GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES OF PARTIES (C. O. P) AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CLIMATE OF IRAQ

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ABSTRACT

Climate changes and the effects that accompanied them and accompany them have become the main concern of the

countries of the world in recent years, after they became an indisputable scientific fact, and a tangible reality that the

countries of the world suffer from. First, they are not defined by geographical or political borders, and they are no less

dangerous than wars and armed conflicts, but they are more influential second, as there is no country immune to the

consequences of climate change, and developing countries, including our dear Iraq, remain at the forefront of the

countries most affected by the effects of climate change, as the list of the governmental div concerned with climate

change confirms.

KEYWORDS

Climate change, Global Climate, human activity.

INTRODUCTION

Climate changes and the effects that accompanied

them and accompany them have become the main

concern of the countries of the world in recent years,

after they became an indisputable scientific fact, and a

tangible reality that the countries of the world suffer

from. First, they are not defined by geographical or

Research Article

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCES OF PARTIES (C. O. P) AND ITS IMPACT ON THE CLIMATE
OF IRAQ

Submission Date:

December 08, 2024,

Accepted Date:

December 13, 2024,

Published Date:

December 18, 2024

Crossref doi:

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume04Issue12-10

Emeritus Prof. Dr. Ali Sahib Talib Al

ــ

Mousawi

Republic of Iraq, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research College of Education for Girls,
Geographic of Department, Iraq

Journal

Website:

https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr

Copyright:

Original

content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons

attributes

4.0 licence.

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political borders, and they are no less dangerous than

wars and armed conflicts, but they are more influential

second, as there is no country immune to the

consequences of climate change, and developing

countries, including our dear Iraq, remain at the

forefront of the countries most affected by the effects

of climate change, as the list of the governmental div

concerned with climate change confirms.

(Climate change is not a concern for just one or two

countries, it is an issue that affects all of humanity and

every living being on this earth. This beautiful place is

our only home, we must take serious action now to

protect our home and find constructive solutions to

the problem of climate change).

Although climate change is the result of the interaction

of natural and human factors, various human activities,

most notably industrial ones, are the most significant

cause of global climate change. Since the nineteenth

century, human activities have become the main cause

of climate change. According to a report issued by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),

more than 95% of emissions over the past fifty years

have contributed to raising the Earth

’s temperature.

The factors causing climate change as a result of

human activity (U.N.F.C.C.C.C.) have contributed to the

exacerbation of this problem, with the increase in the

gases causing its pollution in the atmosphere, and the

accompanying rise in temperatures and the decrease in

the amount of rainfall, and the problems that

accompany them, reflecting their effects on the

elements and components of the environment, most

notably man and his various activities, such that all

countries of the world have been affected, including

our beloved country, as the reports of the World

Organization concerned with climate change confirm

that Iraq ranks fifth among the countries in the world

most affected by the impact of climate change.

Therefore, we chose this problem because it is one of

the most important contemporary climate problems

with a multifaceted impact on the elements and

components of the environment in Iraq, in addition to

the fact that it has received priority attention from

international organizations and bodies, most notably

the United Nations General Assembly and its

organizations (the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change), which prompted it to hold seminars

and conferences to highlight the impact of this

problem and the measures that can be adopted to limit

its effects now and in the future.

Reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change (IPCC) indicate in one of its reports

issued in 2006 that (the surface temperature has risen

(0.6°C) since the middle of the nineteenth century),

and the second report of the United Nations (IPCC)

issued in 2017 indicated that (the linear trend of the

global surface temperature has risen to (0.74°C) for the

period (1906-2016).

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According to what has been proven by scientific

studies of the climate globally, reports issued by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change affiliated

with the United Nations on (27/1/2005) under the title

(Climate ChangeRings the Alarm Bell) proved that the

temperature of the Earth will rise by a rate of (11°C), and

it was confirmed in the research published by the

respected scientific journal (Nature) that (the lowest

increase will be around (two degrees Celsius) and the

highest (11 degrees Celsius), if the world continues to

depend

on

primary

energy

sources.

The

Intergovernmental

Panel

on

Climate

Change

confirmed

(Climate change is an unequivocal reality that cannot

be doubted scientifically), and she warned of the

consequences of its effects on the environment and

humans in particular if we do not take the necessary

measures to avert the dangers that accompany it.

Before beginning to explain the effects that concept of

climate change, focusing on its human causes first and

its effects on a number of environmental aspects in

Iraq second

The first topic: The concept of global climate change:

Introduction: Geographers, like other specialists,

especially climatologists, contribute to addressing

such topics that are at the core of their specialization;

because their scientific studies have reached a

scientific fact that confirms that all elements of the

environment (exist, grow, develop, disappear under

the umbrella of climate), and it has been scientifically

proven, which supports their studies, that the problem

of climate change (is a scientific fact that does not

accept doubt or ambiguity), especially since human

activities in a number of countries in the world are at

the forefront of what caused the climate changes that

the world is witnessing, and that what we are

witnessing of an increase in the use of fossil fuel

sources and other sources of unclean energy is one of

the factors that contribute to the exacerbation of this

problem, and that this will contribute to changing the

climatic characteristics and thus its effects will be

reflected in the elements and components of the

environment. Before starting to explain the effects

that accompany climate change, we are required to

clarify the concept of climate change, and how it

differs from synonymous terms and remove the

ambiguity that non-specialists fall into in defining this

problem.

First: The concept of climate change in terminology:

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) refers to climate change as:

(A change that occurs in the climate over time,

whether as a result of the influence of natural factors

or as a result of the influence of human factors), and it

has defined another concept of climate change that

also falls in this direction, which is that climate change

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is (statistically significant changes that extend over a

long period of time, usually decades or more, and

include

changes

in

climate

elements

and

accompanying weather phenomena, in addition to the

slow, continuous rise in the global average surface

temperature).

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) stated in its first article that:

(Climate change is attributed directly or indirectly to

human activity that alters the composition of the

world’s atmosphere, as well as to natural climate

fluctuations, observed over similar periods of time),

and defined it as: (A change in climate attributed

directly or indirectly to human activity that leads to a

change in the composition of the Earth’s

atmosphere).( )

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) has defined climate change as: “A change in the

state of the climate that can be identified by changes

in the rate or variables in its characteristics that last for

a long period, usually decades or more, and refers to

any change in climate over time, whether as a result of

natural changes or resulting from human activi

ty.” ( )

Climate change is defined as (the imbalance prevailing

in climatic conditions such as temperature, wind

patterns, and rainfall distributions characteristic of the

region, which is reflected in the long term on existing

biological systems).( )

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change report, global warming is clear and

indisputable, and global temperatures are increasing

steadily and at a pace that is difficult to contain within

the threshold of (1.5 degrees Celsius), and evidence

indicates that carbon dioxide is the main driver of

climate change

Scientific evidence linking anthropogenic greenhouse

gas emissions to climate change has begun to raise

concerns around the world. A series of conferences

were held in the 1980s and 1990s. The pace of these

changes has increased since the beginning of the

1990s, and scientists have begun to worry that the

escalation of this phenomenon in this rapid manner will

make it difficult to mitigate it, stop its effects, or limit

it. Although this phenomenon is natural, its causes are

primarily due to the policies of industrialized countries

based on material profit, which use fossil fuels in their

economic activities in large quantities, which causes

significant pollution of the atmosphere, which

increases the possibility of global warming occurring.

Acceleratingly, these countries did not adhere to the

international conditions and standards aimed at

reducing this phenomenon and its destructive effects,

in addition to the lack of commitment, concern and

seriousness of these countries in addressing the

effects of this phenomenon on developing countries.

Climate change emissions from industrialized countries

are more significant than those from developing

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countries. The 100 countries that produce the least

amount of emissions account for only 3% of total

emissions, while the 10 countries that produce the

most emissions generate 68%: China (28%), the United

States (11%), India (6.6%), and the European Union

(6.4%). Accordingly, China and the United States

produce about h

alf of the world’s carbon emissions

into the atmosphere, and this is why everyone must

take action on climat.

Second: The reality of climate change now and in the

future:

According to climate models, the temperature will

increase by 1.5 degrees Celsius and between 1.5-2

degrees Celsius, and among these expectations, we

can mention the increase in the effects of global

climate change.

(1) The world expects higher average temperatures in

most regions and terrestrial environments, an increase

in the frequency of extreme heat waves, a decrease in

precipitation in a number of regions, and an increase in

the frequency and extent of droughts as a result of the

decrease in precipitation.

(2) Expectations show that the number of regional

climate changes is consistent with an increase in global

warming of (1.5°C) compared to pre-industrial levels

(3) Scientists expect that the increase in extreme

temperatures in the wild areas will be more than the

global average for surface temperatures, and the

increase in the temperatures in the middle latitudes in

the number of days will increase to more than

degrees Celsius above the averages.

(4) Scientists also expect the number of hot days to

increase in most arid and semi-arid regions.

(5) It is expected that the risks caused by drought and

inability to rain will be higher under global warming

(2°C) than under global warming (1.5°C) in the number

of regions.

(6) and the prediction of the relationship between

heavy rains and tropical cyclones under the global

warming of 1.5 degrees Celsius, and it is expected that

the heavy rains will increase at the global level under

the global warming of 2 degrees Celsius) Magnitude

global warming (1.5 °C).

(7) And the impact of climate change on the

sustainable development of large countries, in addition

to the lack of powers to achieve the development

goals, and the strategy for the period between 2020-

2050, and the Human Development Report 2018-2019

warns that the achievement of the number of

development goals, especially the reduction of

poverty, is threatened by the Khums factors of change.

The climate is human-caused namely: (1) the decrease

in productivity in the agricultural sector. (2) the

increasing insecurity in terms of water availability. (3)

the exposure to extreme phenomena. (4) the collapse

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of the ecological system. (5) the Increasing health risks

.( )

The United Nations International Panel on Climate

Change, appointed by the World Meteorological

Organization and the United Nations Environment

Program, determined in its report (the fifth

assessment) that “climate change is a reality, and

human activities are the main cause of it)

The International Organization for Climate Change

issued special reports on climate change in October

2018, confirming that the increase in temperature

reached (1.5 degrees Celsius) and the average

temperature increase by two hundred degrees,

emphasizing the years between (2015-2019). ) these are

the hottest years ever, and the increase in temperature

has reached (1.1 °C), the highest recorded temperature

in the world for the years before that, and the increase

will reach (2 °C) during the next years.

Third: The impact of global climate change on Iraq’s

climate:

Global climate change has reflected and is still

reflecting its effects on the elements of Iraq's climate

and the phenomena accompanying it. High

temperatures have been recorded between (0.5-1.5

degrees Celsius), above their previous average rates,

and the amount of rainfall has decreased, which has

exacerbated the problem of the water crisis in Iraq and

threatened water security, and the recurrence of years

of drought that Iraq has not witnessed before, which

reflected its effects in the decrease in areas allocated

for agriculture, and the expansion of desertified areas

and witnessed and is witnessing population

displacement towards neighboring cities, as a result of

the low productivity of agricultural lands, which does

not meet the needs of the current and future

population increase, as population estimates indicate

that the population of Iraq will reach about (45,520,500

people) in (2025 AD) and to (51,211,700 people) in (2030

AD), which will affect food security, which is linked to

water security, and environmental tourism has been

damaged by what the marshes and swamps areas that

were tourist attractions were exposed to and are being

exposed to, which made Iraq, according to what the

United Nations announced The fifth most affected

country in the world by climate change. And the

distribution of climate statistics in Iraq for the period

between (2000-2020 AD), with temperatures above

the averages, and varying between (0.60-0.74 degrees

Celsius), the record of the temperature reaching (53.9

degrees Celsius) on (22/7/2016 AD) ) in Ali al-Gharbi

District in Maysan Governorate, which is the highest

recorded temperature throughout history, and

continued to rise in temperature until the year. (2020

AD). Figure (1)

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Figure (1) change in temperature for the period between (1981-2010)

It can be followed up as follows:

1: Change in temperature: High temperatures were

recorded as a result of this climate change and reached

(24.1, 25.9, 26.2, 26.2, 26.4) degrees Celsius in the Basra

climate

station during the years (1941 1961/1986 1990/2000-

2012/2018 and for each of them respectively see Table

(1).

As for the Najaf climate station, it also recorded an

increase in temperatures as it reached (2.24) during the

period between (1970-1980) and the temperature rose

and reached (24.2) during the period between (2001-

2007) and the increase continued to reach between

(24.2-25.2) degrees Celsius during the recent years

extending between (2008-2019 AD).

and the capital city of Baghdad experienced a higher

temperature than before, the record of annual average

temperatures reached 22 °C during the period between

1941/1961, while the average reached 22.5 °C. (0.5)

during the period between (1970-1986 AD), and the

increase reached (0.7), during the period between

(1999-2007), and the temperature continued to rise to

reach (23.1) during the period between (2008-2019),

but Al-Mosul Climate Station , which was characterized

by moderate temperatures, the temperature levels

were around (20 degrees Celsius), while it witnessed a

high temperature difference due to the climate change

that is affecting the world. The increase between (0.7-

0.5) degrees Celsius during the period between (1970-

2007), and the increase in temperature during the

period between (2008-2019) to (20.7 degrees Celsius).

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Table (1) The general trend of temperature in Iraq causes climate change for the period

between (1941-2019 AD)

According to the above, the temperature recorded in

all Iraqi climate stations is above its average annual

rates, and what we expect from an increase in those

rates as a result of Iraq being affected by the climate

change that the world is witnessing, firstly, and

according to what was published by the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change, that (an

increase in temperature by one degree in any country

with an average temperature between (24-25°C)

secondly, the citizen will suffer from a decrease in his

share of potable water to less than half of what he gets

now.

and this will be accompanied by a decrease in the

individual’s share of production by more than (5%) and

the percentage will increase to (10%) until the year

(2030 AD) in Iraq, if there are no global and national

efforts to reduce emissions and reduce their climatic

effects, especially in temperatures and precipitation.

(2) Change in humidity and precipitation characteristics

and their effects Climate statistics :indicate a decrease

in rainfall in Iraq as a result of the impact of climate

changes in the world. Rainfall decreased at the Basra

Climate Station from (140.4 mm) during the period

from (1938-1950) to (0.137) during the years between

(1941-1970 2019), and reached (133 mm) during the

period between (1970-1980), and the rainfall reached

about (140 mm) during the period between (1990-

2000), while the rainfall decreased and the average

total rainfall during the period between (2000-2019)

reached less than (104.7 mm). See Table (2)

As for the Najaf climate station, it witnessed a

significant decrease in the amount of rainfall, in

accordance with the impact of climate change that the

governorate

1941

-

1961

1970

-

1986

1999

-

2000

2001

-

2007

2008

-

2019

Msusul

20

20

20.7

20.5

20.7

Baghdad

22

22.5

22.7

22.7

23.1

Al nagaf

24.2

24

24.2

25.2

Basra

24.1

25.9

26.2

26.2

26 .4

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world and Iraq are witnessing. It used to receive

amounts of rainfall ranging between (100 - 190.7 mm)

during the years between (1961-1970), while the

average rainfall totals decreased to range between

(90-104.6 mm) during the period between (1971-1990),

and the decrease in the amount of rainfall it received

increased, so that its records reached (72.7 mm).

As for the Baghdad climate station, the rainfall

amounts decreased significantly, as it received larger

amounts of (141.6 mm) during the period between

(1941-1961 AD), and the decrease in rainfall amounts

began and reached (105.11, 127, 151.2 mm) during the

years extending between (1970-1980) and (1990-2000)

and (2007-2018) for each of them respectively. Table

(2)

The decrease in rainfall was not limited to the southern

and central regions of Iraq, but also to the northern

region. The Mosul climate station had rainfall

exceeding (373.1 and 379 mm) during the two time

periods (1970-1980 AD) and (1990-2000 AD) for each of

them respectively, while the discrepancy reached less

than (301.2 mm) during the period between (2007-2018

AD)

The rainfall amounts in Mosul Climate Station

decreased from their annual averages during the years

preceding (2000 AD), which were more than (370.3

mm), as they reached between (146.9 294.7 mm) and

recorded (193.8, 216.3 223.8, 240.6, 294.7, 278.6, 340.8,

292.7, 289.2, 146.9 mm) for the years (2007, 2008,

2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 AD)

Table (2) The impact of climate change on the decrease in annual rainfall amounts in a

number of climate stations in Iraq for the period between (1941-2018 AD).

Governorate

1941

ــ

1991

1970

1980

1990 2000

2007 2018

Basra

140

133

140

104.7

Al nagaf

-

97

104.6

72.7

Baghdad

141.6

105.4

127

101.2

Msusul

373.1

379

370.3

301.2

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Table (3) indicates a significant decrease in rainfall

amounts in a number of climate stations. Kirkuk

Climate Station received rainfall amounts exceeding

(376.6 mm) before 2000 AD, while it decreased and

reached (173.1, 134.9, 225.9, 297.2, 221.8, 292.1, 319.321,

204.5 mm) for the years 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011,

2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 AD, respectively. The

rainfall amounts in Mosul Climate Station decreased

from their annual averages during the years preceding

(2000 AD), which were more than (370.3 mm), as they

reached between (146.9 294.7 mm) and recorded

(193.8, 216.3 223.8, 240.6, 294.7, 278.6, 340.8, 292.7,

289.2, 146.9 mm) for the years (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,

2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 AD) respectivel

respectively. Rainfall decreased to less than the total

annual average at Khanaqin climate station, which was

more than (312.1 mm) before the year (2000 AD) and

reached (222.3, 257.1, 197.9, 164.7, 206.9, 167.2, 301.9,

255.9, 199.7, 144.2 mm) for the years (2006, 2007, 2008,

2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017 AD) respectively

In addition, the decrease was more evident in the

climate stations in the central and southern regions on

the one hand and the western regions on the other

hand. The Baghdad climate station recorded less

quantities than what it received before the year (2000

AD), which was more than (127.4 mm), while the

average total rainfall amounts after that were

recorded as reaching less than (99.2, 59.11, 67.5, 92.5,

96, 108, 104.5, 71.8 mm) for the years (2007, 2008,

2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017 AD) respectively.

As for the Rutba climate station, climate statistics

indicate a decrease in the amount of rainfall compared

to the annual rainfall it received before the year (2000

AD), which was more than (124 mm), while it reached

(44.2, 58.4, 72.9, 23.3, 109, 90.8, 73.0, 41.9, 88.2, 72.2,

80.2 mm) for the years (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,

2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 AD) respectively. Table

(3)

As for the Najaf climate station, rainfall decreased from

the average total amounts before 2000 AD, which

amounted to (104.6 mm), as it reached (35.9, 72.4,

64.3, 50.3, 71.3, 48, 8.99, 39.7, 94.20, 80.37 mm) for the

years (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 20132, 2014, 2015,

2016, 2017 AD) respectively. Finally, the Basra climate

station received rainfall amounts exceeding (148 mm)

before (2000 AD), while it reached (130.2, 67.10, 89.8,

90.31, 115.3, 51.3, 107.5, 131.5, 86, 965.10 mm) for all

years except 2018 season

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Table (3) Decrease in rainfall due to climate change in a number of climate stations in

Iraq during the period between (2006-2017 AD).

The impact of climate change in Iraq on the

environment

United Nations studies indicated that the total areas

affected by what Iraq's climate has witnessed and is

witnessing, which have gone beyond agriculture, have

reached more than (100 million dunums) out of (148

million), and have been included in desertified lands, in

addition to the accompanying migration of millions of

year

Sulayman

Iyah

Kirkuk

Mosul

Khanaqin

Baghdad

Rutba

Nagaf

Basra

2006

812.6

458.4

511.2

205.2

162.3

44.2

190.7

174.1

2007

589

173.1

193.8

257.10

99.2

58.4

35.9

139.2

2008

380.4

134.9

216.3

197.9

59.11

72.9

72.4

67.10

2009

414.4

225.8

223.8

164.7

67.5

23.3

64.3

89.8

2010

635.9

267.2

240.6

206.9

.5

92

109

50.3

31.9

2011

812.6

221.8

294.7

167.2

96

87.9

71.3

65.3

2012

589

292.1

278.6

301.9

184.4

73.01

48.8

115.3

2013

394.3

455.5

355.4

296.7

135.2

156.1

51.3

2014

319

340.8

255.9

108

157.6

99

107.5

2015

315.5

292.7

391.8

190.9

88.2

39.7

131.5

16

20

321

289.2

199.7

104.5

70.2

94.2

86.9

2017

206.5

146.9

144.2

71.8

80.2

37.8

65.10

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people, who were displaced from their places of

residence due to the desertification of agricultural

lands first, in addition to the shortage of irrigation

water supplies second, which has been accompanied

by environmental problems in both urban and rural

areas.

In addition, according to reports issued by the World

Tourism Organization, the most important touristic site

in Iraq, represented by the marshlands environment,

has been affected by climate change, and these effects

have been reflected on it after it had natural potential

to attract tourists, as it combines the beauty of the

natural marshes, and the diverse and unique plant and

animal organisms that live in it in the world. The

marshes used to cover areas in the governorates of

Basra, Maysan, and Dhi Qar, reaching about (19,000

km2), but it has now decreased to (635 km2), and it was

rich in fish wealth and many other aquatic organisms,

in addition to different types of plants from reeds and

papyrus, and its moderate climate in the summer,

made it an attractive area for large numbers of

migratory birds that settle and breed in it during the

warm winter, to return again to their original habitats

within large migrations extending towards the

continents. It was inhabited by various numbers and

types of rare animals in the world, but climate changes

affected their disappearance, such as (Asian lions), and

there remained small numbers of wild cats, jackals,

pigs, and a few types of snakes. In addition to that, it

was and still is a tourist destination for thousands of

Arab and foreign tourists who visited it during the sixth

and seventh decades of the last century for its natural

beauty and the kindness of its indigenous people who

were known

as (the Ma’dan), who are descendants of

the Sumerians, and the owners of the oldest great

civilization in the world, which is the civilization of the

Tigris and Euphrates Valley, which is estimated to be

more than seven thousand years old. (1 )

In addition to being a natural water reservoir, the

water absorption capacity of the Al-Hawizeh and Al-

Hammar marshes alone is more than (7 billion/m3), and

between (3.5-5.4 billion/m3) in the flood season for

each of them respectively, in addition to their position

as one of the richest oil regions in the world, as the

largest and most important oil fields are located in the

Basra marshes, and oil experts in the world confirm:

(that the last barrel of oil in the world will be extracted

from the southern marsh region), and the

archaeological sites in it, all of this made it an attractive

environment for global tourism, as its revenues

reached (one billion and 648 million dinars during the

year 2015 AD) only, and its population decreased from

half a million people to (85,000 people),

(1) Adnan Abbas Al-Naqeeb, International Protection

from the Global Warming Phenomenon, College of

Law, University of Baghdad, without numberin.

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Scientific studies indicate that one of the most

important reasons for this is climate change, which was

accompanied by a decrease in rainfall in Iraq and the

sources of the rivers feeding the marshes, and the

recurrence of the drought phenomenon, in addition to

what the geographically neighboring countries

(Turkey, Iran and Syria) did to build dams and

reservoirs, and change the courses of rivers in Iran that

used to flow into the Hammar Marsh, which is a shared

water div with them. This decrease in the area of the

marshes was due to reasons related to the crime of

drying that the previous regime adopted for political

purposes first, and the climate change that we suffer

from second, which contributed to the decrease in the

number of tourists and the damage to the economy of

its residents and their migration, which prompted the

demand to restore the natural environment of the

marshes to its former state, especially after it was

included in the list of the world's natural environmental

heritage of UNESCO on (July 17, 2016).

Global climate change has affected Iraq mainly

through the decrease in surface water sources,

including groundwater. The United Nations published

a report on 14/3/2018 stating that the water crisis in Iraq

will increase in impact year after year due to the

decrease in water supplies that feed the Tigris and

Euphrates rivers and their tributaries. This is due to the

decrease in rainfall and the decline in snowfall on

mountain peaks in the areas that feed them, which has

exposed and will expose millions of Iraqis to the lack of

access to water, whether for human uses or for other

economic activities, most notably agriculture

Statistics indicate a decline in the discharge rates of the

Tigris and Euphrates rivers from (80 billion m3) during

the period between (1950-1960), and those rates had

recorded a water revenue of (5.85, 9.78, 86, 76, 7.80

millibars/m3) during the seasons (1971/1972, 1972/1973,

1975/1976,

1977/1978,

1979/1980)

respectively.

However, the annual water revenue of the Tigris and

Euphrates rivers reached (22.71, 61.78, 12.78 billion/m3)

during the years (1985, 1986, 1988) for each of them

respectively). The statistics in Table ( ) indicate that the

total water revenue of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

reached (70.26 billion/m3) during the season

(1980/1981 AD), and then the decrease continued for

reasons related to the climate change witnessed by the

world and the accompanying decrease in rainfall,

whether in the areas feeding the sources or inside Iraq,

so the total water revenue reached (30.69 billion/m3)

during the season (2000-2001 AD) compared to the

previous revenues which were between (76.9 - 86.9

billion/m3) during the seasons before the year (1980

AD). Table (4)

Statistics also show a decrease in what reaches Iraq

during the following seasons, reaching (65.54, 35.07,

38.64, 32.3, 32, 53.60, 40 billion/m3) during the seasons

(2004/2005), (2007/2008), (208/2009), (2009/2010),

(2010/2011), (2015/2016), (2016/2017) respectively, and

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water revenues decreased until they also reached

(32.69, 49.59 billion/m3) during the seasons

(2017/2018), (2019/2020) for each of them respectively.

Table (5)

Table (4): The decrease in water revenues of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in light

of climate change and the policies of the countries that feed our water resources

Water Year

Tigris

Euphrates

The total

1980

/

1981

36.26

34

70.26

1980

/

1984

41

27

68

1996

/

1997

38.8

30

68.8

2000

/

2001

21.13

9.56

30.69

2004

/

2005

37.08

17.57

54.65

2007

/

2008

20.37

14.7

35.07

2008

/

2009

19.32

19.32

38.64

2009

/

2010

23

9

.

3

32.3

2010

/

2011

18

14

32

2015

/

2016

38.45

15.15

53.60

2016

/

2017

26.31

13.69

40

2017

/

2018

23.40

9.56

32.96

2018

/

2019

76.52

16.95

93.47

2019

/

2020

29.39

20.20

49.59

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Table (5 ): Annual revenues of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries for

the year 2017.

The river and its

tributaries

2016

Annual

revenue

(billion/m3

)

Annual

revenue

(billion/m3

)

2017

ratio

%

Length

(km )

*

Tigris

15.37

(

Including

Khabur

waters

)

13.81

34.1

(

1900

1418

(

In Iraq

)

For

tributaries

**

Upper

Zab

10.55

7.25

17.9

392

Lower Zab

6.75

3.09

7.6

396

alothem

***

1.15

0.81

2.0

230

Diyala

5.78

2.41

5.9

386

Total revenues of the

Tigris River and its

tributaries

39.60

27.37

67.5

-

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The annual revenue of the Tigris River represents the

amount of water entering Iraq at the Turkish border:

** The highest revenue of the Zab is estimated due to

the lack of sufficient actual monitoring of the disposal.

*** The annual revenue of the Great River is from

inside Iraq only and the rest is from the source to the

mouth of the Tigris River**** The annual revenue of

the Euphrates River represents the average after the

operation of the Turkish-Syrian dam system since 199

****

Euphrates

15.15

13.16

32.5

2940

(

1160

)

In Iraq

Total revenues of the

Tigris and Euphrates

rivers

54.75

40.53

100.0

-

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Figure (2):

Annual revenues of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and

their tributaries for the year 2017.

Table (6): Annual revenues of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries for

the year 2018

Tigris President Upper Zab Lower Zab Great

Diyala Euphrates

River or tributary

Billion/m
3

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The river and its

tributaries

2017

Annual

revenue

(billion/m3

Annual

revenue

2018

(billion/m3

Ratio

%

Length

(km

)

*

Tigris

13.81

(

Including

Khabur

waters

)

8.92

27.1

(

1900

1418

)

In

Iraq

)

Tributaries

**

Upper

Zab

7.25

6.94

21.1

392

Lower Zab

3.09

3.44

10.4

396

***

alothem

0.81

0.79

2.4

230

Diyala

2.41

3.31

10.0

386

Total revenues of the

Tigris River and its

tributaries

27.37

23.4

71.0

-

****

Euphrates

13.15

9.56

29.0

2940

(

1160

)

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Figure (3): Annual revenues of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries for

the year 2018

Total revenues of the

Tigris and Euphrates

rivers

40.53

32.96

100.0

-

Tigris President Upper Zab Lower Zab Great

Diyala Euphrates

River or tributary

Billion/m
3

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Table (7): Annual revenues of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries for

the year 2020

The river and its

tributaries

Annual

revenue

(

(

billion/m3

)

2019

(

م

Annual

revenue

(

(

billion/m3

)

2020

%

Ratio

(

Length

(km

*

Tigris

31.29

11.44

23.1

(

1900

1418

(

In

Iraq

)

Tributaries

**

Upper Zab

20.67

10.23

20.6

392

Lower Zab

44.50

4.29

8.7

396

alothem

***

2.11

0.94

1.9

230

Diyala

.89

10

2.49

5.0

386

Total revenues of the

Tigris River and its

tributaries

76.52

29.39

59.3

-

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The annual revenue of the Tigris River represents the

amount of water coming into Iraq at the Turkish

border. ** The highest revenue of the Zab is an

estimate due to the lack of sufficient actual

monitoring. *** The annual revenue of the Great River

is from inside Iraq only and the rest is from the source

to the mouth of the Tigris River. **** The annual

revenue of the Euphrates River represents the average

after the operation of the Turkish-Syrian dam system

since 1994

Euphrates

****

16.95

20.20

40.7

2940

(

1160

Total revenues of the

Tigris and Euphrates

rivers

93.47

49.59

100.0

-

Tigris President Upper Zab Lower Zab Great

Diyala Euphrates

Billion/m
3

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Health effects

Diseases and deaths
related to
temperature

Effects related to
extreme weather
events

Health effects related
to climate pollution

Water- and food-
borne diseases

Vector- and rodent-
borne diseases

Effects resulting from
food and water
shortages

Psychological,

infectious and other

effects

Effects

Pathways of bacterial

contamination

Dynamics

Ecosystems

Agricultural

Hydrology

-

-

Regional

weather

changes

-

-

Heat waves

-

-

Extreme

weather

events

-

-

Temperature

-

-

Rainfall

climate

change

Social Sciences,

Economics,

Demographic

Sciences

Evaluation and

adaptation

Health adaptation

measures

Needs

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The second topic

The role of the United Nations and international

conferences of the parties on climate change

First: the United Nations conferences

The United Nations has held conferences on the

environment, due to the emergence of many problems

that have begun to threaten the environment, most

notably the problem of climate change, which has

begun to threaten all countries of the world and

threatens the danger of declaring wars on humanity

and the effects that will be reflected in natural

biological systems.

so Sweden proposed for the first time to the United

Nations Economic and Social Council in 1968 the idea of

holding a United Nations conference to discuss the role

of human factors in this problem, so the Economic and

Social Council issued Resolution No. (1346) supporting

the idea, and General Assembly Resolution No. (2398)

in 1969 approved holding the conference in 1972 in

Stockholm.

First: Stockholm Conference

The United Nations Conference on the Environment

was held in the capital, Stockholm, Sweden, during the

period between (5-16 June) 1972. It was attended by

representatives of (113 countries), in addition to

representatives of organizations, bodies and programs

affiliated with the United Nations and representatives

of regional organizations concerned with the

environment, with the attendance of (1200) people.

It resulted in the establishment of a specialized agency

in environmental affairs, called the United Nations

Environment Program (UNEP).

The conference resulted in documents of more than

(1200) pages in a book entitled (We have nothing but

the Earth), and committees branched out from the

conference,

The First Committee: Specialized in the social and

cultural needs for environmental protection.

The Second Committee: Specialized in the topics of

preserving natural resources.

The Third Committee: Specialized in the international

measures that can be taken to combat environmental

destruction

The Stockholm Declaration is the first international

document that defines the principles of international

relations in environmental affairs, as its first article

states (Man has a fundamental right to freedom,

equality and decent living conditions in a clean

environment that allows him to live in dignity and well-

being

Second: Vienna Conference

The Vienna Agreement was held between (March 18-

22) 1985, with the participation of fifty countries and

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international organizations. The preamble included

twenty-one articles and entered into force on

September 22, 1988. This agreement contains

framework obligations to protect the ozone layer in

order to preserve the environment.

Third: United Nations Conference in 1988

The United Nations held the first international forum

on climate change in (Toronto) Canada and decided to

establish a scientific div to study evidence of climate

change, abbreviated as (IPCC). The Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed in 1988 in

cooperation

with

the

World

Meteorological

Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Program

(UNEP). The United Nations officially approved the

establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change for the following reasons:

(A number of human activities can contribute to

changing global climate patterns, threatening current

and future generations with potentially severe

economic and social consequences), in addition to that

(the continued rise in concentrations of (greenhouse

gases) in the atmosphere can lead to global warming

with rising sea levels, and its effects will be

catastrophic for humanity if serious steps are not taken

in a timely manner and at all levels).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) was established to provide comprehensive

estimates of the state of scientific, technical, social and

economic understanding of climate change, its causes

and potential impacts, and strategies to address this

change. Its purpose is to conduct scientific research

and evaluate information related to climate change

from a scientific, technical, economic and social

perspective. The panel submitted its report in 1990. It

currently includes (195) countries, (in 1988, it consists

of three thousand climate scientists, to provide

estimate

The IPCC adopted the “Principles Governing the Work

of the IPCC,” which state that the IPCC will assess:

(1) The risk of human-induced climate change. (2) The

potential consequences of global warming. (3)

Possible options for mitigating the effects of climate

change

Fourth: The Rio de Janeiro Conference

(Earth Summit):

The Rio de Janeiro Conference was held in June 1992

in Brazil. It was the first global conference on the

environment and development, called the Earth

Summit. It was attended by (168 countries).

Representatives of the countries of the world held the

founding conference of the Framework Convention on

Climate Change for the first time in the city of (Rio de

Janeiro) in Brazil in 1992, after the countries of the

world, led by the United Nations, were convinced that

the problem of global warming and its effects on

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humans and the environment were a cause of concern

for governments and the public. It was noted that since

1860.

The average temperature in the world has risen

between (0.3 - 0.6) degrees Celsius, and scientists

specializing in this field estimate that the rise will

increase until the year 2100 to reach between (1 - 3.5

degrees Celsius), as a result of the increase in

greenhouse gas emissions from various human

activities that have contributed and are contributing to

the problems accompanying global climate change,

and obligating the countries causing emissions to the

level they were at before the year (1990 AD).( )

The third topic

International Conferences of the Parties (C.O.P) and

their decisions on global climate change and its

impacts

The term (C.O.P) is an abbreviation for the term

(Conference Of Parties), which means "Conference of

the Parties" in English, i.e. the supreme administrative

div of any international agreement, including the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change

The conferences were attended by countries that

ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change,

called the Parties (197 countries) at the time. In this

section, we will focus on all the Conferences of the

Parties and the binding decisions that were taken to

limit the impact of global climate change:

The first Conference of the Parties (COP:1): (Berlin /

Germany) The first Conference of the Parties (COP1) to

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change was held between March 28 and April 7, 1995

in Berlin, Germany. The parties set targets for reducing

emissions of gases that cause climate change, and

reviewed the possibilities for reducing emissions of

polluting gases. Countries expressed their concerns

about the failure to comply with the decisions adopted

by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological

Advice (SBSTA). The first Conference of the Parties

agreed on “Jointly Implemented Activities,” the first

joint measures in international climate action.

Second: The Second Conference of the Parties (COP2)

of the United Nations on Climate Change Geneva,

Switzerland:

The second session of the Conference of the Parties

(COP2) was held between 8 and 19 July 1996 in Geneva,

Switzerland. Its Ministerial Declaration was referred to,

but it was not adopted on 18 July 1996; due to the

position of the United States, presented by the former

Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs (Timothy

Wirth) at that meeting, which included: (1) Adopting

the scientific findings on climate change presented by

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the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its

Second Assessment (1995). (2) Rejecting the

unification of “coordinated policies” in favor of

flexibility.

Third: The Third Conference of the Parties on Climate

Change (COP3), Kyoto, Japan

The third session of the United Nations Conference of

the Parties on Climate Change (COP3) was held in

September 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. About 10,000

delegates, observers, and journalists participated in

the

conference,

with

the

attendance

of

representatives from all industrialized countries

concerned and most other countries in the world. The

conference is an executive step for the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is

one of the largest international conferences concerned

with climate change.

The main objective of this agreement was to identify

the gases that cause and contribute to raising the

temperature, including (carbon dioxide, methane, and

ozone), but the focus was on carbon dioxide because

it contributes 70% of the gases that cause climate

change and raise the temperature of the Earth.

The Kyoto Protocol legally obliges the parties from

developed countries to reduce and collectively limit

emissions of (greenhouse gases) by at least (5%), with

the reduction to be carried out at different rates during

the initial commitment period of the protocol between

the years (2008-2012). This agreement entered into

force in 2005 AD.

The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 in Japan is the first binding

agreement for all countries to reduce the

concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

to limit damage to the Earth's climate system. As for

the obligations that make up the first group, they are

joint obligations that all contracting parties undertake

to implement. These obligations are: (Reducing

greenhouse gas emissions at rates that vary from one

country to another, provided that this reduction takes

place within a specific period of time starting in 2008

and continuing until 2012, and working to absorb

greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.

As for flexibility mechanisms: they mean the

mechanisms that work to reduce emissions and

minimize harmful effects, but at the same time they

take the economic dimension when calculating their

production costs. This part indicates the possibility of

reaching the goal.

Fourth: The United Nations Conference on Climate

Change (COP4) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1998

The fourth Conference of the Parties (COP4) was held

in November, between 2-14 November 1998, in Buenos

Aires, Argentina. The conference included discussing

the remaining issues that were not resolved in the

Kyoto Protocol. Despite this, it was proven that no

agreement was reached on these issues. Argentina and

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Kazakhstan have fulfilled their commitments and

pledged to reduce emissions of gases that cause global

warming. They are the first two countries not included

in the annex to do so.

Fifth: The United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP5) in Bonn, Germany in 1999

The fifth Conference of the Parties (COP 5) was held

during the period between (October 25 - November 5)

1999 in Bonn, Germany, and was attended by about

(5000 participants) from (150 countries). The

conference confirmed the activation of the 1992

agreement, and governments were given a period of

(12-18 months) only to agree on the operational details

of the Kyoto Protocol of 1997.

Sixth (A): The United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP6) in The Hague/Netherlands 2000

The sixth Conference of the Parties (COP6) was held

between

(13-25

November)

2000

in

The

Hague/Netherlands, and no agreement was reached.

As a result, the Executive Secretary of the United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

directed that:

(The increase in human activity has a negative impact

on our climate), and the world has recognized this

since 1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, when

the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) was opened and the climate change

agreement was signed.

The meeting witnessed the rejection of all European

Union countries, led by Denmark and Germany, of the

intermediate positions in the final hours of the

conference, and the talks collapsed. (Jan Pronk),

President of the sixth session of the Conference of the

Parties, commented that the sixth Conference of the

Parties did not reach an agreement, hoping to resume

negotiations later. It was later agreed that the sixth

session of the Conference of the Parties (called "COP6

bis") would resume in Bonn, Germany.

Sixth (b): United Nations Conference on Climate

Change (COP 6) (Bonn/Germany 2001):

Negotiations for the sixth Conference of the Parties

(COP6) resumed between (17-27 July 2001) in

(Bonn/Germany), and little progress was made in

resolving the differences after George W. Bush became

President of the United States and rejected the Kyoto

Protocol in March 2001; their delegation chose to play

the role of observer at the meeting. The agreement

included the following:

(1) Flexibility mechanisms: including emissions trading,

joint implementation, and the Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM Clean Development mechanism),

which allows industrialized countries to finance

emission reduction activities in developing countries as

an alternative to local emission reductions.

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(2) Carbon sinks: (sinks): It was agreed to grant credit

for large-scale activities that absorb or store carbon

from the atmosphere. Thus, a maximum of (13 million

t) to Japan (which represents about 4% of base year

emissions, and countries can only receive credit for

increases in carbon sequestration above 1990 levels.

(3) Compliance: to the provisions of the Convention

until COP7.

(4) Financing: It was agreed to establish three new

funds to provide assistance for climate change-related

needs:

1- The Climate Change Fund, which supports a range of

climate measures.

2- A Least Developed Countries Fund to support

national adaptation programmes of action. And an

Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Convention,

supported by a levy from the Clean Development

Mechanism and voluntary contributions.

3- An Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Convention,

supported by a levy from the Clean Development

Mechanism and voluntary contribution

Seventh: United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP7) in Marrakesh/Morocco 2001:

The seventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties

(COP7) was held in (Marrakesh-Morocco) during the

period between (October 29 - November 10, 2001), and

a number of decisions were taken known as the

(Marrakesh Agreements) package, and the date of the

World Summit on Sustainable Development (August -

September 2002) was set as a target for the entry into

force of the Kyoto Protocol. The World Summit on

Sustainable Development (WSSD) was scheduled to be

held in Johannesburg, South Africa

Eighth: The United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP8) in New Delhi/India 2002

The eighth Conference of the Parties (COP 8) was held

in New Delhi between (October 23 - November 1, 2002),

and adopted the (Delhi Declaration), which called on

developed countries to transfer technology and

reduce the impact of climate change on developing

countries.

The eighth Conference of the Parties (COP8) was

characterized by Russia's hesitation and its request to

extend the time. The United States contributed and

refused to sign, and Australia refused to ratify, and

Russia's approval was only (17%) of global emissions

compared to what it was in 1990.

Ninth: United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP9) in Milan, Italy, 2003

The ninth session of the Conference of the Parties

(COP9) was held between (1-12 December 2003) in the

Italian city of Milan, with the participation of (189

countries).

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The conference was held under the umbrella of the

(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change), of which the United States is still a member,

despite its withdrawal and non-accession to the

(Kyoto) Agreement. The parties agreed to use the

Adaptation Fund that was established in (COP7) in 2001

to support developing countries in adapting to climate

change.

Tenth: United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP10) in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2004

The United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP10) was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, from 6 to

17 December 2004, with representatives from 170

countries in attendance. The conference aimed to

determine whether commitments to reduce carbon

dioxide emissions should be tightened as the

agreement expires in 2012. On the eve of the

conference, the United States showed no sign of

backing down from its opposition to the agreement

and said it had chosen a different path than Kyoto to

protect the environment, but it pledged to work to

reduce global warming.

Eleventh: The United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP11) in Montreal, Canada, 2005

The eleventh Conference of the Parties (COP11) was

held from 28 November to 9 December 2005 in

Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This conference is

considered one of the largest international

governmental conferences on climate change ever.

The conference hosted more than (10,000) delegates

from specialists, observers, representatives of

industrial institutions, businessmen, and scientific

groups, in addition to representatives of groups

concerned with the environment and climate change

The conference succeeded in including the United

States in the idea of long-term cooperation and

ensuring the priority of the Kyoto Protocol. The

conferees sought to determine the commitments in

numbers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on the

major southern countries, especially China and India,

which were not subject to any commitments in Kyoto,

which ends in 2012.

The positions of the participating countries were

divided into three directions:

The first: includes (30 countries) of the industrialized

countries that signed and are committed to the Kyoto

Protocol.

The second: includes emerging industrialized countries

such as China, India and Brazil, which are currently

enjoying economic growth rates and contribute (8%) of

the pollution resulting from emitted gases.

The third: includes third world (developing) countries

in which polluting gas emissions are less than global

rates.

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It will enable it to transfer clean technology and benefit

from advanced expertise, capabilities and information

to control emissions from its industrial activities as well

as the use of clean fuel.

Thirteenth:

United

Nations

Climate

Change

Conference (COP13) in Bali/Indonesia, 2007

The Thirteenth Conference of the Parties (COP13) was

opened in (Nusa Dua) in the Indonesian city of (Bali)

during the period between (3-17 December 2007), and

the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change were at the forefront of

the conference attendees' attention.

United Nations experts considered this conference to

be one of the most important international

conferences held on climate, which for the first time

included a large number of stakeholders from

countries around the world, reaching (10 thousand

delegates) and included for the first time about (130)

environment ministers to develop a promising future

agreement that constitutes a strong push for the

Kyoto Protocol and to avoid humanity the danger of

the consequences of climate change. The conference

participants faced many difficulties, especially with

regard to the credibility of the countries and their

financial and moral commitments. Disagreements

occurred between the European Union and the United

States on the one hand, and Japan and Canada on the

other hand, regarding emission rates. The European

Union wants the Bali talks to lead to an agreement on

a non-binding target to reduce emissions between (25-

40%) by the year 2020 in industrialized economies,

while the United States rejected this rat

Fourteenth: The United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP14) in Poznan/Poland

The United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP14) was held between (1-12 December 2008) in the

Polish city of Poznan with the participation of more

than (12 thousand delegates), and included (187

countries). It was planned to discuss ways to enhance

understanding about (a common vision) for a new

climate change system and commitment to reducing

polluting emissions, in addition to establishing an

adaptation fund and adopting a consensus document

on the common vision for long-term cooperation

within the framework of the international agreement.

The conference concluded its work after adopting a

roadmap to reach a global agreement to limit global

warming. The conference pointed out that human

activities have exerted great pressure on various

aspects of its environment, exceeding its capabilities.

Another UN official also pointed out the consequences

of countries’ failure to act to con

front the problem

facing the world. The conference reached a number of

decisions and recommendations that would mitigate

the severity of this phenomenon, include

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A-

Establishing a fund to help poor countries

adapt

B-

B- The readiness of all industrialized countries

that signed the Kyoto Protocol, except for (the United

States

Fifteenth: The United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP15) in Copenhagen/Denmark 2009

The fifteenth Copenhagen Climate Change Conference

(COP15), or the "Copenhagen Summit", was held in the

Danish capital between 7-18 December 2009. Ministers

and officials from 192 countries participated in the

Copenhagen meeting, in addition to participants from

a large number of civil society organizations.

The conference participants developed a map for a

strategy aimed at reducing emissions of greenhouse

gases resulting from the burning of coal, oil and gas,

coinciding with the end of the first phase of the Kyoto

Protocol commitments.

The conference did not reach a binding agreement for

long-term work, but rather a "political agreement" of

13 paragraphs by approximately 25 parties, including

the United States and China. A statement was issued

by heads of state, heads of government, ministers and

heads of delegations, which included the following:

(We all seek to achieve the ultimate goal To the

agreement and in accordance with what is stated in

Article (2) thereof, and we are guided by the principles

and provisions of the agreement)

Table (8): Pollutant emissions to the atmosphere in 2020 compared to previous years

Commitment to

reduce

emissions

of

countries listed

in Annex 1 in

their

submissions to

Reducing emissions by 2020

Reference

year

Reduction

compared to

1990 level

Australia

From Kh% Taha -

15/brother

%

2000

From -3.89%

to 24.1%

Belarus

From -5% to -10%

1990

Canada

-

17

%

2005

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Sixteenth: United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP16) in Cancun/Mexico 2010

The sixteenth Conference of the Parties (COP16) was

held in (Cancun, Mexico), between (November 29 -

December 10) of 2010, and about (193 countries) and

about (15 thousand people) from government

delegations,

environmental

experts,

non-

governmental organizations, businessmen and media

professionals participated in this conference.

the

Copenhagen

Accord of 2009

(Source:

Copenhagen

Outcome,

Negotiations

and Agreement,

Climate Policy

Series of the

Environment

and

Energy

Group

and

UNDP

PNUD

2010

)

Croatia

5

%

1990

27

European

Union

-

Narwhal

-

20

%

to

-

0

3

%

1990

Iceland

-

30

%

1990

Kazakhstan

-

15

%

1992

Japan

-

25

%

1990

Liechtenstein

Narwhal

-

20

%

-

to

30

%

1990

New

Zealand

-

1

Narwhal

0

%

-

to

20

%

1990

Norway

-

3

Narwhal

0

%

to

-

40

%

1990

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The parties agreed to consider the adequacy of the

long-term global goal during the review (2013-2015),

and the (Cancun) Agreement contributed to the

establishment of new institutions including the

(Cancun Adaptation Framework), the Adaptation

Committee and the Technology Mechanism.

The package of decisions that were adopted was called

(Cancun Agreement) and included:

The need to keep the temperature rise between (1.5-2

degrees Celsius), and a long-term climate finance fund

was established to support developing countries,

which was known as the "Green Climate Fun t aims to

raise aid worth $100 billion annually for poor countries.

It aims to strengthen clean energy markets, enhance

cooperation in the field of technology and enhance the

ability of vulnerable populations to adapt to climate

change.

Seventeenth: United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP17) in Durban, South Africa, 2011

The seventeenth Conference of the Parties (COP17)

was held in Durban, South Africa, between (November

28 and December 9, 2011), with the participation of

(194) countries under the auspices of the United

Nations. The Durban Conference included a number of

topics, including: (1) Agreement to set a second

commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. (2)

Agreement to operate the Green Climate Fund.

Eighteenth:

United

Nations

Climate

Change

Conference (COP18) in Doha, Qatar

Qatar hosted the 18th Conference of the Parties

(COP18), which was held in Doha, Qatar, between 26

November - 7 December 2012.

This conference resulted in a package of decisions

referred to as the "Doha Climate Gateway".

The data indicated that only little progress was made

towards financing the Green Climate Fund with the

participation of (194 countries), and the results of the

Doha Climate Conference are as follows:

(1) Amending the Kyoto Protocol:

The Kyoto Protocol, as the only existing and binding

agreement under which countries commit to reducing

greenhouse gases, was amended so that it will remain

in force (January 1, 2013), and the second commitment

period will be (8 years).

(2) Agreeing on a timetable for the global agreement

on climate change for the year 2015 and increasing

ambition before 2020

(3) Long-term financing for climate action.

Nineteenth:

United

Nations

Climate

Change

Conference (COP19) in Warsaw/Poland 2013

The nineteenth Conference of the Parties (COP19) was

held in Warsaw, Poland, between 11-23 November 2013.

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The conference was technical, and it reached an

agreement that all countries should begin reducing

emissions as soon as possible, preferably by the first

quarter of 2015. The term “specific emissions” was

introduced in Warsaw based on a proposal from

Singapore, and the Warsaw International Mechanism

was also proposed.

Twenty: United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP20) in Lima, Peru 2014

The Conference of the Parties (COP20) was held in the

city of Lima, Peru, and delegations from (196 countries)

met. The negotiations in Lima focused on the results of

the work of the working group, which are necessary to

advance towards the Paris Agreement. The twentieth

session of the Conference of the Parties adopted the

"Lima Call for Climate Action", which was decided

and concluded with the (Lima Declaration) for action

for climate and a precise framework for the national

contributions that each country must communicate

about in the context of preparing for the Paris

Agreement. President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi participated

in this conference as head of the Egyptian delegation

and delivered the speech of the Arab group at the

climate conference held on the sidelines of the

meeting.

Twenty-first: United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, 2015

The Climate Conference was held in its twenty-first

session, the Conference of the Parties (COP21), in

(Paris) in 2015. The conference was attended by more

than (36,000) participants, including (23,600)

government officials, (9,400) delegates from United

Nations bodies and agencies and civil society

organizations, and (3,700) members of the media.

The work at the Paris Conference focused on

advancing negotiations on the Paris outcomes,

including a legally binding agreement, relevant

decisions with the aim of fulfilling the tasks and

commitments set in (Durban), in South Africa, at the

seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties

،

The Parties to the Climate Change Convention reached

an agreement at their (21) meeting in Paris, described

as “historic” to confront clim

ate change, accelerate

and intensify the necessary measures and investments,

and for all countries to participate in making ambitious

efforts to confront climate change and adapt to its

effects, while enhancing support to help developing

countries do so, and setting a new path in global

climate efforts.( )

Among the commitments that require activation are:

(1) Commitment to limiting the rise in the average

global temperature to less than two degrees Celsius, as

well as continuing and following up on efforts to limit

the temperature increase to (1.5 degrees Celsius.

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(2) Develop national climate action plans by 2020,

including climate action targets that countries set and

commit themselves to achieving.

3: Establish a mechanism to review emissions every five

years to ensure that the temperature target is being

followed up.

Twenty-second: United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP22) in Marrakesh/Morocco 201

Under the slogan "Summit for the Future", the Climate

Summit kicked off in Marrakesh, Morocco, in its

twenty-second conference (COP22) for the period

between (7-18 November 2016), with the participation

of (thirty) heads of state, and thousands of delegates

from international organizations. The aim of the

conference was to establish a common ground for

activating the Paris Agreement, and the conference

called for a commitment to confront climate change,

and the need to support efforts aimed at enhancing

their capabilities to adapt.

Twenty-third: United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP23) in Bonn, Germany, 2017

The United Nations Climate Change Conference

(COP23) was held between (6-17) November 2017 in the

city of Bonn, Germany, with the attendance of about

(196 delegations).

During the conference, progress was made on setting

rules for how to practically implement the Paris

Agreement, and participants must develop a working

guide during the conference that will be adopted at the

next climate summit in 2018 in Poland. The Prime

Minister of Fiji (Frank Bainimarama) had stressed and

reiterated that: "The voices of the most affected

parties must be heard." He added: "But together we

must speak to the entire world that no one can

ultimately turn a blind eye to the climate change that

the world is witnessing

Twenty-fourth: United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP24) in Katowice, Poland, 2018:

The conference was held between (2-15 December

2018) in Katowice, Poland. The conference began with

a speech by the Secretary-General of the United

Nations to those gathered at the twenty-fourth

conference, saying:

(Failure to reach an agreement on climate would be

"suicide")

The conference was held with the participation of

about (22 thousand people) from two hundred

countries, and what is called the "Katowice Climate

Package" was reached, which sets out the practical

rules for implementing the historic "Paris Agreement"

to confront climate change, signed in 2015, which will

enter into force in 2020: The Katowice Climate Package

sets out how countries will report on their

commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,

monitor them, and update their emission reduction

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plans. The guidelines cover a number of important

issues, including how to provide financing to support

developing countries to help them address climate

change, and how to raise the ceiling on this financing

by 2025 to exceed the current target (providing $100

billion annually) starting in 2020, how to conduct a

global stocktake to assess the effectiveness of climate

action in 2023, and how to assess progress in

developing and transferring technologies related to

addressing climate change.

On December 3, 2018, the famous British naturalist, Sir

David Attenborough, addressed the conference

delegates with his famous phrase:

(We are now facing a man-made catastrophe on a

global scale, the most serious threat to us in thousands

of years: climate change. If we do not take action, the

collapse of our civilizations and the extinction of much

of the natural world looms.)

The Secretary-General of the United Nations, António

Guterres, said:

“Time is running out, and wasting this opportunity

would undermine our last best chance to stop

uncontrolled climate change. It would not only be

imm

oral, it would be suicidal.”

Twenty-fifth: United Nations Climate Change

Conference (COP25) in Madrid/Spain in 2019

The twenty-fifth Conference of the Parties was held in

(Madrid), the capital of Spain, during the period

between (2-13 September 2019) under the slogan (The

conference is a race we can win) and that it is the last

before entering the year 2020, which is the decisive

year in which countries that have pledged to reduce

emissions causing global climate change must submit

new climate action plans to achieve the three agreed

climate goals, which are:

(1) Reducing emissions by (45%) by 2030.

(2) Achieving climate neutrality by 2050.

(3) Stabilizing global temperature rise at (1.5 degrees

Celsius) by the end of the century.

The main objectives that the conference sought to

achieve are:

Maintaining the global effort to keep the global

temperature rise to less than two degrees and limiting

it to only (1.5 degrees) on average

Twenty-sixth: Conference of the Parties on Climate

Change (COP26) in Glasgow/Britain in 2021 AD.

The conference was held between (October 31 -

November 12, 2021 AD), and was co-chaired by the

United Kingdom and Italy, after it was postponed for a

year due to the "Covid-19" pandemic. Under the slogan

(Together for our planet)

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