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THE PROBLEM OF PERFORMANCE IN CELLO ART OF UZBEKISTAN
Mirmakhsudov Sherali Miraliyevich
Republican Specialized Music School named after R.Glier
Teacher of the cello class of the stringed instruments department
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11366851
Abstract:
This article provides detailed information about the appearance
of the cello instrument, its formation, performance of the instrument,
compositional works written for the cello voice, and the importance of the cello
instrument in musical culture. Also, the introduction of cello performance into
the music culture of Uzbekistan was explained.
Key words:
Music art, Cello, musical instruments, range, composer's works,
stringed instruments.
Introduction:
Cello (derived from the Italian word violoncello; short for cello) is a
stringed and bowed musical instrument with four strings. In terms of the height
of his voice, he is between the alto and the contrabass. Has an enlarged form of
alt. Cello is a modern form of the ancient viola (Italian: viola da Gamba). The
cello is tuned like the alto, but one octave lower. The volume of the cello is very
large - three and a half octaves. A cellist plays with the cello upright between the
knees, with the stem resting on the floor.
Cello is an indispensable instrument in ensembles and symphony
orchestras. It is he who makes the sound technique of the tune deep, rich and
perfect. Due to the melodiousness of its "voice", the cello is often played solo
when a musical group needs to vividly express emotions such as melancholy,
period or warm sadness, filling the melody with lyrical mood.
Violoncello is a stringed bow-type musical instrument from the bass and
tenor registers. It has been known since the 16th century and visually resembles
a viola or a violin, but is much larger in size. In music, the cello is used in the
following areas due to its unlimited "sound" possibilities:
• solo (solo)
• in the orchestra,
• when the melody is performed by a string ensemble.
A cello, like a violin, has 4 strings. It is the lowest-pitched bowed string
instrument, and some musical groups, such as a quartet or chamber ensemble,
cannot function without it.
Cello strings are an octave lower than viola. The notes for his part are
written in the tenor or bass-treble clef, but thanks to the unique playing
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technique developed over the centuries of the cello's existence, its tonal range is
very wide.
It is still not clear who invented the cello. The first mention of it appeared at
the beginning of the 16th century, or rather, the first half, and they were
associated with two masters of the production of stringed instruments - the
Italian Gasparo da Salo and his namesake. student Paolo Maggini. There is
another version about who and when the cello was invented. According to him,
the creator of the instrument was the most famous craftsman of the Amati
family in the 16th century named Andrea.
The historical, documented fact is that the modern form of the cello, with its
typical string row and distinctive sound, is the work of Antonio Stradivari. In
addition, famous musicians and masters such as Giuseppe Guarneri took part in
the improvement of the instrument in different centuries. Carlo Bergonzi,
Niccolo Amati, Domenico Montagnana and others. Since the end of the 18th
century, the shape of the div, the dimensions of the instrument and its series of
strings have not changed.
A violin bow or viola bow is not suitable for playing the cello. This
indispensable attribute of the instrument consists of a reed made of natural
bamboo or fernambuco wood, a black block with pearl inserts, natural or
artificial horsehair. The tension of the horse on a cello bow is adjusted using an
octagonal screw attached to the reed.
The capabilities of the cello, in terms of sound reproduction, differ from the
capabilities of similar instruments in terms of width and depth. Masters of
orchestral art describe his voice in this way
• melodious,
• slightly crushed,
• tense,
• watery.
In the palette of an ensemble, quartet or orchestra, the cello sounds like the
lowest timbre of the human voice. During the solo performance of this
instrument, the cello seems to be freely talking to the audience about something
very important and real, its deep, melodious voice amazes not only art lovers,
but also its listeners, literally hypnotizes. for the first time.
Each string of the cello sounds unique and unique, and their sound range
extends from the juicy bass of men to the warm and soft viola characteristic of
truly feminine parts. The world's greatest composers and musicians have
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repeatedly noted that the cello, for example, is able to "tell" the plot of an opera
without words or visual images.
The technique of playing the cello is fundamentally different from the
technique of playing other stringed musical analogues. The tool is very large,
even bulky, and it must be supported in three points - in the area of the spine
(on the floor), closer to the right side of the chest and on the left knee. When
learning to play the cello, the topics of the first lessons are how to tune it, how to
hold it.
Next, master the skills of holding a bow. When the sound is released, the
cello is turned slightly to the right of the musician so that it covers the
instrument's strings completely. It is very important to ensure that the freedom
of movement of the left hand is not limited by anything.
It's surprising that many beginning musicians, even with excellent hearing
and the ability to play bowed instruments, cannot master the technique of
playing the cello and stop at the stage of learning to hold and support it. .
The evaluation of the sound quality of cellos for the best musicians and
musical groups with world-famous names is conducted in the dark, and in these
original competitions, as a rule, models created by violin masters of the 16th,
17th and 18th centuries win.
Cello is not only a classical musical instrument. Finnish hard rock band
Apocalyptica won't go on stage without him. Every tune of their songs includes a
cello part, and this kind of rock sounds very beautiful, original, but traditional
for the genre. The instrument is used not only as a musical instrument - the
artist Julia Borden paints abstract paintings on the div of the cello, which are
actively bought by art lovers around the world and decorate the richest homes
and even museums.
The cello is used as a string quartet or chamber and symphony orchestra
instrument, and is often a very versatile and important solo instrument. Cello
music dates from the Baroque to the present day and has always been very
popular. Initially, this type of instrument was used for supporting parts called
"bass parts", later it took one of the main places among solo instruments. This
was due to the great cellists who inspired composers to expand their repertoire
and create new works specifically for it.
The first solo works for the cello are the compositions of Domenico
Gabrielli, which are widely used by cellists and are popular among fans of this
instrument. Among the earliest works currently being performed are the six
important works for solo cello by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is worth noting once
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again that in Baroque music, the cello was usually the instrument that
implemented the harmonic basis, that is, "basso continuo". In the second half of
the 18th century, it gradually became an independent instrument, replacing the
alto da gamba, which surpassed it in terms of technical and expressive
capabilities. The virtuoso of this instrument, Luigi Boccherini, contributed to the
development and popularization of the cello.
Its popularity was also due to the fact that many aristocrats played these
instruments. The most famous of them was Frederick William II of Prussia. In
those days, only men played the cello. But at the beginning of the twentieth
century, women cellists began to master this instrument. Initially, they held the
cello not as it is today, but on the side, that is, between the legs.
Concertos for cello and orchestra were created in the 19th and 20th
centuries, including Robert Schumann, Camille Saint-Saëns, Dvorak. Pyotr
Tchaikovsky's famous "Variations on a Rococo Theme" and his works for small
groups of instruments gained worldwide fame. Excellent performers became a
source of inspiration for composers who significantly expanded the relatively
modest solo repertoire of the instrument.
Mstislav Rostropovich had special merits in the evolution of the cello. This
virtuoso musician and great teacher nurtured several generations of soloists
who cemented the cello's status as a solo instrument alongside the piano and
violin. The oldest surviving cellos are two cellos made by Andrea Amati between
1560 and 1570.
Popular works for cello.
J. S. Bach - Suite 1 in G Major (listen).
P. I. Tchaikovsky. - Variations on a Rococo theme for cello and orchestra
(listen).
A. Dvorak - concerto for cello and orchestra (listen).
C. Saint-Saens - "Swan" (listen).
I. Brahms - Double Concerto for Violin and Cello (listen).
Cello is also very popular in Uzbekistan. Cello performance in our country was
formed at the end of the 19th century. Among the composers of Uzbekistan, S.
Jalil wrote a concerto for cello and orchestra, G. Mushel, B. Giyenko, F.
YanovYanovsky, S. Karimkhojayev, N. Zakirov wrote various pieces for cello. It is
worth noting that I have connected my scientific research topic with the
Violoncello musical instrument. Because the cello instrument gives spiritual
nourishment to a person, elevates the world of imagination.
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