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TOPONYMIC INFORMATION OF CENTRAL ASIA IN IRANIAN AND
INDIAN SOURCES.
Usmonaliev Isroiljon Ibrokhimjon ugli
Teacher of Namangan state university
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14684463
Annotation:
This article covers information about the history and
toponymy of Central Asia in ancient inscriptions in the Iranian cities of
Persepolis, Susa, Ecbatana, in the Behistun inscriptions and in the Indian work
“Mahabharata”.
Keywords:
inscription, history, toponymy, work, ruler, pictorial images,
territory, tribe, ceramic tablet.
Annotatsiya:
mazkur maqolada Eronning Persopol, Suza, Ekbatana
shaharlaridagi qadimgi yozuvlar, Behistun yozuvlarida hamda hindlarning
“Mahabharata” asarida O'rta Osiyo tarixi va toponimikasi haqidagi ma’lumotlar
yoritilgan
Kalit so‘zlar:
yozuv, tarix, toponimika, asar, hukmdor, tasviriy suratlar,
hudud, qabila, sopol taxtacha.
Аннотация:
В статье рассматриваются сведения об истории и
топонимике Средней Азии, содержащиеся в древних надписях из иранских
городов Персеполь, Сузы и Экбатана, в Бехистунских надписях и в
индийском эпосе “Махабхарата”.
Ключевые слова:
письменность, история, топонимия, труд,
правитель,
изобразительные
изображения,
территория,
племя,
керамическая табличка.
Ancient Iranian inscriptions are one of the ancient and important sources
about the history and toponymy of Central Asia. Such inscriptions were found in
and around the ancient capital of the Achaemenids, Persepolis, Susa and
Ecbatana. For example. An inscription engraved on a clay tablet describes the
construction of the palace built in Susa in the early years of the reign of Darius I,
and more precisely, the country from which the materials used for construction
were brought. According to the information on the tablet, gold was brought from
Lydia and Bactria, precious stones, lapis lazuli and serdoch (a red and reddish
stone) from Sogdiana, and turquoise from Khorezm.[1] The inscriptions and
reliefs found in Persepolis (a city built between 520 and 450 BC, located about
50 km north of Shiraz) are of great scientific value. Among them, the reliefs on
the Apadana steps are of particular importance. The paintings (3 feet high)
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depict people from 23 satrapies (dependent countries) under the Achaemenids,
bringing tribute.
Among them are the Bactrians with various vessels, leather, furs and
camels, the Sogdians with various fabrics, leather and sheep, the Sakas with
horses and camels, the Parthians with vessels and camels, and the Khorezmians
with horses and weapons. Six miles (9 km) north of Persepolis, on the rocks of
Khusayn, are the tombs of the Achaemenid kings Darius I, Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I
and Darius II, and inscriptions carved at their entrances. This monument is also
associated with the name of the Sassanid general Rustam, and is often called the
Naksh-e Rustam in history. In the inscriptions, especially the one under the
image of Darius I, his state is depicted in blue.[2] He is exalted and praised, the
peoples conquered by him are called to obedience and honest work, and the
names of those who disobey and are sentenced to punishment for this reason
are recorded.
Importantly, the inscription contains a complete list of 23 satraps and
peoples subject to the Achaemenids. Among them are the Parthians, Bactrians,
Sogdians, and Khorezmians.[3] Another important monument is the famous
Bekhistun Inscription. These inscriptions are 22 m long and 7.8 m high. They are
located in Northern Iran, 30 km from Kermanshah, on the banks of the ancient
caravan route along the river. To its left, on a steep cliff called Zagros, at an
altitude of about 105 meters, is a victory monument inscribed by order of Darius
I.[4] The inscription is written in Elamite, Babylonian and Old Iranian languages
and tells about the popular movements led by leaders such as Gaumata - who
died on September 29, 522 BC, who shook the Achaemenid empire in 523-522
BC, Frada of Margiya - who was captured on December 10, 522 BC, and Skunkha
- the leader of the Saka tribes who lived in the territory of present-day
Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.[5] In the Behustun, Naqshi Rustam and Persepolis
inscriptions, the Saka are also mentioned as peoples dependent on Iran, and are
cited under the names "Sakas of Khaumavarga", "Sakas of Tigraha", "Sakas of the
Sea". Sogdian Saka. Iranian inscriptions contain valuable toponymic information
- valuable information about the ancient states of Central Asia, Khorezm, Bactria,
Sogdiana, the oldest peoples of which are the Massagetae and Sakas. Ancient
Indian inscriptions are important sources for the history and toponymy of
Central Asia. In particular, the Makhabharata is written in Sanskrit and consists
of 18 books containing 100 thousand verses.[6]
It describes the mutual enmity and wars of the Kauravas and Pandavas, the two
families of descendants of the legendary king Bharata. It was created in the 18th
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century BC. For example, the work contains this important information about
the Sakas, Tohars, and Kanhas who went to distant India on trade: “At his door,
along with other peoples, the Sakas, Tohars, and Kanhas were waiting in line.
With lush beards and foreheads adorned with kings, they carried various gifts in
their hands: wool, rangu, silk, fabrics woven from the fiber of the birch tree, as
well as rare fabrics, soft, elegant leather, long and sharp swords, sabers, iron
spears, various axes, drinks, fragrant things, and various precious stones.” In the
“Mahabharata,” the Sakas are mentioned as “shak.”
References:
1.Турсунов С. Сурхондарё вилояти топонимлари. Алишер Навоий номидаги
Ўзбекистон Миллий кутубхонаси нашриёти, 2008. –Б 52.
2.Қаюмов А. Р. ХХ аср бошларида Ўзбекистон ҳудудида этник ҳолат. –
Тошкент: Adabiyot uchqunlari, 2015. – Б 16.
3.Бегалиев Н. Б., Туробов А. М. Самарқанд топонимияси. – Самарқанд, 2015.
– Б 41.
4.Горбунова Г. Кўҳна Фарғонада. – Тошкент: Ўзбекистон, 1972. –Б 10.
5.Mamadaliyev H. Fargʻona vodiysi shaharlari tarixi (XIX–XX asr boshlari). –
Toshkent: Fan ziyosi, 2022. –B 49.
6.Охунов Н. Жой номлари таъбири. – Тошкент: Ўзбекистон, 1994. –Б 14.
