Volume 02 Issue 12-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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02
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-43
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ABSTRACT
The article analyzes some of the ethno-cultural features of pilgrimage tourism in Uzbekistan in the example of six
regions of the country. It analyzes the location of the existing shrines in these regions, the influence of natural
conditions, climate, socio-demographic positions on the shrines. The article talks about some of the religious scholars
who lived in these regions in the past.
KEYWORDS
Uzbekistan, pilgrimage, ethnic traits, Islam, Sufi, tourist, lifestyle, cultural monument and problem.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that each region and district of Uzbekistan
develops on the basis of certain objective laws, and the
natural-geographical location of the regions, socio-
demographic situation, climate, water and natural
resource potential, and the lifestyle of the population
are among the important factors affecting the
development of all areas of tourism, including
pilgrimage tourism. . This article analyzed the current
state of pilgrimage tourism on the example of the
regions of the republic, classified ethno-regional
Research Article
TERRITORIAL FEATURES OF PILGRIMAGE TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN
Submission Date:
December 03, 2022,
Accepted Date:
December 08, 2022,
Published Date:
December 13, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue12-06
Bakhrom Orziqulov
Independent Scientific Researcher Of The National University Of Uzbekistan, Senior Lecturer Of Jizzah State
Pedagogical University Named After Abdulla Qadiri, Uzbekistan
Odil Musayev
Based On The Review Of Doctor Of Philosophy, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Publisher:
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Servi
features of pilgrimage tourism based on the specific
aspects of each region.
1) ethno-territorial characteristics of shrines in Fergana,
Andijan and Namangan regions; 2) ethno-territorial
features of pilgrimage sites in Bukhara, Samarkand and
Navoi regions; 3) ethno-territorial characteristics of
shrines of Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya regions; 4)
ethno-territorial characteristics of pilgrimage sites in
Jizzakh and Syrdarya, Tashkent regions; 5) Ethno-
territorial characteristics of pilgrimage sites in the
Republic of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm regions; 6)
Ethno-territorial features of the shrines of Tashkent
city.
THE MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS
However, according to the classifications, it is clear
from the analysis of the state of pilgrimage sites in the
regions that the main reasons for the differences in
pilgrimage tourism in different regions are, firstly, the
natural and geographical conditions of these regions,
and secondly, the development of Islam in the regions
or the religious scholars and saints who came from
these regions. is the presence of associated shrines.
For example, due to the fact that the regions of the
Fergana Valley are located in the valley, according to
the natural-geographical factor, the natural conditions
of the area are favorable. Also, the fact that many
religious scholars and saints came from this region is
one of the important factors. After all, such a tradition
is reflected in oasis shrines today.
In fact, the holy shrines in Fergana region can be
divided into the following four large areas depending
on their geographical location: I. Shrines in Kokan and
its surroundings. II. Shrines in Margilan and its
surroundings. III. Shrines in Fergana and its
surroundings. IV. Complex of shrines in Sokh region [1].
Some of the sacred tombs in the valley are related to
pre-Islamic local cults and companions and followers
who spread Islam, as well as saints and their ancestors
who lived on this land after Islam flourished. About
this, S.A. Tokarev said, “The introduction of Islam
brought with it the new religion of Islam. As a result,
local gods in Central Asia changed. Worship of local
saints spread everywhere. Although some of them are
associated with Muslim names, in fact they were
related to the patrons of ancient local gods” [2].
The ethno-territorial features of pilgrimage sites in
Bukhara, Samarkand and Navoi regions are such that
the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand are among the
regions where pilgrimage tourism has been widely
developed. In this regard, the President of the Republic
of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoev, spoke about the
great tourist potential of the Samarkand region alone,
its important role in the economic, social and cultural
life of the country, and said, “In order to further
develop the tourist potential of Samarkand, in the next
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five years, more than 40 new hotels will be built in the
region and 12 hotels will be opened. expansion is
planned. As a result, the number of places in hotels will
reach 7,000 or increase by 1.5 times compared to the
present,” he noted [3]. Based on the existing tourism
needs in the Samarkand region, new flights with
foreign airlines are being opened. “Uzbekistan
Airports” JSC and “Uzbekistan Airways” JSC
“Uzbekistan Airports” and “Uzbekistan Airways” are
organizing charter flights for the transportation of
foreign tourists at the “Samarkand” i
nternational
airport based on the orders of local and foreign tourist
companies. Air routes have been established together
with JSC to increase the flow of tourists from the CIS,
PRC, Indonesia, UAE, Bangladesh, Japan, South Korea
and European countries to the city of Samarkand [4].
During his visit to Samarkand region on April 14-15,
2017, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Shavkat Mirziyoev offered to build an international
research center near the Imam Bukhari memorial
complex, saying: “Our grea
t thinker grandfather, the
leader of all muhaddiths, Imam Bukhari, settled in this
place forever. there is a unique spiritual atmosphere. A
person who comes to visit the complex should also
enter this center and get a lot of food and learn from
the wisdom of our ancestors. Then the feeling of pride
in our great ancestors will develop in their hearts, and
at the same time, they will feel the responsibility of the
descendants of such great people”.
The ethno-territorial characteristics of the shrines of
Surkhandarya and Kashkadarya regions are that the
southern regions of our republic are located south of
other regions of our republic due to their natural-
geographic location, natural conditions, and climate,
and are fundamentally different in this regard. In
particular, it should be noted that a certain part of
Boysun, Jarkurgan, Muzrabot, Kashkadarya regions of
Chirakchi, Yakkabog, Kitab districts of Surkhandarya
region consists of mountainous and sub-mountainous
and steppe areas, and that this factor has influenced
the lifestyle of the population, including the myths and
religious views of the population related to the shrines.
possible In this regard, according to the above factors,
S. Joraeva classifies the shrines of Kashkadarya region
into the following groups:
a) steps associated with the names of representatives
of Sufism and Sufism schools; b) monuments related to
the names of persons who contributed to science,
hadith studies, science in the Islamic world; c) shrines
related to the names of persons of the saint, pir level;
d) steps associated with the name of the master, sayd,
companions; e) shrines associated with the names of
scientists who contributed to the development of
literature and history; f) steps related to legends,
legends and place names; g) Pilgrims who are not
identified or whose official information is not kept[5].
Curkhon oasis is world famous for its healing waters
such
as
“Amonkhana”,
“Khojamaykhana”,
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“Khojakokhkor ota”, “Zilal”. At the same time, many
shrines also have natural healing springs [6]. While
classifying the shrines of Surkhandarya and
Kashkadarya regions on the basis of the above
classifications, we saw that among them there are
many shrines associated with the names of people who
contributed to science, hadith studies, and science in
the Islamic world. For example, the great scholars of
the 9th century Imam al-Bukhari (d. 870), Muslim al-
Naisaburi (d. 875), Muhammad ibn Yazid ibn Majja (d.
886), Abu Dawud Suleiman Sijjistani (d. 888) .),
Muhammad al-Tirmizi (d. 892), Ahmad al-
Nasa’i (d.
915), that is, the names of the authors of the six reliable
collections of hadiths widely distributed in the Muslim
world, are particularly noteworthy [7].
There are many shrines and steps in the oasis. For
example, Aksaroy, Darussaadat, Daruttilovat, Maulana
Khojagi Imkanagi, Hazrat Bashir in Kitab district, Katta
Langar in Qamashi district, Kokgumbaz in Karshi,
Odina, Abu Ubayda ibn Jarrah, Hazrat Imam Mu'in in
Karshi district, Sultan Mirhaidar in Kasbi district, Husam
Sheikh in Kasan district, Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak
Marwazi shrines in the Mubarak district are among
these [8].
The ethno-territorial characteristics of the shrines in
the Republic of Karakalpakstan and Khorezm regions
are manifested in the fact that these regions are
connected to the vast Karakum and Qizilkum deserts.
The geographical connection of the Republic of
Karkalpagistan with the Ustyurt plateau characterizes
the fact that ancient fortresses (“Ellikkala”,
“Ayozkala”,
“Jonboskala”,
“Guldursinkala”,
“Tuproqkala”) are loc
ated here. Such historical
structures in their time served not only as places of
pilgrimage, but also as special fortifications for
protection from the enemy [9]. But since the Khorezm
region has been located in the Lower Amudarya oasis
for a long time, a sedentary way of life has been formed
here. Therefore, views related to holy places in the
Khorezm oasis have been formed for centuries, and Z.
Abidova conditionally divided them into the following
groups:
a) Views related to the prophets whose names are
m
entioned in the Holy Qur’an; b) views related to the
names of the Companions and their followers, who are
famous in the Islamic world; c) views related to saints
and their merits; d) views related to martyrs; r) views
related to chiltons; f) views related to various famous
women who lived in history; g) views related to the
names of various professional patrons; h) views related
to the forces of nature [10].
However, each natural-geographic complex has unique
tourism opportunities, that is, it has its own territorial
characteristics. From the point of view of economic
efficiency, carrying out tourism together with
pilgrimage tourism, including the ancient fortresses of
the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the city of Khiva,
will provide an opportunity for foreign tourists to get
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acquainted with the sights here. Tourists who have
organized pilgrimage tourism to Khorezm region and
the Republic of Karakalpakstan and are expected to
visit it will have the opportunity to connect historical
tourism to ecotourism by introducing additional types
of itineraries on the island ecotourism areas.
When paying attention to the specific features of
ecotourism development in the island regions, first of
all, it is necessary to note the strategic tasks of
developing ecotourism in these regions, both in
international tourism and in domestic tourism. The
“Ustyurt site” from the Neolithic period is also unique.
About 60 natural objects inhabited by ancient people
have been identified in it. Some of them are important
from the point of view of pilgrimage tourism, and
ancient labor and hunting tools have been found in
such places. Orol and Orolboyi ecotourist region is an
extreme ecotourist object because it is an ecotourist
area with ecological crisis. Ecotourism routes cover
both the dry and affected areas of the Island. Ecotours
can be done not only by trekking (on foot) or on camels
and horses, but also by plane and helicopter [11].
Shrines of the city of Tashkent, according to their
characteristics, are among the monuments with great
potential for studying and scientific research of
historical and cultural heritage samples and objects of
Uzbekistan. For example, in the city of Tashkent there
is an old copy of the Holy Qur’an (Holy Uthman’s
Qur’an) in Kufic script dating back to the
9th century,
and this historical cultural monument is a huge spiritual
monument of the entire Islamic world, including our
people. Currently, the Center of Oriental Manuscripts
in Tashkent is included in the UNESCO list as one of the
richest manuscript storage centers in the world. The
library of manuscripts, lithographs and rare books at
the International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan
serves as a rich resource for the comparative study of
religions, sociology of religion, psychology of religion,
phenomenology, anthropology and philosophy of
religion.
Hazrat Imam Complex, Baraq Khan Madrasah, Sheikh
Khavondi Tohur, Zangiota Complex, Khoja Abdul
Qasim Madrasah, Abubakr Muhammad Kaffol Shoshiy
Mausoleum, Moyi Mubarak Madrasah, Juma,
Tillashaykh, Nomozgoh mosques are important objects
of pilgrimage tourism in the city today. For example,
Father Zangi Himmatiy lived and worked from the end
of the 12th century to the first half of the 13th century.
Father Zangi is one of the great thinkers and mystics of
the Turkish-Islamic world, and his name is known and
famous not only in Transoxiana, but also among the
peoples of Khurasan. Father Zangi was a faithful
disciple of the fourth caliph of Khwaja Ahmed Yassavi,
Suleiman Boyqirgani (Hakim father). For several years,
Hakim studied the secrets of the Yassaviya sect from
his father and learned the inner directions of its
science. Today, these steps have been turned into real
places of pilgrimage of the city.
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Pilgrims such as Khasti Imam, Sheikh Khovandi Tokhur,
Hazrat Ukkosha, Khoja Alambardar, Shepherd Father in
Tashkent are sacred places of international
importance, which are mainly visited by residents of
the city and foreign pilgrims. In addition, there are
shrines of national and international significance in the
city and its surroundings. In particular, Zangi Ota
mausoleum in Tashkent region, Zarkent Ota (Said Jafa
Ghazi) in Parkent district, Khizrbuva, (Duldul Ota),
Kyzilmozor in Bekobad district, Zunun Ota in Boka
district, Kochkor Ota, Kara koyli, Bogiuziyan-Turki
Togon Ota in Pskent district, Kirqqiz, Parpi Ota,
Karikhona in Ohangaron Valley, Khoja Elsurkh Ota,
Grandfather Mochin, Gumbaz Grandfather, Uvak Ota,
Pirkhan Ota, Khizr Buva, Shoabdumalik Grandfather on
the Tashkent-Ohangaron highway, Osman Ota Bulog in
Orta Chirchik district, Saksan Ota near Toytepa, Pistali
Grandfather in Upper Chirchik district , Bogistan,
Akbulok Ota, Qadamchibuva, Akrom Ota shrines in
Bostanliq district are sacred shrines not only of
Uzbekistan but also of Central Asian Muslims [12].
At the same time, it is appropriate to note that there
are certain regional problems in pilgrimage sites based
on certain social, economic, geographical and
ecological characteristics of each region of Uzbekistan.
Based on the current problems of pilgrimage tourism
in Uzbekistan, we found it necessary to classify them
based on the following factors:
1. Social and household problems in shrines;
2. Economic and financial problems in shrines;
3. Environmental problems in shrines.
Among the problems hindering the rapid development
of pilgrimage tourism today, there are such problems
as improving the transport infrastructure, establishing
a systematic way of transport connections,
establishing regular inter-provincial railway, car and
airline services. For example, in this regard, the
development of tourism cannot be imagined without
the development of infrastructure, that is, the
development of other sectors, including tourism
facilities, accommodation facilities, catering, transport
services and other service sectors. For example, if we
take the transport service for the development of the
industry, the effective and systematic organization of
flights and railways on the tourist routes will solve
many problems, save tourists' time, and save them
from unnecessary expenses. In the framework of the
development of domestic and pilgrimage tourism, the
establishment of Ferghana-Urganch-Fargana, Termiz-
Urganch-Termiz and Karshi-Urganch-Karshi flights and
the increase in the number of Andijan-Khiva-Andijan
railway services are considered to be an extremely
important solution to the problems of transportation
between the regions of our republic. notes A. Eshtaev
[13].
Researcher Z.Abidova focuses on Khorezm oasis
shrines as territorial problems. According to him, only
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the shrines in the oasis have not been thoroughly
researched from the point of view of pilgrimage
tourism. In this regard, one can fully agree with the
author's thoughts. Because it is very important for the
coming tourists to have information about the shrines.
This is of great scientific and practical importance in
studying the history of holy places in the Khorezm
region and their architectural structure in the future.
Preliminary steps have just been taken to develop
territorial maps of shrines and shrines, and to restore
holy places. Conducting scientific research in this field
is one of the urgent issues of today. According to the
author, most of the shrines are located inside the
regional districts, and it will be necessary to repair the
internal roads leading to them. Such problems exist in
other regions and districts of the republic. In addition,
some historically important shrines have been repaired
and even fell into a state of ruin. In order to attract
tourists, it is necessary to repair them to the level of
demand.
The author notes that most of the shrines in Khorezm
region were built on the basis of cemeteries. In the
Khorezm cemeteries, unlike in other regions, the
corpses in the graves are placed on the ground. The
mausoleums of saints in shrines are mainly located in
the middle of cemeteries. It is this situation that causes
foreign pilgrims who come to Khorezm to hesitate to
visit shrines. Therefore, it is necessary to separate the
shrines located in the cemeteries and ensure the health
and safety of visiting tourists. In the organization and
development of local tourism, it would be appropriate
to study the demand of pilgrims on the basis of special
sociological questionnaires [14].
Anthropological factors related to pilgrimage sites are
also important, and it should be noted that people also
affect the springs, water bodies, natural landscapes,
that is, the ecological system of pilgrimage sites.
Because residents bring various food products,
household items, and medicines with them when they
visit the shrine. After consuming the products, they
throw the rest into the surrounding water bodies,
polluting the shrine area, despite the fact that separate
special places have been allocated in the shrine area.
Among the economic and financial problems in the
shrines, it should be noted that the construction and
improvement works in the shrines, including the
targeted and targeted spending of funds, are being
decided by the administration of each shrine. Even so,
in most places of pilgrimage, mosque imams, activists
of community gatherings, elderly veterans and patrons
in the years of independence beautified the territory of
the places of pilgrimage, surround them, preserve and
reconstruct architectural objects in the place of
pilgrimage, create facilities for pilgrims to hold
ceremonies and have a good time. have been doing a
number of positive things.
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In terms of solving the economic and financial
problems of the shrines, the benefits provided to them
are also important. In particular, the tax incentives
introduced in 2020 in the field of tourism were
extended until the end of 2021, or in 2020,
entrepreneurs in the field of tourism were exempted
from 26 billion soums of land and property taxes; profit
tax was reduced to 50 percent or 10 billion soums;
social payments were reduced from 12 percent to 1
percent; Interest-free loans of 16.1 billion soums were
provided to maintain more than 4,000 employees of
241 entrepreneurs; 120 accommodation facilities were
given an additional subsidy in the amount of 10 percent
of the price of hotel services for each guest, or about 2
billion soums; received loan payments were suspended
and a part of their interest was covered by state funds.
Business entities in the field of tourism should
effectively use the benefits and preferences listed
above to organize work in cooperation on the
reshaping of domestic tourism flows[15].
CONCLUSION
In short, pilgrimage tourism in Uzbekistan develops on
the basis of certain criteria and on the basis of the
objective laws of each region and district, where the
development of pilgrimage tourism is influenced by
the natural-geographical location of the regions, socio-
demographic situation, climate, water and natural
resource potential, and the lifestyle of the population
we witnessed that they are important factors.
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