Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
46
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
46-52
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
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IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the reforms carried out in the management system of the Chach oasis, which served as the
administrative and political center of the Western Turkic Khanate in the early Middle Ages.
The article studied the main opinions expressed by foreign researchers about the administration of the oasis by F.
Grenet, E. E. de la Vessier, Chavannes, German researcher Z.Stark, American J.K. Skeff, Hungarian orientalist K.I.
Bekvis,Turkish orientalist and historians Z.V. Tugan, E. Esin and E.Ekrem.
KEYWORDS
Tegin, tudun, Kultube, shad, chach, ashina, Chachanapch, Chzhe-zhe, Shi, Shi-go, Chzhe-shi, stater, chash, Zardusht
kabasi, Kang.
INTRODUCTION
It is important to explore the history of the
management system of the western Turkic Khaganate
to analyze the history of Middle Ages. Surveying the
administration system of local reigns as Chach, Sugd,
Fergana, Usturshana, Bukhara, Khwarizm, Tokharistan,
Urban Planning of areas and financial culture is one of
the imperative matter.
Research Article
CHACH ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER OF THE WESTERN TURKIC
KHAGANATE
Submission Date:
May 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
May 20, 2022,
Published Date:
May 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue05-09
Yoqubjon Q. Mukhamedov
PhD, lecturer, National University Of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
47
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
46-52
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
The first written details about Chach have come down
to us from the particulars of period of Kang and other
states, which discharged from it. Initially, the term of
Chach is found from the soghdian inscribe tions
regarding II – III AC which was carved on baked brick
which was searched out heritage of kultobe near the
Shymkent. Also there is given vital facts about public,
economic and political life of oasis in inscription of
“Zorasters kabasi” regarding 262 year [1]. It is known
that from these monuments that, area of Chach lies to
soghd and mountains of Chachistan also covers
northern – eastern parts of oasis of Chach. Findings
and materials which conferees existence of ancient
writings that describes history of oasis was explored,
they are mostly on soghdian written copper coins with
different seals. Principally, the dish regards to III – IV AC
which written with soghdian script was searched out
from the monument of Koltobe (Aris), on Surface of
dish was Trans cribbed [2]. That construction of Chach
and migrants had to pay Xiraj. According to the
scientist, this frame was set up to portal of gate of
town because they wanted inhabitants and migrants
to read these words and get edification. It indicates
that political and administrative power also territory of
Chach was incredibly wide and developed. Also some
information’s are given with script of soghd about
oasis on the surface of earth dish regards III- IV BC
founded in the town of Kachevo in Ural also in
inscription: “The dishes regard oasis” [3]. Initially,
there are term of Chachanapch (population of Chach)
on coins relates to 6th year when was king. V.A. Livshist
read one of such kind of inscription on silver item: MY
ʼ
R
š
ʼʼ
w c
ʼ
c
ʼ
nn
ʼ
pc 3+3+320+10 styrk |xuv (u) šāw čāčānnāfč
šīsnū stērak| “The lord shav, the leader of population
of Chach” (39 staters) [4]. It gives a chance to conclude
about public and economic lifestyle of population who
lived in oasis also politics of oasis in this period.
Important particulars was given about powerful
minority of members of oasis and their reforms on the
coins of Chach belongs to VI – VIII BC, period of Turk
Khaganate which portiraits ruler`s soghdian tags also
on the surface of ceramics searched out of Kanka.
In the early Middle Ages nearly fifty types of coins
belongs to this period was discovered as a result of
analysis of numismatic materials that was founded in
terms of history of political – managerial power of
Chach. Consequently, the information’s searched out
about rank and mandates of the read (tegin) in oasis,
also noib (tudun) who was posted from emperor to
oasis from Soghdian writings on coins, also their
belonging to Turkish dynasties that dominated in oasis
in VII – VIII BC[5]. It informs about development of
Turkish statecraft traditions in areas of oasis in early
Middle Ages. Perfectly making of every coins in term of
iconographic and paleographic shows that achieving
art degree of tradition of making coins. Meanwhile
pictures and variety symbols on coins perfectly shows
our ancestor`s statecraft traditions, this position rarely
appears in other areas of region.
Founding of coins belongs to western khanate from
the archeological materials that searched out ruins of
towns concerns before the Islamic period of Tashkent
oasis means that Empire of Chach was one of the coin-
manufacturing center [6]. Chach coins which
reproduces iconographic pictures and epitaphs
suitable for empire also shows it [7]. It is not rain
founding these coins from Tashkent oasis not from
Orxun (Moghulistan), Jyetsu which was one of the
control center of Empire. It is understandable from
written sources that the oasis of Chach was one of the
ruling center in western Turkic Khanate for a long time,
it expressed with the term of Yabguacat (“yabg`u
town”) from the works of Arab geographers [8].
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
48
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
46-52
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In the Middle Ages, manufacturing different coins in
Chach oasis set the stage for rising of financial and
ethnic connection. In a sense it relates to being
important strategic and economic area of oasis in
empire on the other hand, it linked with the
international commerce of the Silk Road in this period
also increasing position of a few ruling dynasties in
oasis. It caused formation of dozen cities in oasis as
Taraz (Jambyl), Esfijab (Sayram), Farab (Utror) (Yassi
Turkistan) and later their becoming strong kingdoms.
In early Middle Ages. The oasis of Chach was one of the
decent great and in the between of Amudarya and
Syrdarya and in the adjacent areas of it, political –
administrative power issues of oasis in this period
reflects itself mainly in Chinese, Arabic and Persian
sources which pictures history of early Middle Ages,
also in ancient Turkish and Soghdian sources partly. In
addition to this, epiographic and numismatic materials
also prominent to illustrate the history of oasis V.V.
Bartold, E. Shavann, E. Masson, Y. F. Buryakov, A
Mukhammadjanov, O.I. Smirnova, M.I. Filanovich, E.V.
Rtveladze, L.S. Baratova, A.Khodjayev, Sh Kamoliddin,
E de la Veccer, F. Grene, Z. Shtark, American J.K. Skeff,
german explorer Z. Shtark Hungrian orientalist K.I.
Bekvis, Turkish orientalists and historians Z.V. Tugan, E.
Esin, E. Ekrem, A. Otaxodjayev, G`. Boboyorov, M
Khatamova, A. Kubatin, D. Normurodov, Y.
Mukhamedov and other scientisist who learned this
resources different degrees. Principally, a part of these
scientists paid attention to these written and
archeological stocks to learn administrative centers`
issues of oasis of Chach, some of them reviewed issues
as political history of powerful dynasties in oasis, root
of them, title and symbolic signs (Stamp and etc.)
which used in control.
In this article analysis of scientific sources, scientific
views and comparative analysis of approaches,
generalization of historical dates and principles of
objectivity methods were used.
I have to mention that confederation of reason of
selecting Chach as a main centre by western khanate is
causing various controversies among scientists so far.
We know that Western Turkish Khanate gained areas
between Amudarya and Syrdarya huge part of adjacent
areas. On top of this, the transferring of power to the
Ashina dynasty is explained with availability oasis’s rich
in natural resources. Principally, there are wide
meadows lying in the southwestern foothills of Area
Mountains as Ilak in Chach, Fergana, Toxaristan, Xisar,
It gives a Chance to consider it gives a Chance to
consider it gave a opportunity the represantives of the
Ashina dynasty to establish their own administration.
In some scientists opinion the city of Chach was the
center of tegin dynasty and Tunkat and Traband
(Utrar) cities was the center of tuduns of Chach.
At the period of Turk khanate, the center of oasis was
Chach dynasty used this space as a center. Chach city
can be equated with the ruins of ancient city known as
the Kanka Hill nowadays.
For instance, this ancient Leritage stands out with
width of acquired area and possession of many
archeological finds (Plainly, richness of numismatic
materials, founding of position of castle (residence) of
ruler and etc.) that shows performance of the function
of political center from other cities of Tashkent oasis.
That’s why under the explorations, Chach (Kanka) city
is considered it belongs to Tegines dynasty, it is more
accurate to associate Tunukat and Tarband that are
mentioned portrayal of events relevant to Chach
Tuduns in written sources with Tudun dynasty [10]. This
issue cannot be considered completely resolved. In our
opinion, many researches can be alone to clarity the
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
49
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
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05
Pages:
46-52
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
issue and certain conclusion can be reached based on
the material objects belonging to this dynasty.
It is necessary to mention another issue, we know that,
this oasis is considered as a region rich in metallurgical
materials also it is known that the production of
various precious metals and precious stones was
carried out. For example, golden, silver, turquoise was
excavated from Ko’chbulak, Lashkarak and Shavgar,
Ungurlikkan respectively [11]. It was the cause of
increasing of interest of Khanate to region. That is why
this oasis was one of the areas of Khanate where the
coinage was minted.
Review and results. A huge part of manufactured coins
in Chach at the end of VI BC and between VIII BC
concers Western Turkish Khanate which manufactured
with name and titles of excellences, similar marks,
iconography (picture of King, twofold portraits, animal
pictures that symbolizes public and etc.), other 3 types
completely with their stamps and iconography one
another. Each of the next 3 types of coins featured
inscriptions such as “The Chach ruler”, “The Chach
ruler Tegin”, “Tudun”, “Eltabar”, but non – existence
of “King of Chach” expression on Western Turkish
Khanate coins requires numerous explanations. The
identify of coins can be explained by ruling of 3 local
dynasties in oasis in this period, their gasp of respective
governmental signs, namely specific title, stamp
(emplem) also the monarchs regarded this place as an
indirect property, not a direct property. Principally,
having own area and power center of every 3 local
dynasties in specific part of oasis indicates that one of
them was in a higher position, others was in a lover
position, exactly was a secondary dynasty [12].
However, there are some conclusions in historiography
about where the capital of Turkish dynasties located in
VII – VIII BC, these coins also can belong to them:
1)
It is probably that the ruins of Kanka and
Mingurik cities in Aqqargan and Tashkent
respectively was the capital of Chach.
Probably, before Kanka then Mingurik served
as the capital city [13].
2)
The ruins of Kanka, the ancient capital of Kang
Empire, continued to be capital of Chach
dynasties during the Turkish Khanate.
Mingurik, on the other hand served as one of
the defense castle of Chach during period [14].
Deeper research is needed to clarity how much certain
this idea. It should be noted that the fact that finding
archeological finds, especially related finds to the
power of the ruling dynasties in Kanka monument is
also evidence of this.
Another issue related to the Chach administration – the
Chach oasis of the Turkish Khanate was not only a place
where the Khganate struck coins, but also where the
Khanate had its headquarters. In particular, a number
of
researchers,
principally
Yu.F.Buryakov,
G.Babayarov, M.Khatamov link the cities of Chach,
such as Jabgukat and Khotunkat in Arabic sources
(Khotun – Chen “Hotun - city” in Chinese sources) with
the Western Turkic Khakans, and advance the idea
which both cities had special settlements [15].
Empire paid attention to the Chach, oasis and Tuduns
to govern of emperors often, strucking coins with their
names and foundation of residences for themselves
[16]. It is known that the Khagans visited the territory
of their vassals several times, in particular, Fergana,
Sughd and Tokhariston [17], and even coins with the
title “Khagan” were minted in their name [18],
however, It isn’t know that Khagans erected their
residence every 3 Khanates unlike Chach.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
02
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Pages:
46-52
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Here we will briefly mention the information
mentioned in Chinese sources that the Hagans came to
the Chach oasis for various purposes and worked here.
While Sheguy Khagan sent a prince from his family here
in 605 (Tegin Tianchji), his younger brother Tun Yabgu
Khagan (618 - 630) moved his residence above to
Chach in the early years of his reign, to the Qian –
Tsyuan (Ming buloq) area to the north [19]. Another
Western Turkic King, Ashina Ulug (Helu: 651 - 657), built
his residence on the same site. It is also noted that
several other rulirs of the Western Khanate came to
Chach in search of refuge during the mutual throne
disputes. Chinese chronicles state that Elbi Tulu (Ibi
Dulu: 638 - 642) migrated to Chach in 640 and found
refuge in the city of Khohotun Chen [21]. (Khotunkat)
[22]. In 657, the Chinese general Su Din – fan set out to
crush the Western Turkish ruler Ashine Helu. After a
series of battles, the Chinese Kushins, Who had reacled
his residence in Qian – Tsuyan (Mingbuloq) defeated
the Sung Khhagan on the Suyab River, then the Khagan
and his son fled to Shunen She (shad) the ruler of
Chach, hide in Sudu (Ushtur) in the city. Iyne Dagan (I
nal Tarkhan) who ruled and handed over to the Chinese
Eushions [23].
In short, by the early Middle Ages especially in the VI –
VIII centuries the Chach oasis was in volved in intense
socio – political and ethno – cultural processes, in
which the formation of several dynasties (Tegins,
Tuduns), the emeregence of several administrative
centers in the oasis (Chach, Tunkat), [24], the choice of
the Western Turkish Khanate as one of the important
strategic centers (Jabgukat, Khatunkat), the sending
of its representatives here as deputies (Tegins –
members of the Ashina dynasty, Tuduns – special
envoy who takes tax and ocganizes the gathering and
control local ruler), the intensification of the Turkish –
Sughd symbiosis in the oasis and manufacturing
Khanate its own coins in Chach gives information
abauit [25].
CONCLUSION
In the early Middle Ages, in the Chach oasis, as in other
historical geographical regions (actually oases)
between the Amu Darya and Syrdarya, there was a
form of government typical of oasis rulers, that is,
several small Kingdoms operated at the same time.
During this period, some of small Kingdoms became
relatively politically powerful, dominated others,
issued coins bearing the name “Chach” sent
ambarassadors abroad (especially to China), and at the
same time became one of the important antlers of
Western Turkish Khanate. It caused the oasis to further
flourish its urban culture.
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Pages:
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SJIF
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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Pages:
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SJIF
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993
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(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
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