Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
29
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
This article analyzes information about the policy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan in the field of land and water
relations, including literature, studies, brochures and articles published in Uzbekistan during the years of
independence. The works published during this period reveal the state of land ownership, property relations, water
resources and irrigation in the country. The analysis of these works provides important information on land and water
relations in Turkestan.
KEYWORDS
Russian Empire, Turkestan region, agrarian policy, agriculture, land ownership, irrigation system.
INTRODUCTION
The study and analysis of the processes related to the
policy of the Russian Empire on land and water
relations in the Turkestan has been one of the issues of
interest to local and foreign researchers at different
times. This topic has been the subject of scientific
research not only by historians, but also by a number
of professionals (economists, geographers, irrigators,
naturalists, etc.). During the years of independence of
Uzbekistan, a lot of research has been conducted on
the history of our country, in particular, during the
Research Article
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ON
LAND AND WATER RELATIONS IN TURKESTAN
(Example of researches during the years of independence of
Uzbekistan)
Submission Date:
May 07, 2022,
Accepted Date:
May 17, 2022,
Published Date:
May 28, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/Volume02Issue05-06
Umidjon A. Usarov
Senior Lecturer, Doctor of Philosophy in History (PhD) Department of History of Uzbekistan, National
University of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ajsshr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
30
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
colonial period of the Russian Empire, but the policy of
land and water relations in this period has not been
studied as a separate subject.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A systematic analysis of the research on the subject
shows that to date, the issue of the historiography of
the land and water policy of the Russian Empire in
Turkestan has not been comprehensively studied. In
general, research on the history of land and water
relations in the Turkestan area of the Russian Empire
can be divided into three groups: The first group - the
works published during the years of independence of
Uzbekistan [1]; the second group - scientific research
works [2]; the third group consists of scientific articles
and theses [3].
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This article uses periodic problem-based, comparative-
analytical
and
retrospective
methods
of
historiography. Systematic analysis methods were also
applied.
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
After the independence of Uzbekistan, the issues of
land and water policy of the Russian Empire in
Turkestan were discussed in the literature, scientific
research, scientific articles and theses published during
this period. data were analyzed. Particularly, in a
monograph on the history of irrigation in
Karakalpakstan, K. Saribaev on the basis of sources
analyzes irrigation networks of Karakalpakstan, in
irrigation works digging ariks, restore and repair them
and ploughing. It noted that there were problems with
the distribution and use of water in the upper and
lower volosts. For example, while the Kegeyli and
Chimbay volosts tried to reduce the inflow of water
from time to time to prevent flooding of crops due to
high water levels, the residents of Navpir and Kokkol
volosts suffered from water shortages [4]. It can be
seen that the local population overcame the vagaries
of nature and worked to develop irrigated agriculture.
The peoples of Turkestan have long created an
excellent system of tillage on the basis of irrigated
agriculture and used it effectively in the cultivation of
agricultural products. Cotton growing has also played
an important role in this area, and the importance of
the struggle for cotton monopoly in Uzbekistan and its
transformation into a source of raw materials for
Russia has been perfectly revealed on the basis of
sources and well-founded factual materials. The study
proves that the ruling circles and capitalists of the
Russian Empire have conditioned American cotton
varieties in the country, laid the foundations of cotton
monopoly, and developed cotton growing from the
point of view of colonialism and their interests [5].
N.U. Musaev's monograph covers the work of our
ancestors over the years in the development of the
agricultural sector, management systems and the
lifestyle of the population. The author also gives
detailed information about the Russian Empire's
special attention to agrarian relations in Turkestan in
order to grow raw materials in Turkestan and supply
Russian textile enterprises with raw cotton [6].
H.H. Aminov's monograph which analyzes the
transformation of Turkestan to a source of raw
materials after the occupation by the Russian Empire
and issues of its role as a favorable market for the sale
of Russian industrial goods, reveals the consequences
of the imperial policy of growing cotton in Turkestan.
Researcher N. Kurbanova analyzes the structure of the
Fergana region after the conquest of the Kokand
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
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05
Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Khanate by the Russian Empire and the formation of a
system of colonial rule there, land and water relations
in the region, as well as agrarian policy [8].
N. Mirzaeva's monograph "Past History of Mirzachul"
provides interesting information on land and water
relations in the Mirzachul region of the country. In
particular, the establishment of positions in Turkestan
to conduct land and water relations, information on
the irrigation of Mirzachul with artesian water and a
number of other facts are significant [9].
M.R. Jabborov and R.A. Arslanzoda's study "Fergana
during the reign of the Russian Empire (based on the
materials of the Turkestansky Sbornik)" provides
intriguing information about the agricultural policy of
the Russian Empire in the Fergana Valley. Specifically, it
was noted that due to the actions taken by the
metropolis on cotton policy, the shortage of arable
land and the expansion of cotton fields in Fergana
region resulted in enlarging the area of non-irrigated
lands. In 1904, the area of non-irrigated land in the
region uezds was 122,584 desiatins, while in 1913 their
area was estimated at 202,177 desiatins.
Historian D.J. Urakov's research is significant as the
following issues analyzed: the political and strategic
purposes in the official reports of the Turkestan
administration, reflection of the governance system,
and country's agricultural data in the reports, taxes,
trade, and industry. According to the researcher, the
largest number of reports was in Fergana and Syrdarya
regions. In the reports of the commission headed by
Major-General A.I. Gomzin, the government was
initially cautious in the agricultural sector and seriously
studied the situation in the country. At the same time,
in the process, he also pursued a policy of settling the
dispute of land and water in the interests of the
empire. General A.K. Abramov's reports revealed the
results of the study of the villages and projects on "land
structure" [11].
Kurbanova's research which analyzed the struggles of
the peasants of the country, especially in the Fergana
Valley, against the imperial policy focuses on the role
of the Fergana Valley in the colonial agrarian policy of
the Russian Empire in Turkestan, the essence of this
policy and its socio-economic consequences. The
author describes the water problem in the country as
"the issue of water use has been closely monitored by
the colonial administration in the cotton-growing
areas, and serious attention has been paid to the water
supply of Russian investors and resettled lands.."
Moreover, water ownership is not clearly defined, too
many contradictions in water use and injustices
resulted in the growing dissatisfaction of the
indigenous population. Instead of solving these
problems, The Russian Empire tried to develop new
laws on water in the cotton-growing regions of the
country, including the Fergana Valley, in order to
manage water resources, irrigation systems and water
use in the interests of the metropolis [12].
N. Mahmudova's research analyzes issues such as the
activities of the inspection commission conducted by
senator K.K. Palen in the early twentieth century, the
internal life of the country, land and water relations,
the state of agriculture, the impact of Europeans on
the local lifestyle and spiritual life. The author notes
that "another important problem in the development
of cotton is the supply and use of water in the country."
He writes that the inspectors identified a number of
problematic issues in the legal relations of water use
and the organization of irrigation works, and it was
important to adopt a law on water to regulate them.
“Therefore, - says the author, - one of K.K. Palen's
demands was to adopt a law on water use in Turkestan.
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
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American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
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VOLUME
02
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Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
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FACTOR
(2021:
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993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
” However, the study notes that this proposal was
ignored by the government[13]..
K.K. Pardaev who studied the socio-political, economic
and cultural life of Samarkand region of the
Governorship-General of Turkestan in the XIX-early XX
centuries, analyzed the traditional land ownership
relations in the districts of the region and the impact of
the colonial system of government on it, the specifics
of agriculture and irrigated agriculture in the region
[14].
On the basis new and important information about the
Russian empire policy on agriculture and its land-water
relations in Turkestan given by the Uzbek historians
team, the first book prepared under the heading
“O’zbekistonning yangi tarixi” ("New history of
Uzbekistan") belongs to the category of works that
provide a lot of factual information directly on the
subject and the monograph “ Tarix shohidligi va
saboqlari” ("Testimony and lessons of history")
prepared by the team of the Institute of History of the
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
which are considered as very valuable [15].
It should also be noted that there are works of
agricultural specialists and geographers [16] on this or
that aspect of the subject under this study. For
example, A. Kadyrov analyzes Uzbekistan's irrigation
past, particularly its situation in the mid-19th century.
Author's comments corresponding to Saribaev,
emphasize that publicly constructed waterworks in the
country were very simple in structure and use, they
were built quickly and cheaply from local materials, but
they were not resistant to water pressure and flow, so
they needed to be repaired or rebuilt every year.
Peasants who used water had to solve this problem
every year at the expense of their own physical labor
and materials, regardless of which region of Central
Asia they lived in. ”[17]
Ethnological research on economic issues of the
country written during the years of independence,,
including research based on problem-territorial
approaches
in
historical-ethnographic,
ethno
sociological directions [18] also served to enrich the
content of the issue from a historical point of view.
For example, in his research work, B. Adilov also
comments that commissioned Senator K.K. Palen who
visited Turkestan with a special mission from the
Russian Empire, had carried out inspections in many
spheres of the life of the country. In particular, it was
noted that he wrote a number of works about land and
water relations of the country and other materials
regarding to the state property, public economy,
governance of the country, the characteristics of the
national economy on basis of the results of inspections
of the People's Court of Turkestan, regional
governance [19].
In her research, F. Rakhmonova covered agriculture in
the oasis and many of the customs and rituals
associated with it. V. Haqliev studies the traditional
rural communities of the Northern Fergana Valley from
a historical and ethnographic point of view. Z. Isakov
described the historical roots, development processes
and stages of agriculture in the Fergana Valley on the
basis of archeological research and rich ethnographic
materials [20].
Isakov's monograph which included information about
the fact that the agricultural culture has been formed
and developed over many years and a unique school
has been created in the Fergana Valley, one of the
ancient centers of human civilization, is based on a
chronological and problem-territorial approach and
Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
33
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
studies the issues of historical roots of agriculture,
types of crops, tillage and harvesting. Using Russian
sources, the study reveals the interests of imperial
officials in the economic life of the country [21].
CONCLUSION. To sum up, although the researches of
the years of independence covers some aspects of the
life of the peoples of Turkestan, their attitude to land,
types of land ownership, economic life and irrigation
systems, there are no works or studies that fully
analyze the relationship between land and water in the
whole country that studied in a separate complex way.
Furthermore, analysis of the Russian Empire's policy on
land and water relations in Turkestan by a number of
historians and other scholars during this period shows
that they included, at least in part, the country's land
and water relations, the imperial government's policy
in Turkestan, changes in land ownership and property
relations and their impact on the local economy.
Although the research on this topic carried out in the
historiography of the independence period covers the
historical roots of agrarian issues on the basis of
various sources and archival documents, in this
research there is a diversity of views and verity of
approaches. This, in turn, requires a comprehensive
study of the issue of land and water relations in the
history of our country during the colonial period of the
Russian Empire and draw objective conclusions.
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Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
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02
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Pages:
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SJIF
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)
(2022:
6.
015
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OCLC
–
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METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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Volume 02 Issue 05-2022
36
American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2141)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
05
Pages:
29-36
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
993
)
(2022:
6.
015
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.968
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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