The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
12
https://www.theamericanjournals.com/index.php/tajet
TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
12-17
10.37547/tajet/Volume07Issue02-03
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
01 December 2024
ACCEPTED
05 January 2025
PUBLISHED
06 February 2025
VOLUME
Vol.07 Issue02 2025
CITATION
Mehdi Huseynov. (2025). Optimization methods for construction
schedules to enhance project efficiency. The American Journal of
Engineering and Technology, 7(02), 12
–
17.
https://doi.org/10.37547/tajet/Volume07Issue02-03
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Optimization methods for
construction schedules to
enhance project efficiency
Mehdi Huseynov
Senior Scheduler, WOOD Group USA, Sanford, Florida
Abstract:
This article examines modern methodological
developments in the field of construction schedule
optimization as a tool to improve the management
efficiency of related projects. The relevance of the topic
is justified by the urgent need to adapt traditional
planning approaches to the realities of digitalization, the
growth of project scales, and the complexity of
infrastructure design. The aim of the study is to
systematize and characterize approaches that ensure
the minimization of time and resource costs (without
compromising the quality of construction work).
Following a review of contemporary scientific literature,
discrepancies have been identified regarding the choice
of optimal methods for different types of projects: on
one hand, research shows high effectiveness of
automated technologies (such as 4D BIM), while on the
other hand, their implementation is often significantly
limited by economic and organizational determinants.
The conclusion is made that successful optimization
actions in this area require the integration of classical
methods (CPM, PERT) with adaptive algorithms and
mathematical models. The author's contribution lies in
the formulation of recommendations for improving the
efficiency of construction schedules (a specific sequence
of actions is proposed, taking into account both external
and internal challenges). The materials presented will be
useful for project managers, engineers, and researchers
focused on improving the efficiency of construction
processes.
Keywords:
BIM, automation, algorithms, construction
schedules,
optimization,
planning,
project
management, resources.
Introduction:
One of the key challenges in the modern
construction industry is ensuring that project timelines
are met without increasing costs or compromising the
quality of work.
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The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
Construction schedules serve as one of the main tools
in project management. They coordinate all stages of
the work, ensuring alignment between participants,
primarily contractors, suppliers, and clients. These
tools define the chronological framework for
completing specific tasks, the order in which they are
carried out, and the interconnections between phases,
which helps reduce the likelihood of delays and
resource overspending.
Against the backdrop of increasing competition and
the growing complexity of infrastructure projects, the
issue of optimizing construction schedules has become
critically important. Inefficient planning of time
resources can lead to delays, budget overruns, and a
noticeable decrease in client satisfaction. This is why
the development and implementation of methods
aimed at improving the efficiency of construction
schedules remain a relevant and in-demand area of
research among modern scholars.
METHODS
The reviewed sources and materials can be grouped
into several key thematic areas that reflect the variety
of approaches and methods for optimization in the
field under consideration.
For example, the works of S.A. Bolotin and colleagues
focus on using a probabilistic approach to create
construction schedules with Microsoft Project
software [3], as well as studying uncertain resource
factors and system correction of time conflicts [2]. P.C.
Nolz [7] discusses optimization steps in the context of
urban logistics, emphasizing the synchronization of
construction schedules and material deliveries. These
studies aim to minimize time and resource losses.
O. Doukari and colleagues [4] analyze the nuances of
applying 4D BIM technology for automation in the
field, comparing it with traditional methods. V.
Undozerov [9] describes the functionality of dynamic
visualization of schedules using Spring Chart
techniques, proposing an approach for more visual
control. Zh. Zhang and co-authors [10] use LSTM
algorithms to analyze the impact of extreme weather
conditions on schedules, highlighting the importance
of adaptive solutions in modern realities.
The work of J. Zhou and colleagues [11] provides an
overview of methods and algorithms used for
optimization in the analyzed area, accompanied by
statistical data, with a focus on mathematical models
and computational developments. Y. Hong and co-
authors [5] offer a graph-based approach for analyzing
sequences of construction processes, which facilitates
accurate assessment and adjustment.
K. Itani [6] explores the integration of CPM and PERT,
highlighting their role in managing complex projects. In
practice, this work is aimed at improving planning
accuracy and controlling task execution. Integrative
mechanisms are also reflected in the publication by S.Ju.
Ahn and colleagues [1].
P. Srinath, K. Varghese [8] analyze the causes of
discrepancies in quality in basic construction schedules.
Their publication focuses on identifying systemic issues
and improving planning.
The aforementioned studies demonstrate significant
progress in the field of construction schedule
optimization (including the development of automation
technologies, adaptation to external conditions, the use
of mathematical models, and the improvement of
resource
management
methods).
However,
contradictions remain in defining universal approaches
for different types of projects. There is insufficient
development of the methodological framework for
comprehensive interdisciplinary approaches. Limited
attention is given to the integration of adaptive
algorithms that consider external factors (such as
climate conditions, market changes, etc.). Some studies
show weak connections between practical realities and
theoretical models.
In preparing this article, comparative analysis,
systematization, statistical data evaluation, and
generalization were applied.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The primary purpose of construction schedules is to
create a clear structure for project execution. They help
identify the critical path
—
the sequence of tasks that
determines the overall completion time of the
construction. This allows the focus to be placed on
stages that have the greatest impact on the timeline,
preventing delays [2, 6]. Essentially, construction
schedule optimization (CSO) is a form of project
planning optimization [11].
In addition, these tools serve as a means for monitoring
and controlling the progress of a given project. They
allow the tracking of progress, identification of
deviations from the plan, and prompt corrective actions.
They are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of
resource utilization, contributing to cost optimization.
Construction schedules play a significant role in
communication between project participants. They help
visualize complex processes, making the work plan
easier to understand for all stakeholders. This is
especially important when implementing large
infrastructure projects, where coordinating actions
requires a high degree of coordination.
Thus, the described tools should be viewed as an
essential component of successful design, ensuring:
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The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
●
structure;
●
transparency;
●
control [3].
They contribute to more effective management, risk
minimization, and achieving set goals within
established deadlines.
As for construction schedule optimization, it
represents the process of improving the timing
parameters of project execution, taking into account
available resources and set constraints. This process
involves a combination of:
●
mathematical methods;
●
digital technologies;
●
management experience.
Optimization in the analyzed area is based on numerous
principles aimed at minimizing time losses, maximizing
the use of available resources, and reducing costs (Fig.
1).
Fig. 1. Systematization of the principles of optimizing construction schedules to increase the efficiency of
projects (compiled by the author on the basis of [1-3, 6, 9])
P
ri
nci
pl
es
Prioritize critical tasks
Resource Load Balancing
Minimizing time losses
Flexibility, adaptability of the schedule
Integration with digital technologies
Taking into account seasonal, external
determinants
Forecasting risks, their impact on deadlines
Continuous monitoring, adjustment
Coordination between project participants
Focus on long-term sustainability
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Modern approaches to optimization procedures are
represented by the use of network models
—
Gantt
charts, the Critical Path Method (CPM), as well as the
application of digital tools, including Building
Information Modeling (BIM) systems and specialized
project management software. The methods for
optimizing construction schedules are listed in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Highlighting the main methods of optimizing construction schedules to improve project efficiency
(compiled by the author based on [2, 4, 5, 10])
The Critical Path Method helps identify sequences of
steps that define the minimum duration of a project.
This approach is effective for large infrastructure
projects with many interrelated stages. Schedule
optimization using CPM includes reviewing the
duration of tasks, utilizing slack time for non-critical
tasks, and redistributing resources.
Optimization measures that consider the availability of
the resource base rely on analyzing and balancing its
use. Redistributing workgroups, machinery, and
materials helps avoid bottlenecks that lead to
downtime. The use of RAM is most productive and
justified when implementing projects with limited
budgets.
Meanwhile, the scenario approach involves modeling
various options for implementing construction
schedules while considering potential risks and
uncertainties. This method allows for the preparation of
corrective actions in advance, minimizing negative
consequences in case of deviations from the initial plan.
The introduction of artificial intelligence algorithms into
the planning process provides additional options and
functionalities in optimization. AI solutions allow the
analysis of large amounts of data, detect hidden
relationships between tasks, and successfully predict
potential issues. These tools are actively used for real-
time automatic adjustments.
The integration of schedules into a digital model of a
building or structure helps visualize the temporal and
spatial aspects of project implementation. BIM
Methods
Critical Path
Method (CPM)
Resource Analysis
Method (RAM)
Scenario analysis
Application of
artificial
intelligence,
machine learning
BIM modeling
implementation
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The American Journal of Engineering and Technology
technologies enable the synchronization of planning,
design, and construction processes, reducing the
likelihood of errors and duplication of work.
Despite the availability of many tools, the
implementation of optimization methods in the
discussed field faces a number of problems (Figure 3).
Fig. 3. The main problems of using methods of optimizing construction schedules to increase the efficiency of
projects (compiled by the author based on [1, 8, 9])
Thus, the high cost of implementing digital solutions
limits their use in small and medium-sized construction
businesses. Additionally, the lack of qualified
specialists significantly hinders the use of complex
mathematical methods and IT tools. Furthermore,
incomplete or inaccurate project information often
leads to errors in calculations.
CONCLUSION
Construction schedule optimization is a complex but
necessary process aimed primarily at improving project
execution efficiency. The application of modern
methods and technologies allows for significant
reductions in time and financial costs, while
substantially improving the quality of the final outcome.
However, success requires a systematic approach
combining mathematical analysis, digital tools, and the
P
ro
bl
em
s
Insufficient accuracy of the initial data
Limited resources
Unforeseen external factors
Inconsistency in the actions of project participants
Outdated planning methods
Lack of qualified specialists
High complexity of large projects
Low level of digitalization of processes
Insufficient monitoring of progress
Challenges in Change Management
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development of professional skills among project
participants.
To improve construction schedule efficiency, the
following sequence of actions is proposed: auditing the
current schedule (identifying areas with the highest
risk of deviation); integrating automated monitoring
systems (using AI for analysis and forecasting);
integrating digital technologies (implementing BIM for
process synchronization and enhancing schedule
transparency); training specialists (improving project
managers'
qualifications
in
time
resource
management).
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