167
GRAMMATICAL AND PHONETIC ANALYSIS OF MODERN BORROWED
WORDS (BASED ON SOCIAL NETWORKING EXAMPLES)
Rustamov Dastonjon Uktam o‘g‘li
Tаshkеnt university оf есоnоmiсs аnd pеdаgоgу, Chirchik,
111700, Uzbekistan Senior teacher,
E-mail: rdstn@mail.ru
Kodirova Munira Zoirovna
Tаshkеnt university оf есоnоmiсs аnd pеdаgоgу,
Chirchik, 111700, Uzbekistan Student,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15682819
Abstract.
This article analyzes the grammatical characteristics and pronunciation of
modern borrowed (loan) words entering the Uzbek language from English, which are still
rarely covered in academic literature. The study examines how words such as "freemium,"
"reboot," "vlogging," "brainstorm," and "streaming" are being adapted into Uzbek, focusing on
their phonetic and morphological integration.
As a result of globalization and the rapid development of digital communication tools,
dozens of new terms and words are entering the Uzbek language every year. Some of them
quickly gain popularity, while others become lexical units used only by specialists in narrow
fields. This article examines how modern borrowed words, which have not yet been widely
covered in scientific literature, are being accepted grammatically and how their pronunciation
is changing in the Uzbek language.
Literature and review.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the
grammatical and phonetic characteristics of modern borrowed words in linguistics. The entry
of foreign words into a language is closely tied to social, cultural, technological, and political
changes, and this process has also influenced the Uzbek language.In Uzbek linguistics, this
issue has primarily been examined within the framework of lexicology and word formation.
For instance, A. Madvaliev (2004) discussed the morphological adaptation of foreign words in
the Uzbek language, analyzing their transformation through affixes. Additionally, S. Jo‘raev
(2011) explored the phonetic adaptation of new terms entering through the internet and
mass media.Phonologically, the pronunciation of borrowed words undergoes two main
phases: first, phonemic adaptation, and second, adaptation to stress and intonational systems.
G. Khudoyberdiyeva (2018) highlighted the phonological changes in the pronunciation of
English loanwords in Uzbek, using examples such as technological terms (e.g., “computer,”
“blogger,” “update”) where the influence of English remains prominent.Recent studies (e.g., N.
Tursunova, 2022) have provided a detailed analysis of the grammatical integration of modern
borrowed words, specifically their use in verb, noun, or adjective forms, and their function
within Uzbek sentence structures. However, research in this area is still not deep enough and
needs to be enriched with more empirical examples.Additionally, comparative linguistics has
examined the phonetic and grammatical differences between borrowed words from Russian,
English, and Turkish, which have been analyzed by several scholars (e.g., I. Karimov, 2020).
These studies serve as a crucial source for analyzing the dynamics of borrowed words in the
Uzbek language. Here have a look at gathered words and model translation of borrowed
words.
168
Words in
English
Meaning in uzbek
Pronunciatio
n
Example Sentence
Preemium
Bepul va pullik xizmat
aralash modeli
/fri:miəm/
Many mobile apps use a
freemium model to
attract users.
Vlogging
Video blog yuritish
//ˈvlɒɡɪŋ/
She makes a living by
vlogging her daily life.
Brainstorm
G‘oyalarni birgalikda o‘ylab
topish
/breɪnˌstɔːrm
/
Let’s brainstorm some
ideas for the new project.
Reboot
Qayta ishga tushirish
/riːbuːt/
You need to reboot your
computer after the
update.
Streaming
Internet orqali jonli yoki
yozilgan ko‘rsatuvni ko‘rish
/striːmɪŋ/
He spends most
evenings streaming his
favorite series.
Non-Fungible
Token (NFT)
Noyob raqamli token
/nɒn-
fʌndʒəbl
toʊkən/
She sold her digital art as
a non-fungible token.
FOMO (Fear
Of Missing
Out)
Biror narsani o‘tkazib
yuborish qo‘rquvi
/foʊmoʊ/
He bought the ticket
because of FOMO.
Bloatware
Keraksiz dasturlar
/bloʊt-wɛər/
This phone comes with
too much bloatware.
Lag
Sezilarli kechikish
/læɡ/
The game is unplayable
due to lag.
Troll
Ataylab jahl chiqaruvchi
internet foydalanuvchisi
/troʊl/
Don’t respond to the
troll in the comments.
Ragequit
Jahli chiqib o‘yinni tashlab
ketish
/ˈreɪdʒkwɪt/
He ragequit after losing
the match
Botnet
Zararlı robotlar tarmog‘i
/ˈbɒtnet/
The botnet was used to
launch a cyber attack.
Dropshipping
Omborsiz onlayn savdo
/ˈdrɒpʃɪpɪŋ/
Many entrepreneurs are
making money through
dropshipping.
Phishing
Firibgarlik yo‘li bilan
ma’lumot olish
/ˈfɪʃɪŋ/
He received a phishing
email pretending to be
from the bank.
169
Lurker
Passiv internet
kuzatuvchisi
/ˈlɜːrkər/
She’s a lurker in most
online forums.
Conclusion.
The modern borrowed words analyzed above demonstrate unique ways in
which they are adapting to the grammatical and phonetic systems of the Uzbek language.
Some of these words undergo phonetic simplification, while others adopt morphological
changes by integrating Uzbek suffixes. A pressing task for linguists is to clarify the linguistic
status of these terms, monitor their integration into the literary language, and, when
necessary, develop suitable national equivalents.
References:
Используемая литература:
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1.
Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
2.
Durkin, P. (2014). Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
3.
Haspelmath, M. (2009). "Lexical Borrowing: Concepts and Issues." In Loanwords in the
World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook, pp. 35–54. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
4.
Haugen, E. (1950). "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing." Language, 26(2), 210–231.
5.
Khasanova, Z. (2019). “Influence of English Borrowings on Uzbek Youth Language.”
International Journal of Language and Linguistics, 7(4), 122–127.
6.
Poplack, S., Sankoff, D., & Miller, C. (1988). "The Social Correlates and Linguistic
Processes of Lexical Borrowing and Assimilation." Linguistics, 26(1), 47–104.
7.
Smirnitsky, A.I. (1956). Lexicology of the English Language. Moscow: Foreign Languages
Publishing House.
8.
Thomason, S.G., & Kaufman, T. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic
Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
9.
Trask, R.L. (1996). Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold Publishers.
10.
Winford, D. (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden: Blackwell
Publishing.
