"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
365
DOMESTICATION AND FOREIGNIZATION: ADAPTING CULTURAL
CONTENT
Asadova Nozliya Axtamjon qizi
First-year Master’s Degree student
Department of English Linguistics,
National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek
Scientific adviser:
Mukhtasar Abdullaeva
associate prof., PhD.
Annotation:
This research paper in translation investigates domestication and
foreignization as primary two methods which maintain the uniqueness of a text for the
target audience and how these two strategies can be applied in the translation of short
stories in order to make it valuable material to explore inclusive cross-cultural
understanding. Concerning cultural and ideological values within historical and social
factors, this research work covers foreign elements which are pivotal in the
comprehension of how cultural adaptation functions in translation.
Key
words:
domestication,
foreignization,
balanced
approach,
linguoculturemes, cultural uniqueness, target audience
Annotatsiya
: Tarjimadagi ushbu tadqiqot hujjati mahalliylashtirish va chet
ellashtirishni maqsadli auditoriya uchun matnning o'ziga xosligini ta'minlaydigan
asosiy ikki usul sifatida o'rganadi va bu ikki strategiyani inklyuziv madaniyatlararo
tushunishni o'rganish uchun qimmatli material qilish uchun qisqa hikoyalar tarjimasida
qanday qo'llanilishi mumkin. Tarixiy va ijtimoiy omillar doirasidagi madaniy va
mafkuraviy qadriyatlarga kelsak, ushbu tadqiqot ishi tarjimada madaniy moslashuv
qanday ishlashini tushunishda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan xorijiy elementlarni
qamrab oladi.
Kalit so'zlar
: mahalliylashtirish, xorijiylashtirish, muvozanatli yondashuv,
lingvomadaniyat, madaniy o'ziga xoslik, maqsadli auditoriya
Аннотация
: В этой исследовательской работе по переводу исследуются
одомашнивание и форенизация как два основных метода, которые поддерживают
уникальность текста для целевой аудитории, и то, как эти две стратегии могут
быть применены при переводе коротких рассказов, чтобы сделать его ценным
материалом для изучения инклюзивного межкультурного понимания. Что
касается культурных и идеологических ценностей в рамках исторических и
социальных факторов, эта исследовательская работа охватывает иностранные
элементы, которые играют решающую роль в понимании того, как
функционирует культурная адаптация при переводе. Ключевые слова:
"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
366
одомашнивание, форенизация, сбалансированный подход, лингвокультуремы,
культурная уникальность, целевая аудитория
INTRODUCTION:
The translation of short stories in English and Uzbek
languages represent different challenges ranging from choosing an appropriate method
of rendering, to preserving the foreignness of a text, including an analytical choice
which translators face frequently. Concerning the risks of losing the uniqueness of the
original culture, Susan Bassnett stated that “translation often involves some degree of
loss, gain or transformation” suggesting that both domestication and foreignization
cannot completely preserve its authenticity, but each translation involves an altered
cultural content at some extent [1; 38].
MAIN PART:
A number of scholars have been working on the theoretical
examination of this debate which divided literary translations into domestication and
foreignization. In terms of Western translation, these two concepts developed by
Lawrence Venuti highlighting the advantages of foreignization where a cultural
uniqueness is preserved, whereas domestication in short stories become “invisible” by
modifying a cultural element for the target audience [3; 83]. Schleiermacher firstly
outlined the distinction in these two key terms stated that, foreignization is a way which
moves the reader toward the author, while domestication brings the author closer to the
reader [5;49]. More recent studies done by Baker, explore sociocultural impact of
translation norms, reveals that historical and ideological factors decide if a text is
domesticated or foreignized, shaping literary, cinematic and media adaptations [6; 30].
Moving on the works done by Uzbek translators, Oybek, Qayum Karimov,
Mirzaev are considered as key figures, particularly in a scholarly discourse on the
translation of literary works, narrations and short stories. Q. Karimov states that “In
translation, maintaining national characteristics while ensuring clarity requires a
delicate balance” according to his argument, translation must maintain linguistic clarity
including cultural and traditional authenticity [2; 10-11]. As an example for these both
strategies, a piece of text taken from “Daftar hoshiyasidagi bitiklar” by O‘tkir
Hoshimov is included in the table below:
Uzbek
language version
Bozor iqtisodi
Kecha katalakdek xonaga tiqilib, “eskilik sarqiti” –beshik
va sandiq yasagani uchun nalugchidan baloga qolib yurgan
hunarmand bugun kattakon sex ochsa-yu, rohatini ko’rsa, tag’in
bir bor quvonaman. Baraka topsin! Bu bozor iqtisodi! Kecha alifni
kaltak deyolmay o’qituvchisidan dakki eshitgan va oxir-oqibat
“xudosizlar jamiyati”da qo’nim topgan notavon bola bugun
"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
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“biznesmen” bo’lsa-yu, xususiy samolyot sotib olsa, hayron
qolmayman.
Domesticated
Yesterday, a craftsman who was crammed into a tiny
workshop and harassed by tax collectors for making “old-
fashioned” cradles and chests—if today he opens a large factory
and enjoys success, I will rejoice once again. More power to him!
That’s the free market for you! Yesterday, a poor child who
couldn’t even recognize the letter “A” and got scolded by his
teacher, only to end up in a strict, godless school—if today he
becomes a successful entrepreneur and buys a private jet, I
wouldn’t be surprised.
Foreignized
Yesterday, a craftsman who was crammed into a tiny
workshop and harassed by tax collectors for making “eskilik
sarqiti” (old-fashioned) cradles (Traditional Uzbek wooden cradle
for sleeping infants) and chests (Traditional Uzbek wooden chest
for storing valuable items)—if today he opens a large factory and
enjoys success, I will rejoice once again. Baraka topsin! (More
power to him!) That’s the free market for you! Yesterday, a poor
child who couldn’t even recognize the letter “Alif” (The first letter
of the Arabic alphabet, symbolizing learning) and got scolded by
his teacher, only to end up in a strict, godless school—if today he
becomes a successful entrepreneur and buys a private jet, I
wouldn’t be surprised.
An extract taken from “The Dead” by James Joyce, shows how these two
techniques are used successfully in rendering a text from English into Uzbek:
English
language version
Aunt Julia, though she was quite grey, was still the leading
soprano in Adam and Eve’s, and the best in the city. Even she, wan
and tired, sang the chief part of the Mass with great feeling and
courage.
Domesticated
Julia xola sochlari oppoq bo‘lsa ham, Odam va Havvo
ibodatxonasining yetakchi qoshiqchisi edi va butun shahar
bo‘ylab eng mashhuri sanalardi. U ham, rangi siniq va tinkasi
qurigan bo‘lsa-da, diniy qo’shiqning asosiy qismini katta ehtirom
va jur’at bilan kuyladi.
Foreignized
Julia xola sochlari oppoq bo‘lsa ham, Adam va Eva (Odam
va Havvo) cherkovining yetakchi sopranochiysi(Soprano –
Highest female singing voice, often leading in opera and choir.)
"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
mavzusidagi xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman
368
edi va butun shahar bo‘ylab eng mashhuri sanalardi. U ham, rangi
siniq va tinkasi qurigan bo‘lsa-da, Massaning (Mass (music) –
Sacred choral composition, set to Catholic liturgical texts.)asosiy
qismini katta ehtirom va jur’at bilan kuyladi.
Through provided examples and above discussed argument, it is evident that
deciding whether domestication or foreignization better – it depends on the target
audience and cultural importance of a text. Extracts from “The Dead” and “Daftar
hoshiyasidagi bitiklar” illustrate how linguistic nuances and cultural features including
linguoculturemes, phraseological units, authentic items form meaning. Terms like
“soprano”, “Mass”, phraseological units, such as, “Boriga baraka”, “eskilik sarqiti”
carry diverse cultural meanings and connotations that require attentive translation. In a
book “Daftar hoshiyasidagi bitiklar” by O‘tkir Hoshimov the “foreignized” translation
takes a more literal approach as it requires an in-depth explanation and preserve
cultural distinction of terms like “Alif” and “eskilik sarqiti”. This variant provides
greater understanding on the source culture within assumptions that the target audience
may not be familiar with Uzbek traditions, rituals and cultural markers. Unlike their
“domesticated” version where the units are translated as “old-fashioned cradle” and
“the first letter of Arabic alphabet”, their “foreignized” version illustrate their cultural
specificity and prosperity. In an extract from “The Deaf” the reference to the church as
“Odam va Havvo ibodatxonasining” is a domesticated version where for readers it
could not be understandable due to religious point of view, while it’s foreignized
version creates a more “foreign” feel, still being authentic for an Uzbek audience.
CONCLUSION:
In order to maintain the originality of the text, doctrines and
scholarly publications, academic and religious texts often approves the strategy of
foreignization. It means that, the usage of domestication in such works may lead to the
loss of meaning which causes misinterpretation. In that case, not only cultural
characteristics of a text, but also the role of the translator plays a crucial role in
translation as they are considered as cultural negotiators, not merely a language
converter. From a practical side, a balanced approach – which translators use these two
strategies effectively according to the context and the audience, allows texts to preserve
their richness in terms of cultural and linguistic boundaries.
REFERENCES
1.
S. Bassnett. “Translation Studies”. Routledge, 2002.
2.
Q. Karimov. “Adabiyotshunos va Tarjimon”. 8(3), 78-95, 2021.
3.
L. Venuti. “The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation”.
Routledge, 1995.
4.
L. Venuti. “The Translation Studies Reader”, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004.
5.
F. Schleiermacher. “On Different Methods of Translating”, 2012.
"ZAMONAVIY TILSHUNOSLIK VA TARJIMASHUNOSLIKNING DOLZARB MUAMMOLARI"
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6.
M. Baker. “In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation”. Routledge,
1992.
7.
«The Dead». Open Library. Available at:
https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15073437W/The_Dead
8.
«Kutubxona SamDUUF». Available at:
https://kutubxona.samduuf.uz/download/132
