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THOUGHTS DIRECTED TOWARDS NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT:
THE PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS OF THE JADIDS
Atavullayeva Shakhlo Musayevna
Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute,
Lecturer of the Department of Social Sciences
Shamsiyeva Shaxinabonu Sherali qizi
Student of Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute, Faculty of Pedagogy and Social
Sciences, Department of History Education
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15533732
Annotation:
The political and educational endeavours of the Jadid
movement, which arose in Uzbekistan at the close of the 19
th
and the start of the
20
th
centuries, are examined in this article. The Jadids worked to improve
education and schools, encourage literacy through literature and the press, and
reform society. They were crucial in arousing national awareness and pointing
the populace in the direction of advancement. The primary concepts of Jadidism,
its effects on society and politics, and its relevance in contemporary Uzbekistan
are all highlighted in the article.
Key words:
religion, jadidism, education, enlightenment, spirituality,
society, democracy, national development, tradition, national identity.
Although the period from the late 19
th
century to the early 20
th
century in
the history of the Uzbek people was historically brief, it was a time of great
significance in the people’s historical fate. During this period, the Jadid
enlightenment movement not only carried out reform efforts in education, the
press, literature, and the arts, but also fundamentally transformed – or made
significant strides toward transforming – the cultural, educational, and spiritual
life of the people. The Jadid movement in Central Asia followed a complex and
historically multifaceted path. The Jadids relied on the philosophical experiences
of progress and reform movements carried out in various countries, striving to
adapt these experiences to a national context. At the same time, this period
became a field of confrontation between different views on the paths of social
development. The main idea of the struggle against colonialism was formed and
matured along this complex path [1].
At this point, it is necessary to quote the following words of our national
leader Shavkat Mirziyoyev: “It is clear to all of us that our Jadid ancestors, who
emerged with the noble idea of “unity in language, thought, and action”,
considered the main way to lead our peoples out of ignorance and
backwardness, and to rescue them from the swamp of negligence, to be through
knowledge and enlightenment, and the attainment of secular progress” [2].
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Jadidism was a movement based on global social and national values,
formed as a movement that responded to the interests of the indigenous
population of Central Asia and fully met the mature needs of social development.
Jadidism went through a complex path of development, ranging from
enlightenment to a strong political movement. In its history, Jadidism passed
through two stages: the first being the stage of enlightenment, and the second
being the political stage. However, the Jadids’ views on statehood began to take
shape from the very first stage and became more clearly defined in the second
stage.
The difficult economic situation of the masses, oppressed under both
bilateral colonialism and local tyranny, the fact that the Khanates of Turkestan,
Bukhara, and Khiva had fallen far behind the economically developed countries
of the world, as well as cultural decline and the stagnation of free thought, all
compelled the Jadids to seek measures for social progress.
Mahmudkhoja Behbudi and Munavvar Qori Abdurashidkhanov, regarded as
leaders of the Jadid movement in Turkestan, played a unifying and consolidating
role. In Bukhara, the movement was led by Fayzulla Khodjaev and Abdurauf
Fitrat, while in the Khiva Khanate, Polvonniyoz Yusupov was at its forefront.
The Jadids’ ideology of enlightenment was socially rich and diverse. It
includes historical tasks and issues that still resonate and stir society today.
Among these are achieving spiritual maturity through a proper understanding of
religion, accelerating the establishment of a legal and economic market
environment, building advanced democratic institutions, and introducing unique
national development paths. In addressing and implementing these matters, an
important factor is the modernization of Islam, cleansing it from stagnant
dogmas, and embracing the achievements of science and advanced technology
[3].
Three primary pillars formed the foundation of the Jadids’ programme for
the enlightenment of the populace. The first was the growth of the new-method
school network, which was founded to teach students contemporary concepts
and broaden their perspective. These new-method schools taught the
foundations of science and technology and had sophisticated pedagogical
approaches that set them apart from traditional madrasas.
The second option was to send bright and gifted young people to study
overseas. This made it possible to train young experts with contemporary
knowledge, who then helped advance their country when they returned. The
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young people who attended universities in Russia and Europe contributed fresh
insights and expertise to Turkestan, advancing the country’s development.
Establishing different educational societies, building a solid intellectual
community, and publishing newspapers were all part of the third direction.
Through periodicals and newspapers like “Tarjimon” and “Oyna”, the Jadids
attempted to educate the populace and increase their political and cultural
consciousness. They urged people to embrace a contemporary worldview
through these publications [4].
The primary objectives of Jadidism were to reform Sharia law, enlighten the
populace, create an independent government, and liberate Turkestan from the
religious superstitions and backwardness typical of the Middle Ages. They
wanted to build a national army, a stable national currency, and a constitutional
monarchy and parliament in Bukhara and Khiva, which would eventually give
way to a democratic republic system. In its day, the Jadid enlightenment
movement had a big influence. Through their efforts, Turkestan’s literacy rate
rose, a contemporary educational system was established, and a sense of
national identity was reawakened. They created publications, societies, and
schools to foster a sense of national pride and help the populace comprehend
who they were. The Jadids made a significant contribution to Turkestan’s history
and paved the way for the country’s advancement.
In summary, the Jadid movement, which arose in Turkestan and throughout
Central Asia at the close of the 19
th
and the start of the 20
th
centuries, was a
historical phenomenon that sought to increase the people’s political, cultural,
and educational awareness. By establishing enlightened societies, sending young
people abroad for education, and opening modern-method schools, the Jadids
aimed to free the populace from ignorance and backwardness. Their actions
brought about important changes in the sociopolitical arena as well as in
education and enlightenment. The Jadids’ primary objectives were to free
Turkestan from mediaeval religious superstitions, economic and cultural
regress, modernise Sharia law to meet contemporary needs, and lead the
populace towards secular and scientific knowledge. In their time, their efforts to
promote national identity, inspire pride in the country, and guide the populace
towards advancement via literature, the arts, and the press had a profound
effect.
The Jadid movement’s concepts and actions are still relevant in today’s
world, despite its convoluted journey from enlightenment to political conflict.
Today, the Jadids’ theories on education, science, and national identity still serve
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as a major source of inspiration for raising the next generation and advancing
national enlightenment and spirituality.
References:
1.
Manzura
Khojamberdiyeva,
(2025).
JADIDISM
AND
THE
ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS OF THE JADIDS. International Journal of Scientific
Researchers, 10(1), 207–211.
2.
Mirziyoyev Sh.M. “Jadids: Ideas of National Identity, Independence, and
Statehood” presented at the International Conference participants //
https://president.uz/en/lists/view/6919
3.
Agzamkhodjayev S. Stages of Ideological Development of Jadidism //
Materials of the Republican Scientific-Practical Conference on “The Contribution
of Jadid Enlighteners to the Development of National Education, Press,
Literature, and Art and Its Significance in Promoting the National Idea,” April 15,
2016, pp. 6–10.
4.
Khojamberdiyeva, D. (2025). THE JADID MOVEMENT IN TURKESTAN.
BRIDGING THE GAP: EDUCATION AND SCIENCE FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE,
1(1), 906–911.
5.
Sobirovich, T. B. (2023). Basic Criteria for Building the Third Renaissance
in Uzbekistan. Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST), 7(1),
149-157.
6.
Sobirovich, T. B. (2021). Philosophical Dialectics of National and Universal
Cultural Development. Irish Interdisciplinary Journal of Science & Research
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7.
Sobirovich, T. B. (2024). Socio-Philosophical Analysis Of Society’s
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