutions, where large-scale correlations and processes of structural formation and decay on nano-size spatial and temporal scales arc manifested. Such researches arc related to the establishment of peculiarities of interaction of collective freedom degrees (order parameter) with internal freedom degrees of the medium at phase transitions. The solution of this problem is of great importance for practical realization of perspective nano-technological areas in the field of modem biophysics, biochemistry and biotechnology.
Valuable information on finding out the correlative properties of liquids on nano-dimensional scales can be obtained by investigating the integral intensity, spectral width and frequency shift of fine structure components in the spectrum of Rayleigh scattering in the vicinity of critical and special points of the liquid state. The investigation of the molecular light scattering (MLS) spectra allows to obtain unique information about the structure and kinetic properties of substances, since the spectral composition of the scattered light is defined by the dynamics of fluctuations of various thermodynamic parameters of the substance under study. However, practical realization of such investigation is a complex experimental problem. Near the critical point the registration of the spectrum’s fine structure is problematic due to the high level of fluctuations, which leads to a strong rise of the intensity of scattering on the frequency of the exciting light. According to this reason, investigations of the fine structure of light scattering spectrum near critical points of liquids arc very rare.
The relevance of the theme of the dissertation is conditioned by the necessity of establishing the regularities of the dynamics of fluctuation and structure-forming phenomena on the scales of average molecular ordering in the vicinity of critical and special points of the liquid state, as well as of developing of a spectroscopic method for invasive (contactless) identification of thermodynamically stable and unstable states of liquids. Solution of this problem is of important meaning for development such scientific and applied directions as creating a strict theory of the molecular scattering of light in strongly fluctuating media, theory of the liquid state, and formation of materials with controlled properties.
This dissertation is devoted to solving in a certain degree the problems noted in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan DP-1442 “On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011 - 2015” of 15 December, 2010, as well as in other legislation documents in this arc.
The purpose of the research is finding out the physical mechanisms of manifestation of the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations in the spectral distribution of light scattered in the vicinity of the critical point and special point of thermodynamically unstable state of a liquid.
The scientific novelty of the dissertational research consists in the following results:
The contribution of the spatial mechanism to the dispersion of high-frequency sound velocity has been experimentally proved in the vicinity of the special point of solutions, as well as micro-heterogeneous structure of the solution below the special point temperature has been established, and the correlation radius of structural non-homogeneity ~10 nm has been determined.
The manifestation of a process of non-cohcrent scattering of hypersound due to the order parameter fluctuations in the fine structure of light scattering spectra has been experimentally determined. It has been shown that the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations can be described in terms of Landau theory for 2nd-order phase transitions. The mechanism of an excess of spectral width of fine structure components in the vicinity of the solution’s special point temperature has been grounded.
The “liquid-liquid” phase transition of structural type has been established in the solution below the special point temperature. It has been shown the applicability of Landau theory to describe the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations at the structural phase transition.
The physical mechanisms of narrowing of the spectra of anisotropic scattering near the temperature of “isotropic liquid - liquid crystal” phase transition have been revealed. The existence of a temperature interval has been experimentally proved, where the dynamics of change in spectral width and relaxation time of order parameter fluctuations can be described in terms of the mean-field approximation of Landau - de Gennes theory.
It has been shown that the correlation radius of order parameter fluctuations determines the limits of applicability of Landaua - de Gennes theory to describe the dynamics of critical phenomena in the isotropic phase of liquid crystals. The crossover character (from the mean-field to fluctuation one) of the behaviour of dynamical properties of the isotropic phase near the temperature of phase transition has been experimentally revealed.
The universality of the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations has been experimentally revealed in the vicinity of the special point of solutions, in structural “liquid-liquid” and “isotropic liquid - liquid crystal” phase transitions.
CONCLUSION
1. In order to solve the stated tasks, we used experimental setups and methods of study of the spectra of isotropic and anisotropic light scattering developed by us for researches in the vicinity of the special point of solutions and near the critical point of the phase transition in the liquid crystal. Reliable information on frequency distribution of the intensity in the scattered light spectrum was provided by using the frequency stabilized Hc-Ne laser, the high-contrast double-pass plane Fabry-Perot interferometer, and the spherical interferometer.
2. For the first time we carried out a complex experimental investigation of the fine structure of light scattering spectrum in aqueous solutions with the special point in a wide range of temperatures t and concentrations x. A correlation was revealed between the character of changing the spectrum’s fine structure and structural reconstructions in solutions with changing temperature and concentration.
3. The existence of a continuous network of H-bonds was experimentally proved in solutions of low concentration. The parameter (criterion) of its three-dimensional integrity was determined, and the limits of its destruction with changing temperature and concentration of non-elcctrolyte in the solution were defined. A change of the sign of the adiabatic compressibility derivative by temperature dps/d/ and concentration dPs/dx is the criterion, which allows to identify transitions between structurally stable states of solutions.
4. A new physical phenomenon - the negative dispersion of the hypersonic velocity - was experimentally proved in the solution with the special point. The possibility of the negative dispersion in liquids has been theoretically predicted by Vladimirskiy and Ginzburg. By the experimental magnitude of the dispersion and conclusion of Ginzburg theory (accounting the spatial contribution to the dispersion) we estimated the correlation radius of the solution’s structure, which was found to be ~10 nm;
5. It was shown that an excess of spectral width of the fine structure components of the spectrum near the special point temperature is conditioned by the additional mechanism of hypersonic attenuation due to its non-cohcrcnt scattering on order parameter fluctuations.
6. It was established that the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations in the vicinity of the special point temperature of the studied solutions can be described by Landau theory of 2nd-order phase transitions with the critical index of the generalized susceptibility y=l. Near the special point temperature the correlation radius of fluctuations q is determined by the degree of proximity to the double critical point, and it is ~2-3 nm in ЗМР-watcr solution, and ~7-10 nm in acctone-watcr solution.
7. The “liquid-liquid” phase transition of structural type was experimentally proved in 4MP-water solution below the special point temperature, as well as manifestation of this transition in temperature dependence of the frequency shift of the fine structure components of light scattering spectra in the vicinity of the point of transition. It was established that the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations in “liquid-liquid” phase transition is described by Landau theory. Near the temperature of the structural phase transition the correlation radius of fluctuations is ~5 nm.
8. It was established that while approaching the temperature of “isotropic liquid - liquid crystal” phase transitions, the dynamics of the narrowing of the spectrum of anisotropic light scattering and the rise of the relaxation time of order parameter fluctuations can be described by Landau - de Gennes theory with the critical index of the generalized susceptibility y=l. It was shown that the correlation radius of order parameter fluctuations determines the limits of the theory applicability to describe the dynamical properties of the isotropic phase.
9. It was experimentally shown that Landau - de Gennes theory describes the dynamics of order parameter fluctuations in the temperature interval, where the correlation radius of fluctuations q is 3£o<£<l Oco (^0.6 nm is about the length of the molecule). In the very vicinity of the phase transition temperature, where £>lO£o, the narrowing of the anisotropic light scattering spectrum and the excessive rise of the relaxation time is conditioned by the crossover (from meanfield to fluctuation) character of the behaviour of dynamical properties of the isotropic phase.
10. It was shown that the regularities of changing the spectral composition of the scattered light near the critical and special points - 1) narrowing of the spectrum of the anisotropic light scattering near the temperature of the phase transition in liquid crystals, 2) excessive spectral broadening of the fine structure components in the vicinity of the solution’s special point, 3) singularity of the temperature dependence of the frequency shift of fine structure components in the vicinity of “liquid-liquid” phase transition - arc conditioned by the dynamics of the correlation radius of order parameter fluctuations, which is of the universal character.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. In present application of modem technology in rapid development of industry, ecological problems solving, production of completion ability and ecological pure compounds arc becoming an actial problems. In last decades using of methods of nanotechnology and innovations in development of economics is actual problem and on the base of their using yearly growth of production of necessary products has consisted 35%. In this aspect preparation of nanosized materials with using of nanotechnology, increasing their physico-chemical properties arc important scientific-practical value. Sol-gel process has a great importance for obtaining of the nanostructured materials. The process has already opened new perspectives in affording materials with high purity and homogeneity and allowed to synthesize at low temperatures and to incorporate different transition metal oxides. Preparation of porous materials and their using has allowed to formation new types of materials with improved properties and solution of problem dealing with environmental issues. This has been clearly displayed at wastewater treatment with using of nanostructured materials in industrial scale.
The new industrial enterprises have been introduced in our country by using of modem technologies, modernization and production of some new products for different fields of industry. On these enterprises the adsorption materials arc wide used for water treatment and purification technology.
A research interest in obtaining and studying of nanoscale porous powders and monoliths on the basis of titanium dioxide has been significantly increased for the last decades. This is due to the fact that the specific surface area of titanium dioxide increases at particle size attenuation, allowing to quantitatively increasing the number of reaction sites on the surface. Besides, the distance to the surface reaction sites can be reduced at the expense of particle size decrease, leading to more effective separation and transfer of photo-generated charge carriers. The versatility of the properties of clusters and nanoparticlcs synthesized in the last decade has allowed using them in the processes of deep oxidation of organic compounds, including cco-pollutants. However, the successful application of such systems is possible only in case of their systematic investigation, including physical and chemical analysis of the features of formation, morphology, structure, and properties of the nanoparticles, the sorption characteristics of substrates and products of the reaction on the surface of the synthesized nanoparticlcs, kinetics and mechanisms of the chemical reactions. The physico-chemical investigation and analysis of the nanostructured systems allow to direct their synthesis with predetermined properties. The use of nanotechnology for the preparation of adsorption/photocatalytic materials with given functionality using sol-gel process offers great opportunities for the development of synthesis methods of a new generation of porous materials.
This dissertation work is oriented on the realization of resolutions of President of Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1071 from March 11, 2009 and the decision №142  of the Cabinet of Ministers from May 27, 2013 «About Program of Actions by Protection of Environment of the Republic of Uzbekistan during 2013-2017 years» and also provided by others normative-law documents.
Purpose of research work is the development of the formation of nanostructured tailor-designed porous titania based materials and investigation of their physico-chemical characteristics.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists of:
porous nanostructured materials based on titanium dioxide, and carbon and silica were obtained by sol-gel process and the optimal conditions of the process were developed;
goal-directed synthesis of porous monolithic perovskites by impregnation of alkaline-earth metal ions into the preformed porous TiCri was carried out for the first time and by doping with nitrogen, their application in visible light induced photodegradation of organic pollutants has been extended;
the mechanisms and the interaction nature of phenols and their derivatives on the adsorbents based on titanium dioxide, carbon, and silica obtained by one-step sol-gel technology have been established;
the chemical mechanisms, thermodynamics and kinetics characteristics of adsorption-photocatalytic reactions, the effect of porosity, and the nature of the adsorbcnt/photocatalyst for photodecomposition of organic pollutants were determined.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the research on a doctoral thesis on «Physico-chemical aspects of the preparation of nanostructured titania based porous materials» provided the following conclusions:
1. Mesoporous titania and materials obtained on the bases of porous titania were produced by the sol-gel reaction of titanium alkoxide in the presence of various amounts of polyethylene glycol templates at room temperature under careful control of the pH of solution. The nitridation of sol-gel TiO2 under a modest flow of ammonia gas resulted in the formation of nitrogen-doped TiO2 porous monolith with the retained hierarchical porosity and bicrystallinc structure.
2. A reliable sol-gel coating of the surface of activated carbon with TiO2 and textural parameters of the TiO2/C composites were evaluated. The adsorption capacity of the TiO2/C composite was determined, and the results were attributed to the fact that the activated carbon adsorbent makes up the vast majority in specific surface area of the TiO2/C composite and the preparation method produced a surface for favorable adsorption for phenols. The thickness of the TiO2/C coating layer affected the adsorption properties of the initial carbon adsorbent as well as the adherence of the TiO2 on it.
3. The preparation of nanoporous SiO2-TiO2 via the sol-gel approach which involves the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and titanium tetra-n-butoxide in the presence of polyethylene glycol as the pore-forming or structure-directing agent was developed. The morphology and dispersion control of the titania-silica monolith with macro-mcso pore system, the effect of the initial titanium precursor on homogeneity of the resultant titania-silica monoliths, macropore formation, and phase separation tendency were investigated. The titania-silica monolith possesses mesopores and exhibits a typical hierarchically arranged bimodal porous structure.
4. For the first time, a simple and versatile route for the fabrication of perovskite ЛТЮ3 monoliths containing alkalinc-carths (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) with hierarchical pore structures having high porosity with narrow pore size distribution centered at the diameter of ~ l//m was developed. The presence of large macropores substantially improves the mass transport of liquids and gases through the fabricated materials. Macroporous TiO2-SrTiO2 and nitrogen - doped TiO2-SrTiOj heterostructured monoliths were obtained by producing and impregnating porous TiO2 monolith in a strontium-containing aqueous solution with following calcination and nitridation of the prepared hcterostructurc under a modest flow of ammonia gas at 780°C for 2h. The TiO2-SrTiO3 hcterostructurc is composed of fine nanocrystals with the size of 15-20 nm and possesses a narrow macroporc size distribution with mean size of ~ 1.7 /лп.
5. The N-dopcd TiO2-SrTiO3 hcterostructurc mainly consists of anatasc-TiO2 and perovskite-type SrTiO3 and is characterized by fine nanocrystals with the size of 8-10nm and a narrow macroporc size distribution with mean size of ~1.3//m. A red-shift of the absorption edge to 450nm was found after N-doping, resulting in the decrease of the optical band gap energy to 2.76cV. The photocatalytic activity of the N- doped TiO2-SrTiO3 hcterostructurc showed that the model organic dye Rhodamine В in aqueous solution was efficiently degraded under visible light within 120 min.
6. It was found that the effect of pH on the adsorption of NP5EO was minimum in comparison with the adsorption of phenol. A large reduction in the adsorption of NP5EO at high pH was not observed, whereas a large reduction was observed for phenol adsorption. The NP5EO molecules arc less acidic than phenol molecules; therefore, any deprotonation of the hydroxyl end group on the ethoxylate chain will occur in much smaller extent, and a large number of interactions possibly between the adsorbent surface and NP5EO molecules will dampen any repulsion effect. According to the kinetics study results, the adsorption rate of phenol was found to be first order and its rate was higher than the rate of NP5EO adsorption.
7. The TiO2/C composite was found to out-perform during the photodegradation of phenol then native TiO2 at all pH values. It was found that the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 and TiO2/C composites for the degradation of phenol was found to be the most favourable in alkaline conditions (pH=9), which was two times higher than at pH=7. The electrostatic repulsion between the phenolate anions and the negatively charged titania surface (due to deprotonated hydroxyl groups) under basic conditions would be as expected due to the increased rate of photodegradation of phenol molecules in comparison with acidic and neutral mediums. Both the TiO2 and TiO2/C systems showed the same selectivity in the photodegradation of NP5EO molecules, i.e. the longer ethoxylate chains were degraded preferentially. The photodegradation of TX-100 indicated that a by-product/intcrmcdiate was formed in the early stages of the reaction and then it was photocatalytically degraded. Upon the completion of the photocatalytic reaction, the SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles aggregated. The results from chromatographic analysis showed that several products of photocatalytic degradation were formed and remained adsorbed on the photocatalyst/adsorbcnt surfaces.
8. The developed preparation procedure of porous mctalloxidc nanomatcrials by sol-gel process and their application in utilization of aqueous solution of toxic compounds were used in the following scientific projects: «Composite materials for chemical sensing» University of Vienna (Department of Physical Chemistry; Austria); «In-situ formation of mctal/alloy nanoparticles and their application to catalytic reactions supported on monolithic hydride silica» Kyoto University (Department of Chemistry; Japan).

Subjects of research: pGaAs-nGaAs-Ag structure and nGaAs-pGaAs-Ag- structur
Purpose of work: research of physical features of widening of space charge’s past and creation of gradient field with field operation of optical parameters of the base tno-barricr gallium arsenium structure with homojunction.
Methods of research: current-voltage characteristics, volt-capacity characteristics and spectral characteristics. Comparison of received data with calculated ones.
The results obtained and their novelty: For the fest time physical-technological criteria providing photo galvanic conditions and photodiode ones at manufacture of two-junction gallium arsenium n-p-m-structurc by liquid epitaxy on the basis of creation of diffusion field and direct penetration of light radiation to p-n-junction’s border arc realized; it has been shown that mechanisms of current transport in two-junction n-p-m-structurc arc determined by thermo electron emission through metal-semiconductor junction with simultaneous generation processes in space charge past of p-n-junction depending on switching conditions; for the first time it has been experimentally shown interrelation of photocurrent’s internal amplification with phototransistor effect taking past at the change of work voltage’s polarity; it has been experimentally carried out abnormal phenomenon of spectral photosensitivity caused by electrical fields, resulting in narrowing width of base’s forbidden zone in conditions of p-m-junction’s blocking.
Practical value: The offered design of reverse switched two-junction nGaAs-pGaAs-Ag-structurc can be used for reception and amplification of optical signals as well as the modulator of light in optical-electron devices of different types.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the basic scientific results and methods submitted in the dissertation arc the basis for manufacture of devices for reception and communication of optical signal in scientific production associations of Academy of science of the Republic Uzbekistan and for other device-making organizations.
Field of application: Optical-electronical and telecommunication systems.

Topicality and relevance of the subject of dissertation. Nowadays in the fast developing field of laser technologies and nonlinear optics the research directed to the study of influence of multielectron effects and concentration of particles on resonant high-harmonic generation for the production of coherent radiation in vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray range is considered one of the most promising directions of laser physics. At the same time the main attention is paid to increase the efficiency of generated harmonics in conditions of resonance and quasi-synchronization of phases of interacting waves. These studies arc connected with the application of coherent radiation in the field of laser physics, nonlinear optics, femtosecond holography, generation of attosecond pulses, spectroscopy of ultrafast processes.
Fulfillment of conditions of resonant high-harmonic generation and quasimatching of phases of pump radiation with radiation of harmonics provides substantial increase of efficiency of conversion of energy of femtosecond pulses with intensity 1014-1015 W/cm2 used as pump radiation into radiation of harmonics. In connection with this the possibilities of utilization of artificial nanomaterials which have complicated structure as well as ones like cndohcdral fullerenes in practice of high-harmonic generation remain weakly studied.
The demand for the subject of the dissertation is shown by the development of the methodology of high-harmonic generation in plasma formations, the enhancement of the efficiency of nonlinear frequency conversion at resonant high-harmonic generation, the study of nanoparticles which arc produced during the process of laser ablation. Moreover, the creation of highly efficient nonlinear elements on the basis of the laser ablation method, while being of special importance for the solution of important problems of nonlinear optics, give the possibility to obtain the theoretical results on the analysis of concentration of laser plasma.
The influence of concentration of free electrons on the efficiency of high-harmonic generation, as well as the influence of concentration of particles on high-harmonic generation still remain almost completely unstudied. The solution of these problems will help to establish basic laws and peculiarities of resonant high-harmonic generation in real systems which arc of practical interest in creating highly efficient sources of coherent radiation in vacuum ultraviolet spectral range.
This thesis is devoted to solving in a certain degree the problems noted in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan DP-1442 “On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015” of 15 December, 2010 as well as in other normative legal documents accepted in this field.
The purpose of the research is determination of the influence of multielectron effects and concentration of particles on resonant high-harmonic generation.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following results:
it is shown that multi-electron effects lead to resonant high-harmonic generation as a result of nonelastic scattering of accelerated electron on the ion with excitation of ion’s electrons to resonant level;
a mechanism of resonant high-harmonic generation was suggested, which explains the results of experiments on resonant high-harmonic generation and allows to optimize the process of resonant high-harmonic generation on the base of computation of optimal pump and ablation pulses;
usage of nonionized plasma as promising medium was suggested for the observation of resonant high-harmonic generation based on transitions in singly ionized media;
on the base of theoretical calculations of plasmon absorption peaks of Cf)0-molecule’s casing in endohedral fullerenes Сбо+In and Сбо+Sb to corresponding ionic resonances of encapsulated semiconductors as well as shift of the maximum of resonant enhancement of a group of harmonics to the new plasmon absorption peaks possibility of uniform enhancement of a group of harmonics in laser plasma created by evaporation of mixture of cndohadral fullerenes has been demonstrated;
a method was developed for the theoretical determination of the concentration of atoms, ions and free electrons in plasma which is based on consideration of enhancement of a group of high harmonics during quasi-phase matching at hte rocess of laser ablation using long heating pulses;
mechanisms of restriction of efficiency of frequency conversion with growth of concentration of particles in laser plasma of carbon created using ablation pulses with duration of 8 picoseconds and 10 nanoseconds were revealed;
a technique of determination of dependence laws of degree of ionization at givn concentrations was suggested which leads to enhancement of single high harmonic in the plateau region up to more than 1000 times at the combination of quasi-phase matching and resonant conditions.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time reliable information about spectra of resonant high-harmonic generation is provided on the base of exact potentials and parameters of pump pulses close to the experimental ones.
2. It is shown that the resonant high-harmonic generation is determined by population of resonant state by means of excitation of inner electrons of ion to resonant level as a result of inelastic scattering of the accelerated electron as well as by subsequent recombination of electrons from the excited level to the ground state with generation of resonant harmonic due to stimulated emission influenced by nonresonant harmonic of the same order.
3. For the first time theoretical simulation of high-harmonic generation in the plasma of Сбо fullerenes was performed using the time-dependent density functional method for the case of fully modelling the contribution of all carbon atoms into molecular field, at the same time the enhancement of harmonics was obtained in the range of surface plasmon resonance of Сьо fullerenes 10 times higher than outside this range.
4. It is shown that in laser plasma of endohcdral fullerenes In C6o and Sb C6o shift of maximum of resonant enhancement of a group of high harmonics relative to pure Сбо due to shift of plasmon absorption maxima of fullerene casing to atomic resonances of embedded atoms.
5. It is shown that the main factor restricting the possibilities of enhancement of high-harmonic generation by increasing concentration of laser plasma is the breach of conditions of phase matching with increase of concentration of free electrons.
6. It is shown that optimal relative to conversion efficiency plasma of indium can be obtained using ablation pulses with duration of 10 picoseconds and intensity of 2x109 W cm’2, while optimal plasma of chromium is created using ablation pulses with duration of 100 femtoseconds and intensity of 1011 W cm’2, that is linked to different ionization degrees of resonant levels of these elements.
8. For the first time a technique of control of efficiency of resonant high-harmonic generation was developed based on control of duration and intensity of ablation pulse in plasmas with spatially modulated optical density.

Actuality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Due to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress in the world mathematical methods have become an important tool in the control of complex systems. In the control of many economic and technical processes it also needs to take into account conflict of different participants. In this regard, it has been created a new branch of mathematics, theory of dynamic games, which consists of two components - the theory of discrete and differential games. In today’s complex market relations in solving many economic and technical problems these theories find their important applications.
After our country gained its independence, in order to promote science and technology a number of reforms have been developed. The President of Uzbekistan decrees dated 7 August 2006 "On measures to improve the coordination and management of the development of science and technology", and of 15 July 2008 "On additional measures to stimulate innovative projects and technologies" and other legal acts of fundamental sciences and their application in various projects were highlighted. Differential games set as the theory of development of mathematical methods of control processes, combines the dynamism, control, fighting, awareness, and optimal number of other important qualities, and represent one of the most complicated mathematical models of real processes having great practical importance.
In the vast majority of works devoted to differential games of pursuit-evasion, it was considered systems in which control were chosen only from the class of bounded functions. Such geometry constraints imposed on the control expressed some constructive opportunities controlling device. The desire for greater adequacy of mathematical models to practical problems led to the necessity of studying differential games with integral constraints on the player controls. Such restrictions express, for example, limitations of energy control, a decrease of other substances, which are spent during the process. Especially in the study of mathematical models of technical processes constraints of this nature it is important in scientific and applied aspect.
The need for the study of control systems in the general statement of requires consideration of models when on the control it is imposed simultaneously both types of geometric and integral constraints, or their linear association. The relevance of the thesis is to develop the foundations of differential games in the direction of pursuit-evasion theory under various constraints on the player controls in the construction of adequate mathematical models to counteract the controlled processes, as well as the development of methods to solve such problems, allowing the development of the theory of mathematical methods of management and fundamental and applied aspects.
The aim of the research is to build a unique parallel prosecution strategy for integrated, linear and different types of restrictions on the controls of players and their application to solving problems of pursuit-evasion.
Scientific novelty consists of the following:
to meet the challenges of persecution, escape with simple movements of the players, when control of players imposed or geometry, or integral, or both geometric and integral constraints pursuer, built parallel prosecution strategy and set of new features, and lower estimates of convergence are obtained for the runaway problem;
It introduces a new concept called a linear constraint on the class of player controls, which contains as a special case and integral, and geometric constraints for the respective types of games built strategy of parallel proceedings;
we solve the problem of the Isaacs-Petrosyan's game with the "life line" when player movement described by linear differential equations, and in the management of players imposed geometric integrals-General or comprehensive restrictions in certain combinations;
method of resolving functions is applied to the solution of the problem of group pursuit with integral constraints on the player controls, and new sufficient conditions for the solvability;
sufficient conditions for the solvability of the group pursuit tasks to control example of Pontryagin, as well as the problem of "/-catch" in the case of integral constraints on the control.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The problems of pursuit-evasion is solved, when the points move without inertia and controls of the players satisfying integral, heterogeneous and complex constraints. For these cases constructed analogues of parallel strategies to ensure optimum convergence.
2. In first considered differential games with a new type of linear constraints on controls, reinforcing the traditional integrated and geometric constraints.
3. A complete solution the problem of pursuit-evasion, when the pursuer linear control imposed restriction, and control of the evader - purely geometric, the validity of the theorem on the alternative Krasovsky.
4. The solution of the problem of harassment in the case where the control of the pursuer and evader imposed linear constraints, appropriate strategies are built parallel to prosecution, as well to guarantee optimal convergence.
5. Investigate problems Isaacs-Petrosyan's game with the «life line», when the players of the same type of movement described by linear differential equations with several types of constraints on the player controls, obtained ratio expresses the change in the dynamics of the set meeting points.
6. Development of a method of resolving functions in relation to the problem of group pursuit with integral constraints on the player controls, obtain new sufficient conditions for the solvability of the pursuit problem in the production of Pontryagin.
The work is theoretical. The basis of the theory of differential games occupies a central place to build and ensure optimal strategies for the players. The scientific value of the results of research is to build such strategies under various constraints on the control and use. Note that the results in terms of content will form the basis of a new direction in the theory of controls.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Nowadays applying of state-of-the-art technologies is becoming a very urgent task to face ecology and climate challenges due to fast development of various branches of industry and energy production, and also to be able to meet competition in the market. It is especially noticeable in such activities as desalination of natural water for industrial usage, extraction of precious metals from process solutions, wastewater treatment by ion-exchange technologies. «For the past years the need for technology solutions based on ion-exchange has been increasing. A considerable part of materials used for water purification is ion-exchange resins»1.
Starting from the very beginning of our independence, in Uzbekistan all required conditions have been creating for industrial development and new nonwaste productions of competitive, ecological and import-substituting goods arc creating. We can name some of them - «Shurtan Gas Chemical» and «Ustyurt Gas Chemical», producing polymers using local raw materials, and a new chemical plant which is creating at «Navoiyazot Ltd» and expecting to be completed in 2017 with annual production of 100000 tons of polyvinylchloride (PVC). It makes possible to difersify chemical industry by creation of production of various polymer materials having different and complex properties.
Developing and increasing of industrial production over the world creates new demands for sorbent materials, especially targeted rcascarchcs on synthesizing sorbents having complex properties arc one of high-priority tasks and the following aspects arc of high interest: obtaining ion-exchange materials having complex properties and contatining acidic as well as basic groups, determining the selectivity of synthesized sorbents for precious, rare and nonferrous metals, waste water treatment by removing toxic and heavy metal ions.
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The study aimes particularly at solving tasks defined in President’s Decrees №916 dated 15 July 2008 «On additional measures to stimulate innovation rpojects and technology implementation into production» and №1071 dated 11 March 2009 «On measures to accelerate creation and adoption of production of new types of chemical products» and oter relevant legal documents.
Purpose of research work: is synthesizing anionites and polyampholitic resins containing nitrogen and phosphorus groups by modifying polyvinylchloride and studying the physical and chemical properties of obtained products.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists of:
Optimal conditions for synthesis of anion-exchange resin using granular polyvinylchloride as a substrate have been determined for the first time; it has been shown that reaction depends on porosity of modified polyvinylchloride structure and follows under heterogeneous reaction kinetics rules;
ion-exchange resin containing nitrogen and phosphorous groups and having polycomplcxon properties has been synthesized by modifying granular polyvinylchloride based anionite with phosphorous acid; optimal conditions for this process have been developed;
it has been found that synthesized ionites have high sorption efficiency, thermic and mechanical resistance and arc similar to those of commercial anionite AN-31 in terms of abovementioned characteristics;
high sorption factors of synthesized anionites and polycomplexons for chromate, copper, vanadium, nickel, indium ions and iodine have been found and metal ions have been extracted in dynamic conditions from complex solution containing copper (II), nickel (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II) and high selectivity of polyampholitic resin for Cu(II) ions has been found.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions on doctoral dissertation «Obtaining and physicalchemical properties of nitrogen- and phosphorus containing ionites on the base of polyvinylchloride» arc represented:
1. The impact of several factors on a modification process of granular polyvinylchloride with polyethylene polyaminc as well as on condensation process with phosphorous acid in the presence of formalin has been studied in order to produce anionite and nitrogen- and phosphorous containing polycomplcxon. The value of activation energy and dependence of reaction rate only on concentration of low-molecular reagents show that the studied processes run in accordance with the rules of heterogenic reactions.
2. Chemical structure of anionit and polycomplexons produced on the base of granular polyvinylchloride, their chemical and thermal resistance have been proved by IR-spcctroscopy, element analysis, thermic analysis and analytical methods. It has been determined that appearance of ion-exchange features of anionite is due to amine groups and of plycomplcxon is due to amine groups and residues of phosphorous groups.
3. The main physical and chemical properties of obtained anionites and polyampholytes, defined in official standards, have been examined in laboratory and industrial conditions and it has been represented that synthesized anionite is not worse than AN-31 commercial anionite which is used in industry.
4. Kinetics and thermodynamics of a sorption process of Cr2O2'7 ions and iodine from potassium iodide solution by anion-exchange resin synthesized from granular polyvinylchloride has been studied. Defined kinetic and thermodynamic parameters show high affinity of anion resin to dichromate ions and molecular iodine and its resistance to the influence of strong oxidizers.
5. The following order of selectivity for non-ferreous metals: Cu(II)>Ni(II)>In(III)> vanadyl(I) has been defined by studying kinetics and thermodynamics of absorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), In(III) and vanadyl(I) by polycomplcxon.
6. Sorption and desorption of Cu(II) and In(III) by synthesized polycomplcxon in dynamic condition have been examined. Obtained results demonstrate chemical stability of polycomplcxon and its repeatedly usage has been recommended. Containing nitrogen and phosphorus polycomplcxon has been successfully used to extract and concentrate indium selectively from complex technological solution of Zn producing plant of «ОММС» JSC company.
7. Granular anion resin on the base of polyvinylchloride has been synthesized in large amount using a pilot device at «MAXAM-CHIRCHIQ» company and used for effective desalination of natural waters. The anion resin was able to work 10-15% longer than competitive anion resin. It is recommended by Notification Letter №42 of Cabinet of Ministers to invest one billion sums by «MAXAM-CHIRCHIQ» company JSC on production of PPE-1 anion resin.
8. A high efficiency is achieved in using anion resins to remove impurities of thermic stable salts from mcthyldicthanolaminc that is used for cleaning converter gases in «Fargonaazot» company (Reference Letter of «Fargonaazot» №37/3768, dated 26 July 2016). The annual cost efficiency has been estimated as 10 million sums.

Topicality and demand of the theme of dissertation. Modem astronomical observations on myrovom level on the ground and space telescopes, and recent discoveries have provided convincing evidence that black holes have a significant impact on nearby objects around, emitting powerful gamma-ray bursts, absorbing the next star, and stimulating the growth of newborn stars in the surrounding areas. Study the photons motion around rotating black holes, in particular, the discovery and analysis of the form of silhouettes of these objects, setting and effective implementation of relevant radiostronomical observations on the proof of the existence of the black hole horizon and retrieval of information events on the central object in our galaxy within the Black Hole Cam (BHC) and Event Horizon Telesop (EHT) international projects is one of the most important tasks of modem astrophysics.
In the years of Independence, huge attention is paid to the development of theoretical physics and astronomy and basic research in these areas on a global level. In this regard has been achieved significant results in the field of relativistic astrophysics, in particular, developping a model of the magnetosphere of a neutron star, the analysis of the space-time structure and motion of test particles around black holes.
The study astrophysical processes in the vicinity of compact objects and their comparison with observational data is now one of the most important tasks in astrophysics of compact objects. The most important tasks is to conduct solid research work, in particular studies on following directions: to find the exact solutions describing the space-time around a gravitational compact objects; analysis of space-time structures in the framework of these decisions and find the equation of motion of test particles, such as photons; determining the silhouettes of black holes in general relativity and alternative theories of gravity; determination of the influence of the central object parameters and the plasma environment on the form of a silhouette; identify energy loss dependence on the choice of the relativistic star of the gravity model. These objectives justify the topicality of the global level of scientific research.
This research work corresponds the tasks given by governmental regulatory documents, Orders of President of the Republic of Uzbekistan # UP-559 “Onhigh level astronomical observatories and complexes of their service” from February 11, 1993, # UP-4512 “On works further developing alternative sources of energies” from March 1, 2013.
The aim of the research is the development of a theoretical formalism describing shadows of black holes and the identification of the physical laws of high-cncrgctical processes in the vicinity of rotating black holes.
The scientific novelty of the research is the follows:
For the first time a new coordinate-independent formalism to describe the shape of the black holes shadow has been developed and it was revealed that the first five coefficients of the polynomial expansion is sufficient to describe the properties of rotating black holes shadow with the accuracy of ~0.1%, it has been shown that the proposed definition of distortion of black holes shadow arc stable under the signal noise;
it has been found that the observed size of the shadow of the black hole decreases due to the refraction of electromagnetic radiation in a plasma environment;
for the first time it was shown that for the high efficiency of the ultrahigh-cncrgy processes relative to distant observers, both the non-existence of the horizon, and the strong rotational effects arc necessary;
it was also shown that significant magnification of the efficiency of the ultra-high energy collisions is possible due to additional electromagnetic phenomena influencing collisions of charged particles;
for the first time it was shown that energy extraction through Penrose process is more realistic process among the energy extraction mechanisms from the rotating black hole in Horava-Lifshitz scenario; moreover, due to the Horava-Lifshitz gravity correction particles could be prevented from the infinite acceleration.
for the first time it was shown that the effect of compactness of strange star on the electromagnetic power loss of the star is non-ncgligible;
it was found that the strange star will lose more energy than typical rotating neutron star in general relativity.
CONCLUSION
According to the results of the research carried out on the theme of the doctoral dissertation “Particles and electromagnetic fields around axial-symmetric compact gravitating objects”, the following conclusions arc presented:
1. We have developed a new general and coordinate-independent formalism in which the shadow is described as an arbitrary polar curve expressed in terms of a Legendre expansion. It was revealed that the first five coefficients of the polynomial expansion is sufficient to describe the properties of rotating black holes shadow with the accuracy of -0.1%. Our formalism does not presume any knowledge of the properties of the shadow and offers a number of routes to characterize the properties of the curve. It has been shown that the proposed definition of distortion of black holes shadow arc stable under the signal noise.
2. The analytical expressions for the vacuum electromagnetic fields of deformed rotating black holes in the external asymptotically uniform magnetic field hads been obtained. It has been revealed that the induced electric field around the deformed black hole depends on the deformation parameter linearly, and the magnetic field squared.
3. An upper limit for the deformation parameter for the rotating non-Kerr black hole has been obtained through comparison of the observable values of the radius of innermost stable circular orbits with the theoretical results obtained in the dissertation as £ < 22.
4. It has been obtained the silhouettes of the rotating black holes shadow in the presence of an inhomogeneous plasma, which can be used to identify additional asymmetries in the shape of the shadow and retrieve information on the plasma parameters and the central compact object. 
5. Expressions for energy and momentum, as well as radii of innermost stable circular orbits of charged particles in the vicinity of a black hole with gravitomagnctic charge immersed in external magnetic field has been obtained. It has been established that due to the existence of gravitomagnctic charge particle arc prevented from acceleration to infinitely high cncrgires.
6. It has been shown that In the presence of a plasma the observed shape and size of the shadow changes depending on (i) the plasma parameters, (ii) the black hole spin, and (iii) the inclination angle between the observer plane and the axis of rotation of the black hole. It has been found that the observed size of the shadow of the black hole decreases due to the refraction of electromagnetic radiation in a plasma environment. It was shown that with the increase of the dimensionless plasma parameter, the maximum value of the energy emission rate from the black hole decreases due to the decrease of the size of the black hole shadow.
7. It was shown that for the high efficiency of the ultrahigh-cncrgy processes relative to distant observers, both the non-existence of the horizon, and the strong rotational effects arc necessary; it was also shown that significant magnification of the efficiency of the ultra-high energy collisions is possible due to additional electromagnetic phenomena influencing collisions of charged particles.
8. It was shown that energy extraction through Penrose process is more realistic process among the energy extraction mechanisms from the rotating black hole in Horava-Lifshitz scenario; moreover, due to the Horava-Lifshitz gravity correction particles could be prevented from the infinite acceleration.
9. It was shown that the effect of compactness of strange star on the electromagnetic power loss of the star is non-ncgligiblc and may help in future in distinguishing the strange star model via pulsar timing observations. It was found that the relativistic strange star would lose more energy than typical rotating neutron star in general relativity. The obtained dependence may be useful in further investigations of the possible dctcction/distinguishmcnt of the strange stars.

Actuality and demand of dissertation theme. Every year 10% of metals are destructed in result of corrosion rising owing chemical and electrochemical interactions with environment what has caned to financial waste amounting by millions of sums1. The material for mordent technologies - alloys on the base of iron in great degree undergo to corrosion under action of air’s oxygen, moisture and exide’s of sulfur, nitrogen and other chemically- active compounds.
During years of Independence in Republic the great attention has been devoted to development of scientifically investigation in field of chemical industry production of new type of productions and their realization and at this some results by satisfaction of local market in import substituted chemical products. From this paint of view for protection of metal equipment working in water systems, in nets of water-supplying, oil-pressuring and oil chemical industries and also energetically installations problem is arised by using of new inhibitors obtained in the base of organic and oligomeric compounds and grate degree prolonging time of its explutations.
Carrying out of purpose investigation by increasing of quality of metals and their effective using is important un all world at this special attention is devoted to following tasks: using of water-soluble oligomeric and polymeric inhibitors fighting with salt-deposits, determination of optimal conditions as of inhibition of metals corrosion, synthesis of water-soluble inhibitors on the base of nitrogen and phosphorous- containing compounds effectively protecting black and non-ferrous metals from corrosion in deferent mediums, investigation of mechanisms of their action, determination of different physic-chemical particulates. Investigation by protection properties abovementioned inhibitors in results of their adsorption interaction with surface of metallic equipment at different temperatures and studying of mechanisms of their action are at presence time are actual tasks.
This dissertation work is oriented on realization of decision of president of Republic Uzbekistan PP-1442 from 15 december 2010 year year «About priorities of development of industry of Republic Uzbekistan in 2011-2015 years» and also decisions of Cabinet Ministers of Republic Uzbekistan from 09.12.1992 year «About protection of environment of Republic Uzbekistan», from 27.05.2013 year «About program of additions by protections of environment of Republic Uzbekistan on 2013-2017 years».
Aim of investigation. Construction inhibitors of oligomerical type which are a new class of compounds of effective inhibitoral protection metals from corrosion investigation and physic-chemical regulatory of different mediums by watersoluble oligomer inhibitors.
Scientific novelty of dissertational research is concluded in following:
for the first time nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur containing adducts of thiourea, urea melamine and oligomerical type on the base of phosphorus acid have been synthesized;
mechanisms interactions and protections of metals by oligomer inhibitors;
determination of optimal conditions of influence of concentration, temperature on corrosion current velocity of corrosion, degree of protection, coefficient of breaking, and also using of inhibitors for high effective protection;
degree of filling of electrodes and constants of adsorption equilibrium of metals corrosion by different nitrogen containing, organic compounds and also by adducts on the base phosphorous acid and oligomer inhibitors have been determined by electrochemical and gravimetrical methods;
it was shown that synthesized oligomers have formed protective lowers on the steel surface which in great degree have distinguished by composition and structure from initial samples in different mediums.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions on doctoral dissertation «Synthesis and physicchemical properties of oligomeric inhibitors of corrosion on the base of N, P, S containing compounds» are represented:
1. Number of nitrogen and phosphorous -containing adducts on the base of phosphates of thiourea, urea, melamine andhexamethylendiamine and also inhibitors of oligomeric type on thebase of nitrogen containing organic compounds and phosphoric acid have been synthesized. Molecular dynamical and quantum chemical characteristics of synthesized compounds were determined, mechanism of inhibition by oligomeric compounds was established and general regularities inheriting to such inhibitors were determined what mill promoted to elaboration of new approaches of purposeful synthesis of inhibitors.
2. It was shown that such oligomeric compounds as phosphate of dimethilourea (OIK.M-8) have displayed effect of inner molecular synergism owing to presence of different functional groups and mechanism of their adsorption is differed by fact of formation of more compact layers of inhibitors on the surf are of metal and correspondely increasing their inhibition effect.
3. By using kinetics and thermodynamically investigation it was shown that adsorption properties of inhibitors of oligomeric and low-molecular type have different about what high values of filling degree of electrode surface and constants of adsorption equilibrium are witnessed. Constant of equilibrium in 4 time is higher it’s value of low-molecular inhibitors.
4. Systematical studying of two component inhibitors on the base of dihydrophosphate of potassium was carried out and it was found that addition of second component has increased their inhibitional action, from obtained results conclusion have been mode about passible mechanism of their protective action which has included formation of thin layers of complex composition preventing appearance of ulcerous corrosion.
5. Effectively of inhibitor dimetilolmelamin in aggressive mediums with increasing temperature has increased before achieving definite temperature after which it didn’t changed what has indicated on chemo-sorption mechanisms of action of this inhibitor forming strong protective layers on the surface of protective metal.
6. Phosphates dimethilolurea and dimethilolmelamine in mediums with different values of pH have formed on the steal surface protective layers which differed by composition and structure from initial samples, it was determined that their compounds were acted as anionical inhibitors with braking of anodic process.
7. Oligomeric inhibitors of OIKM-8 and OIK.M-9 and composition on their base have demonstratedthe highest effectively and they were tested Becabod metallurgical combination, AJ «Navoiyazot», ООО «Elektr uskuna sozlash» and «Suvoqova» of PKP and also UDP «Fergana» NPZ.

The relevance and demanding of the subject of the thesis. Today, in the world practice, in the sphere of ensuring the stable operation of electric power systems (EPS), pride of place goes to the creation of high-performance control systems of power generation and consumption processes, involving intelligent technologies. One of the most crucial tasks of rapidly developing modem EPS is ensuring its steady-state stability based on real-time operational data processing and analysis. In this area, the leading countries of the world focus on the improvement of control systems to ensure the stability of electric power systems, taking into account fluctuations of mode parameters. «Expenses for the creation of intelligent electric systems, including Smart Grid, arc as follows: USA - 7.1 trillion, China -7.3 trillion, Japan - 0.8 trillion US dollars. The use of the Smart Grid system in 2020 will allow the USA to save about 1.8 trillion US dollars»1.
Large-scale activities on the effective organization of power generation and improvement of the EPS stability arc held in the Republic of Uzbekistan. A number of research works arc carried out in this area, including high-performance reequipment of the steam-gas and gas-turbine technology, providing electricity generation, the development of effective control system of technological objects and improvement of methods and algorithms of research of control systems.
The world's attention is paid to the development of more advanced methods for determining the stability of electric systems, in particular, matrix methods and algorithms that allow to more deeply explore the modal properties of electric power systems, taking into account modem control devices. The implementation of targeted research is a priority in this field, while researches arc more relevant in the following areas: the development of matrix methods and algorithms for determining the stability of the electric power system based on automatic generator field regulators; the development of simplified criteria for determining the limit mode for the stability of complex EPS; the development of a model of synthesis of automatic field regulators on the basis of the system inclusion technology. Ongoing researches in the above-mentioned areas show the relevance of the subject of this thesis.
This thesis research is designed, to a certain extent, to perform the tasks stipulated in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan ПП-2343 dated 5 May 2015ycar “On the Program of measures to reduce energy consumption, to implement energy saving technologies in the fields of economy and social sphere for 2015-2019 yy.”, in the Decree of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.238 dated 13 August 2015 year “On approval of the regulation relating to the republican commission on energy efficiency and development of the renewable energy resources”, as well as other legal documents adopted in this area.
The objective of the research is to develop matrix methods and algorithms of analysis of steady-state stability of complex EPS, to develop simplified methods of estimation of steady-state stability limit and synthesis of controller models based on the systems’ embedding approach.
Scientific innovativeness of the dissertation study consists in the following:
on the basis of Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic form, the simplified criterion of steady-state stability of the electric power system was obtained, which consisted in positivity of the first major minor of the quadratic-form matrix (<7n > 0), ensuring necessary and sufficient conditions of the EPS stability;
the combined use of the method of Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic form and node voltage equations was developed, which allowed for reducing studies of steady-state stability of a complex electric power system to the circuitry of a simple electric power system, or the “generator-bus” system;
a promatrix of the complex unregulated and regulated electric power system was developed on the basis of the system’s embedding method, which allowed for the study of dynamic properties of EPS;
the algorithm of pole transfer from the spectrum of the matrix of own dynamics of the electric power system was developed, which ensured stability and damping of fluctuations of the operation condition parameters at small oscillations in electric power systems;
mathematical model of the class of regulators of the complex electric system was constructed on the basis of the system’s embedding method, which ensured stability and damping of fluctuations of the operation condition parameters at small oscillations in EPS.
CONCLUSION
The theoretical and computational-experimental studies of steady-state stability of complex electric systems, carried out on the basis of the developed matrix methods and algorithms, using Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form and system’s embedding method, allow for the following conclusions.
1. Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form arc recommended as the effective method for studying the linear dynamic systems, including the electric power system described with the help of linear zed differential equations.
2. Adequacy of conditions of the steady-state stability loss of the electric power system, obtained on the basis of positivity of major minors of the quadratic-form matrix of the Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic from, to the same conditions provided by Hurwitz criteria, was proven.
3. Obtained theoretical and computational results allow one to investigate the stability of EPS “in the small” by means of analysis of the positivity condition of the first major minor of the Lyapunov’s function in the quadratic formq11; > Oand consider it to be the practical (simplified) criterion of steady-state stability of EPS, providing for both its necessary and sufficient conditions.
4. The combined use of Lyapunov’s functions in the quadratic form and nodal equations allows one to reveal the generator (station), operating in the complex EPS, which is coming to the limit in terms of steady-state stability. The mathematical condition of this proposition is dqnj /dFl -» max, i.e. the maximum of the derivative of the first major minor of the quadratic-form matrix by the regulated parameter for the j-th generator. It is evident that in this case, the study of the steady-state stability limit of the complex EPS turns into the study of the “generator-bus” circuit.
5. On the basis of the systems embedding method, promatrices of the unregulated and regulated complex EPS arc developed, which provide a full description of all kinds of characteristics of transitional processes, including the possibility of studying dynamic properties of electric power systems at small oscillations of their operation condition parameters.
6. The model is proposed, in which the regulator of the complex electric power system has been synthesized on the basis of the systems embedding theory to describe analytically the class of regulators ensuring stability and damping of oscillations of the studied EPS.
7. The conducted computational-experimental studies aimed at analysis of steady-state stability of complex EPS on the basis of the systems embedding method have shown the qualitative match of the obtained results with the results, checked in the course of practical running of electric power systems on the basis of Classical Methods that confirms the adequacy of the models developed to the already existing ones.
8. The mathematical model of the electric power system, resolved relative to deviations of absolute angles of synchronous generators, is developed, which can be used autonomously for the study of small oscillations of complex EPS. This model of small oscillations must be used together with node voltage equations, determining voltage modules of nodes and their arguments, representing absolute angles relative to the balancing node.

The actuality and necessity of the thesis theme. At present in the world on the semiconductor physics intensive developing branch the polycrystalline silicon semiconductors lead the important role. Because of the raw materials arc relatively cheaper and stronger than other ones to the irradiation rays flow in the world semiconductor instruments based on polycrystalline silicon, solar elements and also integral micro schemes design is being developed intensively. As the physical properties revealed in concrete conditions of the polycrystalline silicon depends on its between grain boundaries regions volume, the profound of the physical processes occurring in this region is being one of the important tasks.
In our country in the years of independence an attention to study the developing semiconductor physics branch, namely, solar elements and semiconductor instruments creation, which have a quality index and meet to international standards requirements, have been drawn. In this field the essential results on studying methods of the controlling physical processes of the polycrystallinc silicon in the two contacting grain boundaries region and also based on applying them to the solar elements arc being reached.
Creation or the semiconductor instruments and solar elements, which arc relatively cheaper and stronger to outside affects including the stable to the temperature and irradiation rays beam by improving the electrical and optical characteristics of polycrystallinc silicon semiconductors, is a important task. In this field to realize the objective scientific investigations, including in the following directions arc one of the important problems: definition the microstructure of the two contacting between grain boundaries region and impurity states; designation of modem methods for definition of their electrical and optical characteristics with taking into account the physical and chemical properties of volume defects and between grain boundaries regions of polycrystallinc silicon; definition the related laws which the electron-hole pairs formation and transition in impurity states on between grain boundaries region when light rays or temperature changing process and their affect to electrical and photoclcctrical properties of polycrystalline silicon p-n structures; definition of affect to between grain boundaries region impurity atoms microstructure and electronic properties; creation and production of new type energy transformations via controlling physical processes in between grain boundaries regions. The investigations mentioned above explain actuality of the present thesis topic.
The present thesis investigations arc the works to realize in Decision "PQ-1442" of President of Uzbekistan Republic "On the priory directions of development of Republic of Uzbekistan industry in 2011-2015", and other legal and regulatory documents connected with this decision.
The purpose of the investigations is laws establishing of dependence of the electrical physical properties of polycrystallinc Si and photoelectrical characteristics of p-n structures based on impurity states localized in grain boundaries region and volume defects.
The scientific novelty of investigations is following:
it has been found that rough surface formation of boundaries abundant overhangs and micro cavities in grain boundaries region is caused with uneven distribution of impurity in volume of the grain, namely with concentrate increase of each of their impurities from center up grain boundary;
it has been revealed that width of united layers of two contacting grains, where the ionization fact of localized traps in temperature changing process with taking account of ionized traps energy that leads to change potential barrier height in range of -0,3-0,9 eV and to decrease charge carrier density, is about nanometer;
the multilayered interface model of two contacting grains and equivalent electric scheme which allows to define the electrical properties of grain boundaries has been constructed;
the adsorption and desorption phenomena in grain boundaries region have been founded;
the impurity thermal-voltaic and thermal-photovoltaic effects occurring regularity in homogeneous polycrystalline Si and p-n structures, on its base and also in mono crystalline Si with p-n transition conducted with formation of electron-hole pairs when deep impure states participate, has been installed;
the model of formation of p-n transition in grain boundaries region.
CONCLUSION
Based on the carried out physical processes investigations in polycrystallinc Si between grain boundaries and thermal-voltaic and thermal-photovoltaic effects phenomena we can make the following conclusion:
1. The many layers junction of two contacting grains model whereby each of grains consists from mono crystalline com surrounded with defects region, dislocations and other structure violations and also uniformly distributed on island surface of metallic components and micro region in the form of protrusions and hollows has been designed.
2. The non monotonic character of specific resistivity, p, mobility, p, concentration, n, temperature change of charge carriers conditioned by combined affecting grains and ionized localized traps connected with impurity states or defects in between grain boundaries, has been found.
3. It has been confirmed experimentally that localized traps density increasing leads to change of potential barrier height, <p, from 0,3 up to 0,9 eV and to growth of the quantity, p, and also to decreasing of the basic carriers concentration.
4. The equivalent electrical scheme allowing to define the between grain boundaries electrical properties in totally and each of theirs micro regions components based many layers junction of two contacting grains model have been proposed.
5. The adsorption and desorption manifestation conditions of the several alkaline metals and their affect to micro structure and between grain boundaries electronic properties have been installed. Namely, the between grain boundaries alkaline metals desorption in curing process leads to change of sign <p and conductivity type as thin layer on polycrystalline Si surface, and the alkaline metals diffuse by polycrystallinc Si substrate surface leads to their adsorption on surfaces of two contacting grains.
6. It has been shown that in range of temperature ~30(R800 °K the dark current and voltage arc changing on comparison of mono crystalline samples complex manner because of charge carriers capture in traps and their drift by traps in localized traps ionization process in between grain boundaries region.
7. The p-n transition model in between grain boundaries which explains charge carriers transition mechanisms in them and dark current and photocurrent formation conditioned with charge carriers capture and emission in traps has been proposed.
8. It has been shown that impurity thermal-voltaic and thermal-photovoltaic effects manifestation in p-n structures on base polycrystallinc and mono crystalline Si on heating and lighting arc conditioned by electron-hole pairs generation processes with participation deep impurity states.
9. The investigation methods of impurity states in between grain boundaries region have been modified. It has been shown that by electronic properties estimation of between grain boundaries applying the heat emission model it must be taken into account the traps total conductivity and current Jss, which arises in the charge carriers capturing and emission processes.
10. It has been shown that the designed new leggier method with using swift defunding elements allows us to obtain p-n structure at the same time as with p and n types samples, and as with simplification of the method to increase reproducibility of technological process.
11. It has been created the method for semiautomatic definition the temperature dependences of p-n structures electric physical characteristics with scanning possibility with light ray with given wave length and diameter from ~10 up to 400 mkm on sample surface.
12. The diffusion setting allowing simultaneously to make the different regions designed for construction heat and solar energies converters in the different parts of mono and polycrystallinc Si plates has been designed.

INTRODUCTION (abstract of PhD thesis). The thesis is devoted to the study of the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic density of states, quantum oscillation phenomena and interband magneto-optical absorption in semiconductors in a quantizing magnetic field, and also the study of the effect of pressure on the temperature dependence of quantum oscillation phenomena in semiconductors with a nonparabolic dispersion law.
The aim of the research work. Simulation of the influence of temperature and pressure on the oscillation phenomena of semiconductors in quantizing magnetic fields.

The aim of the research work. The aim of the study is to develop the theory and development of the scientific basis of wave propagation in the extended plate and cylindrical viscoelastic bodies associated with the environment.
Scientific novelty of the research work. The scientific novelty of the research is as follows: - the methods of solution and the algorithm of the spectral problem of the reduction to a system of ordinary differential equations with complex coefficients have been developed; - methods are developed for characterizing the damping property of a wave by a dissipative mechanical system; - it is determined that, under oscillations of a dissipatively inhomogeneous viscoelastic cylindrical shell with a viscous liquid, its dissipative processes proceed with the intensive, the closer the natural frequencies and the localization of the oscillation amplitudes near the shell; - it is determined that the significance of the phase velocities of waves in a viscoelastic medium (real parts of complex phase velocities) decreases by 10-15% compared to an elastic medium.

The urgency and relevance of the dissertation topic. Oncological diseases firmly holds second place among the causes of death of people. Most probably, this trend will continue in the near future. Radiation therapy is recognized in modern medicine, one of the most effective methods in the treatment of cancer. According to WHO, about 70% of cancer patients in need of its various forms. However, there are some patients with radioresistant forms of malignant tumors, which are resistant to traditional radiation therapy, i.e. radiotherapy with gamma - radiation and electron. Therefore the search for and development of promising technologies that can overcome these serious illnesses continue At the beginning of the XXI century oncologists have high hopes associated with nuclear medicine. First of all, it is the neutrons of different energies, which are a source of operating nuclear reactors. The most successful neutrons treat tumors not amenable to photon radiation (and there are about 30% of all cancers).
The aim of the research work is to prepare the technology NCT binarytherapy for the treatment of malignant tumors in experimental model for further implementation it in clinical practice.
The tasks of research: Prepare the base for neutron capture therapy on an experimental animal tumors.
To determine the appropriate dose for the effective implementation of the NCT and the rate of elimination 157Gd gadolinium with intratumoral administration.
Evaluating the effectiveness of NCT conducted on animals with experimental tumors" sarcoma - 180".
Assessment of the extent of damage of the tumor and the number of bodies under the influence of NCT on the basis of pathological examination.
The object of the research work is experimental animal s with implanted tumors sarcoma 180.
Scientific novelty of the research work is parameters and methodology of NCT for the impact of the neutron beam reactor of INP AS of Uzbekistan to the primary tumor lesions. It has made investigations of the spatial localization of neutron beam with respect to the irradiated object (experimental rats), including the measurement of dose distributions of gamma and neutron radiation from the reactor channel depending on the neutron beam aperture. The range of change varies from beam aperture (10 -70) mm when irradiated, both animals and patients with malignant tumors.
For the first time, it’s investigated the pharmacokinetics of Magnevist at intratumoral administration, which revealed the time of introduction prior to irradiation.
First time, intact on animals showed that in comparison with NCT gamma irradiation does not cause significant side effects. Intraperitoneal administration Magnevist before irradiationNCT, in doses of 3 and 6 grams showed that this type of impact inhibited tumor growth but caused significant side effects when exposed to parenchymal organs.
For the first time studied the antitumor activity of NCT with intratumoral administration of the drug Magnevist 3 days after irradiation conducted on mice with tumor Sarcoma-180 proved to be quite intense, showing the prevalence of medical pathomorphism II -III degree is awarded a direct dependence of the effect on the radiation dose. In setting up a similar experience with long-term observations has shown that the drug Magnevist binary combination with NCT significantly inhibits tumor growth at 92-97%, with a predominance of medical pathomorphism 1I1-IV degree. The anti-tumor effect is in direct proportion to the dose and exposure time. Histology showed that NCT in 4 grams dose with intratumoral injection of Magnevist drug has no general toxic effects on internal organs (lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys).
The outline of the thesis.The results of the research allowed optimizing the conditions for neutron capture therapy using the drug Magnevista that formed the basis of the proposed method of complex treatment of soft tissue sarcoma. The new technique of neutron capture therapy can be applied in the study of the impact of both NCT Magnevist and other substances containing gadolinium in other experimental tumors.
These findings are the basis for further development in the most effective tactics of treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and other tumors that are difficult to therapy in the clinic. The developed modes of neutron capture therapy can be used in specialized oncology and radiology institutions of the country for planning of subsequent clinical studies on the effectiveness of neutron capture therapy of human tumors.
Materials and results of the thesis became the basis of a methodological guide for future research.

Topicality and necessity of the thesis. The study of nonequilibrium processes in silicon, doped non-traditional contaminants (NP) - transition and rare-earth elements and multilayer structures based on it as an opportunity to identify ways to improve reliability, service life and reproducibility of electrical parameters of semiconductor devices. This aspect of the study of the processes of interaction of non-traditional impurities among themselves and with uncontrolled impurities in silicon; development of methods for non-stationary capacitance spectroscopy for the determination of bulk and surface defects in silicon multilayer structures; a study of electrophysical and optical properties of silicon doped NP; study on the interaction of atoms of NP growth with impurities (oxygen) in silicon; the study of the physical processes occurring in the volume of dielectric, semiconductor, on the border of their section and in the transition layer of Si - SiO2; the study of the influence of external factors (irradiation, temperature, etc.) on the properties of silicon and silicon multilayer structures of the type metal-insulator-semiconductor (TIR); a study of the influence of some impurities deep - V, Ni, Sm and Gd on the properties of silicon MIS structures is considered to be one of the most important tasks. Research work conducted in these areas point to the relevance of the topic of this thesis.
The aim of research work is to the study of the processes of defect formation in silicon, doped with impurities of non-traditional - transitional and rare earth elements, and a study of the influence of these impurities on the properties of silicon MIS structures.
Scientific novelty of the research work is the method of determining parameters of MIS structures by DLTS at a constant capacitance (CC-DLTS) is high-resolution Nss<1109 cm’2 eV’1), which allows to determine the energy spectrum of surface-state density at low values of Nss, the kinetics of various electron processes in MIS-structures, as well as separately to determine the parameters of electrically active defects in the bulk semiconductor, the dielectric, the transition layer Si-SiO2 and at the border of the section;
discovered that irradiation of silicon MIS structures у-quanta and electrons in the volume of dielectric is the formation of new radiation defects, the increase in the concentration of which in high doses leads to the through current, preventing the formation of a stable inversion layer at the semiconductor surface, they are removed from the surface Si;
the proposed method of determining the parameters and location of different radiation defects in mos structures exposed to penetrating radiation at positive and negative bias to the field electrode, providing the stabilizing conditions for the formation of radiation defects;

The urgency and relevance of the dissertation topic. Studying properties of integro-differential operators and their applications to solve nonclassic problems for partial differential equations has different and important applications. Therefore, development of researches on integro-differential operators of fractional order and their application is one of the important problems.
The aim of the research work is to solve direct and inverse problems for partial differential equations with integro-differential operators, to study properties of integro-differential operators and their applications to solve nonclassic problems for elliptic equations.
Scientific novelty of the research work is as follows:
the unique solvability of nonlocal problems for partial differential equations of fourth order with integro-differential operators is proved;
for the first time basis properties of root functions of spectral problems, corresponding to the Samarskii-Ionkin type problems is studied;
the necessary conditions of the existence of inverse problems of the identification of source-function for the partial differential equations with fractional order operators are justified;
regular solvability of problems for mixed type equations of fractional order with the integral matching condition is proved;
properties of integro-differential operators of fractional order of the Hadamard and Hadamard-Marchaud type are studied and applied to solve boundary value problems for elliptic equations; 
the method of the solving boundary value problems, and also the Bitsadze-Samarskii type problems in the class of harmonic and smooth functions for equations of elliptic type with generalized boundary value operators of fractional order is worked out.

Topicality and necessity of the thesis. Improvement in a technology of producing the solid nanofilms, reduction of defects in them and perfection of qualitative parameters of the nanofilms arc of great significance. In this respect, purposeful scientific studies, including scientific search in the following directions arc important problems: modernization of setups to produce thin films, theoretical simulation of practical results in chemical bonds, creation of a crystal lattice model in the presence of impurity atoms of oxygen and carbon formed under thermal treatment of molubdenum and tungsten, practical application of the dispersion spectra of electron energy loss under reflection from thin free films of copper and silver and transmission through them. The scientific search in the above indicated directions justifies topicality and relevance of the subject of the dissertation.
The goal of the research is to study the orientation effects occurring in the process of charged particle interaction with crystals of diverse nature, places of impurity atom localization and development of methods of surface diagnostics.
The scientific novelty of the research consists of the following:
• for the first time, the formation of additional Auger peaks near the lines L2.3VV has been found in the ion Auger spectra of well purified single crystals Mo, W, Si, Cu and Al, which can be explained by partial formation of their oxides;
• an octahedral position of the oxygen and carbon atoms located at the crystalline lattice internodes in the near-surface layers Mo(100) and W(100) has been established;
• a thin structure of the energy distribution caused by a simultaneous contribution of the ions experienced axial, plane channeling and chaotic transmission through single crystalline free films of Cu and Ag has been found within the energy range of ion beams Eo=5-4O keV;
• a dependence of ion energy loss under channeling through single-crystalline nano-films on polar and azimuthal angle has been defined; these losses arc 3-4 times less than in the case of polycrystal;
• a simple oscillation model of dielectric penetrability and an algorithm of EELS spectrum calculation have been proposed; it has been established that the energy losses to excite a bulk plasmon is more in reflection than that in transmission;
• for the first time, a technique of estimating an amorphization degree of the surface layers of thin free films of metals under ion bombardment has been proposed and realized.

The aim of the research work. Comprehensive study modification mechanisms and features forming nano-dimensional structures in the surface layers PdBa, CoSi2 and GaAs at low energy ion bombardment, followed by heat and laser treatment.
Scientific novelty of the research work. A structural model of the surface of Pd-Ba activated in high vacuum and in an oxygen atmosphere was proposed and a technique for uniformly activating the surface of Pd-Ba alloys of a cylindrical shape by laser ablation and implantation of Ba’ ions was developed;
It was shown that the shape and size of the nanocrystallinc phases formed on the surface of Pd and Pd-Ba at irradiation densities D < 1015 cm" depends mainly on the surface microrelief, and does not depend on D > 5 • 1015 cm’2 at high doses; The most likely mechanism for the formation of areas with a crystalline structure under the effect of implantation of large doses of ions is the heating of the target in the region of the thermal peak, leading to melting of the material;
homogeneous regularly located nanoscalc phases and epitaxial nanofilms of Si and CoSiO on the surface of CoSii/Si (111) were obtained by the ion bombardment method (Ar+ and O’) in combination with annealing, and also the dependences of nanocrystallinc phase dimensions on energy and ion dose were determined;
mechanisms for the formation of one-component nanoscalc structures on the surface of materials of various types (metal alloy Pd2Ba, semiconductors CoSi2 and GaAs) and the type of chemical bond (intermetallic, covalent and ionic-covalent) in the bombardment with Ar+ ions;
Optimal conditions for ion bombardment and subsequent annealing of the Si-CoSi2-Si, CoSiO-CoSi2-Si, Ga-GaAs-Gc, GaAlAs-GaAs multilayer structures were determined and their energy band diagrams were constructed.

The aim of the research work. Obtaining nanoscale structures and multilayer systems based on Mo and Si single crystals by epitaxy and ion implantation, studying regularities and elucidating the physical mechanisms of their formation
The object of the research work. Monocrystalline Mo and Si samples implanted by ions in a wide energy range (0,2 - 40 keV) and doses (D = 1014 - 101 cm").
Scientific novelty of there search work. The physical mechanisms for the formation of intermetallic compounds of the Nb + Mo type in the near-surface Mo layer during the implantation of Nb + ions in combination with annealing have been established and it has been experimentally proved that the formation of an intermetallic compound leads to the formation of the Mo subband of 4d electrons Nb below the Fermi level of Mo, which leads to a change in the density of the valence electron state Mo.
It has been experimentally established that the intermetallic compound is not formed in the implantation of Ba’ ions in Mo, but as a result of the decrease in the work function and the increase in the atomic density of the near-surface layer, the emission efficiency of secondary and photoelectrons increases 2 or more times, the main regularities of the formation of nanoscale phases and MeSi2 layers in the near-surface region of Si in the process of ion implantation and subsequent annealing are established, and methods for estimating their dimensions and determining the parameters of the energy bands based on studying the change in the intensity of transmitted light are developed;
The technology of obtaining homogeneous polycrystalline nanofilms of SiCb of various thicknesses (d~20-100A) and with a bandgap width of ~ 8.5 * 9 eV by the implantation of O2+ ions on the Si surface has been developed;
It is justified that the presence of several percents of accelerated ions (Eo = 1-2 keV) in the stream of sputtered metallic substances (Al) leads to the complete destruction of a thin oxide film on the Si surface and to the creation of a transition layer leading to an increase in the adhesion of metal to silicon substrates and a sharp decrease in the contact electrical resistivity;
a method for obtaining nanoscale two-layer systems of the MeSi2/Si/MeSi2/Si (Me-Co, Na) type with an integrated thickness not exceeding 40-50 nm; the thickness of the CoSi2 surface film is 3 * 5 nm; the thickness of the near-surface film is 10 * 12 nm, and the thickness of the Si film between these layers is 10-20 nm.

The aim of the research work, theoretical studies of the temperature dependence of photovoltaic characteristics of solar cells prepared on the basis of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si: H) and comparison with experimental results.
The object of the research work. The object of the study arc solar cells based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon, new equations of photovoltaic characteristics of solar cells on temperature and experimental data available in the scientific literature.
Scientific novelty of the research w ork.
A new expression formula is obtained for the open-circuit voltage from temperature using the semiempirieal method;
A new expression formula is derived for the temperature dependence of the short-circuit current density;
A new expression formula was obtained for the photoconductivity of the photoconductivity of solar cells and the dependence of this parameter on temperature was investigated;
New formulas arc derived for the temperature dependence of the effective voltage, current density, and power; it shows the correspondence between the calculated data and the experimental results;
For the first time, the dependence of the photovoltaic characteristics on the height of the potential barrier and on the photovoltaics non-idcality coefficient was researched.
Implementation of the research results. Based on the theoretical study of the temperature dependence of the photovoltaic characteristics of solar cells based on hydrogenated silicon: the results of a theoretical calculation of the temperature dependence of the photovoltaic characteristics of a solar cell based on amorphous hydrogenated silicon;
methods for determining the optimum working temperature of solar cells based on amorphous silicon and the effect of temperature on the dependence of the duty cycle of the light volt-ampere characteristics of solar cells;
were used by scientists of the Andijan State University to determine the influence of quantum effects on the processes of photogcncration and recombination in the implementation of a scientific grant of fundamental research on the subject OT-F2-28 "Quantum-dimensional effects on the surface and in the volume of doped silicon, and their effect on the photogcncration and recombination processes of carriers charge in p-n structures "(2007-2011) (reference No. FTA-02-11 / 478 of the Agency of Science and Technology of the Republic of Uzbekistan from 2017 on august 14). The use of scientific results made it possible to explain the temperature dependence of the photoelectric characteristics of solar cells.
The structure and the volume of the thesis. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters, conclusion, a list of references. The text of the thesis is presented on 130 pages of typewritten text, including 39 figures and 3 tables.

Topicality and necessity of the thesis. Solar pumped lasers are devices that transform a broadband sunlight into the coherent, monochromatic and directional radiation. However, maximum efficiency of transformation of sunlight into the laser radiation still remains at a level below 4%. In this connection development and creation of new highly effective lasers with solar pumping is one of the extremely topical problems of a global scale. Research and revealing of new ways of increasing the efficiency of lasers with solar pumping on the basis of last achievements in the field of materials technology and in other areas of state-of-the-art science represents the important scientific and practical tasks and substantiates the relevance of the dissertation subject.
The aim of research work is revealing the effective ways of transformation of solar energy into the energy of laser radiation by studying the physical processes, taking place in solar pumped laser systems, with taking into account of optical, thermal and mechanical properties of the solid-state laser active mediums.
Scientific novelty' of the research work consists m the following results:
New procedures of modeling processes of multiple reflection and refraction, absorption, and emission that have been based on tracing of single photons without any weight factors instead of usually used photon packages;
For the first time it is created the experimental laser on the big solar furnace and laser power of 80Wis obtained;
For the first time new alternative approach that based on the use of external frequency converters of solar spectrum is proposed and the opportunity of increasing the pumping efficiency of Nd:YAG lasers up to 30-32% is shown;

Topicality and necessity of the thesis. To date, intensive research in the direction of revealing their new physical properties, controlled by external influences, especially sensitive to light and microwave radiation and deformation, is underway in the world in the intensively developing direction of photo and tensor properties of semiconductor materials and structures. Making semiconductor materials unique properties in terms of managing their functional characteristics is an extremely important task. In this aspect, the study of the influence of deformation and a strong electromagnetic field on the dynamic characteristics of semiconductor structures is one of the promising directions.
In the years of independence, scientists of our country pay great attention to the development of technology for obtaining strain-sensitive and photosensitive semiconductor structures, in particular, methods for obtaining semiconductor materials doped with deep impurities, as well as film structures with anomalously large photovoltage, special attention is paid to the study of photoconductivity effects. In this direction, significant progress has been made in obtaining photo-and strain-sensitive structures based on narrow-gap and layered structures.
Today in the world, when studying the effect of deformation and a strong electromagnetic field on the dynamic characteristics of semiconductor structures, revealing the nature of EMF and currents arising in them under the influence of a strong electromagnetic field, illumination and deformation near critical points is of great importance. In this aspect, targeted research works, including the implementation of problems in the directions listed below, are considered to be one of the important tasks: the construction of a model of a system of potential barriers, which allows one to explain the anomalously large values of the strain-sensitivity coefficient in thin films obtained by vacuum deposition; Estimation of the deformation potential on the basis of the model of the potency barrier systems; elucidation of the possibility of controlling the strain-sensitivity of the p-n junction illuminated by the light of its own, subject to constant deformation; the elucidation of the possibility of controlling the photocurrents and photo EMFs generated in semiconductor photocells under the action of deformation and the microwave field; the possibility of using phase portraits to explain generation-recombination processes in semiconductors; a study of the thermal broadening of the energy levels and the density of states of a quasi-one-dimensional electron gas; The study of the temperature dependence of energy gaps due to lattice vibrations and thermal broadening of energy levels.
The research works carried out in the above mentioned directions indicate the relevance of the topic of this dissertation.
This dissertational research serves, to a certain extent, the fulfillment of the tasks stipulated in the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1442 "On Priority Directions for the Development of the Industry of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2011-2015" dated December 15, 2015 and No. -PP2789 "On Measures on further improvement of the activities of the Academy of Sciences,organization, management and financing of research activities "of February 17, 2017, as well as other normative and legal documents adopted in this field.
The aim of research work is to study physical processes under the influence of a strong electromagnetic field, illumination and deformation in semiconductors and semiconductor structures.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
It is established that, at the edge of fundamental absorption, when, the absorption coefficient increases strongly due to a change in the width of the forbidden band under the action of deformation, as a result, the coefficient of p-n junction susceptibility can assume anomalously large values.
It is shown that the change in the quasi-Fermi levels of electrons and holes under the action of deformation, light, and a strong microwave field explains the behavior of the I-V characteristic of the p-n junction under external influences;
It is established that under the action of deformation and light, photoelectrons and photoholes are mainly generated, in this case the EMF generated by the diode due to the change in the Fermi quasilevels will be negative, and when the microwave wave is applied, the electrons and holes are heated in this case, the EMF value will be positive, leading to a shift of the I-V characteristic in opposite directions;
It is established that when the frequency of the variable strain changes, if the product of the frequency and lifetime of the charge carriers becomes greater than unity, then the shape of the phase portraits (depending on) tends to a horizontal segment, and in the case when the product of the frequency of the variable deformation and the lifetime of the charge carriers becomes, the form of the phase portrait tends to a vertical segment, in the case where the phase portrait has the largest area.
the interrelation of recombination centers with the carrier concentration in a semiconductor is determined during deformation, so an increase in the recombination centers leads to a decrease in the concentration of charge carriers, turning the phase trajectory in the form of a spiral towards the lowest values, both along the axis and along the axis, and the decrease in the recombination centers in the semiconductor is reflected in an increase in the concentration of charge carriers, and the phase trajectory unfolds in the form of a spiral towards the highest values, both along the axis and along the axis . Accordingly, the phase portrait serves to monitor the state of the semiconductor under external influences.
It was established that the total change in the width of the forbidden band of MnIn5S8.5, FelmS^ and CuIn5S8 single crystals is determined not only by the interaction of electrons with lattice vibrations but also by thermal broadening of the energy levels in the allowed bands. In this case, the experimental dependences of the band gap on the temperature coincide with the theoretical curves.