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PAGE NO.
21-23
10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue06-04
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
11 April 2025
ACCEPTED
07 May 2025
PUBLISHED
09 June 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue06 2025
CITATION
Rakhmanov Zafarjon Zayniddinovich. (2025). Concept and classification of
public services. The American Journal of Political Science Law and
Criminology, 7(06), 21
–
23.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/Volume07Issue06-04
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Concept and classification
of public services
Rakhmanov Zafarjon Zayniddinovich
Senior lecturer of Institute for retraining and advanced training of legal
personnel under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan,
Doctor of Philosophy in Law (PhD), Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article analyzes the concept and
classification of public service. The opinions of scientists
and specialists on civil service were discussed. The
experience of national and foreign countries in the
provision of public services is analyzed.
Proposals and recommendations for solving problems
related to the industry are given.
Keywords:
Public service, provision of public services,
problems, proposals and recommendations.
Introduction:
Globally, significant attention is being
devoted to the development of public service delivery
systems, with the aim of ensuring that state bodies fulfill
their obligation to serve citizens, simplifying the
procedures for granting permits in the field of
entrepreneurial activity, and implementing effective
mechanisms of modern information technologies within
the public service system, all of which are recognized as
pressing priorities.
In Uzbekistan, the public service delivery system is being
systematically improved and modernized, primarily
facilitating the pr
inciple that “state bodies serve the
people” by enhancing the interactions between
interested parties (both individuals and legal entities)
and the entities providing public services [1].
When discussing public services, it is first appropriate to
pay att
ention to the concept of “service.” Among the
various definitions of service, the following is
particularly noteworthy: “Service is one of the goal
-
oriented activities of individuals, society, and the state.
The concept of service can be used in different senses:
as a type of human activity, as a socio-legal institution,
and as a special system of state bodies. Thus, service
encompasses the implementation of state functions,
governance, administration, and the provision of socio-
cultural services to the pop
ulation” [2]. The term “un
service” was first used in an economic context by the
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French economist J.-B. Say in his work A Treatise on
Political Economy [3].
The concept of service has become widely
applied across various fields, including the legal
sphere. The notion of public services has been in use
since the early days of statehood. Over time, its
essence and functions have evolved positively and
become more refined.
Numerous scholars have expressed views on the
formation and development of public services.
Notably, according to Kandrin, the institution of public
services in the Commonwealth of Independent States
(CIS) was initially studied from the perspective of
external economic sciences and, in the 1990s, in
connection with public administration reforms in
European countries [4].
In general, public services provided by the state are a
widely recognized concept in foreign countries and are
also referred to as the “public interest.” According to
economists J. Buchanan and P. Samuelson, public
services possess universal significance, meaning they
are intended for general use and are indivisible; when
the needs of additional consumers are met, the level
of satisfaction of other consumers’ needs does not
diminish [5]. In our view, public services should not
only be universal but also emphasize the quality and
convenience of the services provided.
In legal literature, “state and municipal services” are
regarded as a type of public services. According to
Yu.A. Tikhomirov, “public services represent lawful a
nd
socially significant actions carried out in the interests
of society, the state, and citizens” [6]. According to L.K.
Tereshchenko, state bodies may provide public
services independently, delegate their execution to
local self-government bodies, as well as entrust them
to commercial and non-commercial organizations [7].
Furthermore, it can be observed that scholars have
examined the concept of the state in both broad and
narrow contexts. For instance, A.P. Alekhin and Yu.M.
Kozlov, when discussing the concept of public service,
distinguish between its broad meaning
—
where public
service is carried out by civil servants within state
bodies, institutions, and enterprises
—
and its narrow
meaning, which refers exclusively to activities
conducted within state bodies [8]. It can be argued that
N.V. Putilo offers a broader and more modern
interpretation of the concept of public service, defining
it as a specific activity of state bodies and their officials
that governs daily interactions with individuals and
legal entities, from which the citizen or legal entity
derives certain benefits. [9].
Analyzing the views of the aforementioned scholars, it
can be concluded that public service is a form of
professional activity within state bodies and
organizations aimed at ensuring the interests of society,
upholding the rule of law, and providing citizens with
professional, high-quality, and equitable services. It also
encompasses the activities of civil servants who
participate in the execution of the state’s administrative
functions.
In our opinion, the concept of public service should
encompass several key elements, namely:
-
professionalism (public service is a field that
requires specialized knowledge, skills, and experience);
-
rule of law (the provision of public services must
be carried out on a lawful basis);
-
accountability and transparency (each public
servant is responsible for their actions and must be
accountable to the citizens);
-
integrity and justice (the ethics of public service
demand honesty, impartiality, and avoidance of
conflicts of interest).
Indeed, public service is not merely an administrative
procedure or a means of serving citizens, but rather a
foundation for trustworthy communication and
effective cooperation between the state and society. A
unified and precise understanding of this concept is
essential to ensure a transparent, efficient, and citizen-
oriented system of public administration.
At this point, the classification of public service also
holds significant importance. In the Republic of
Uzbekistan, the legal definition of public service was
first established through the Law “On Electronic
Government,” adopted on December 9, 2015.
According to Article 3 of this law, public service is
defined as a service provided by state bodies in
respons
e to applicants’ requests to fulfill their official
duties. If, in accordance with legislation, the functions of
providing public services are assigned to other
organizations, these organizations may also provide
public services. The concept of public service is further
reflected in the following normative legal documents:
for instance, the Regulation on Interagency Information
Cooperation of State Bodies and Other Organizations in
the Provision of Public Services, approved by the
Resolution No. 120 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 13, 2015, clearly
defines the content of public service and the mechanism
of interaction between the subjects involved.
The Regulation defines public services as “activities
carried out by state administration bodies, local
government authorities, and other state organizations
in response to applicants’ requests, including
notification procedures, within the scope of their
designated powers, aimed at ensuring the realization of
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The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
the rights and lawful interests of applicants as provided
by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.”
A more comprehensive classification of this definition
would describe public services as an official set of
administrative services provided by administrative
bodies within their delegated authority to individuals
and legal entities upon their request or in cases
stipulated by law, through actions such as:
-
Providing information;
-
Granting material or intangible benefits;
-
Conferring rights and privileges;
-
Issuing legally binding documents;
-
Granting permissions for certain types of
activities;
-
And other similar acts (or decisions).
Scholars classify public services into four main types
currently recognized:
a)
Establishing a citizen’s or organization’s right
to something;
b)
Material provision of the above-mentioned
right in cases specified by law (for example, the right to
receive a pension);
c)
Establishing legal facts and issuing certificates
within a short timeframe;
d)
Providing information [10].
In our view, classifying public services into distinct
types is a very appropriate approach, as it clearly
delineates the content and significance of each service.
In certain cases, the state is required not only to
recognize rights but also to provide material support
for them. For example, services such as pensions or
allowances serve to support the living standards of
citizens. Additionally, the official registration of
significant life events
—
such as birth, marriage, and
death
—
and the issuance of certificates fall within the
scope of public service, and these processes must be
efficient and convenient. Finally, it is essential not to
overlook citizens’ right to access information. The
state’s responsibility to provide clear and open access
to necessary information for every individual is crucial
because informed individuals are able to make sound
decisions.
It should be noted that in our country, the state’s
activity in providing public services to the population
has only been actively studied and researched over the
past decade. To improve and optimize the mechanism
of public service delivery, state policy must
consistently prioritize a comprehensive analysis of the
administrative and legal regulation of public services.
From a legal perspective, regulation implies the
establishment, protection, and development of public
services
in
accordance
with
contemporary
requirements through effective, regulatory, and
organizational influence.
Simply put, proposals and recommendations for
improving and developing the public service sector
should not be limited to addressing everyday practical
problems. This process also requires identifying existing
shortcomings in the field and conducting a thorough
scientific and analytical study of them. Theoretical
knowledge and scientific research help find solutions to
these problems that are long-term, sustainable, and
effective, thereby raising the quality and importance of
public services to a higher level.
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