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LIBERALIZATION OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
Khakimova Guzal Akbar qizi
Namangan engineering – construction institute, student
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12903874
Abstract:
the article scientifically analyzes the directions of liberalization of
economic relations in agriculture as a factor in achieving food security.
Key words:
agriculture, food security, frugality, efficiency, employment,
homestead farming, export.
Currently, the problems observed in the world economy are manifested in
connection with the implementation of economic processes in agriculture.
Extensive measures are being taken to ensure the rapid development of
agriculture in Uzbekistan, the agrarian sector is provided with appropriate
financial resources, and the financial support of agrarian development is
consistently continued. The agrarian reforms carried out in Uzbekistan are aimed
at ensuring the rapid growth of the sector, increasing the employment and well-
being of the rural population. Therefore, " Uzbekistan - market reforms in the
agrarian sector implemented according to the 2030 strategy In addition to
setting long-term fundamental goals, it also includes determining the means and
ways to achieve these goals. Reforms are aimed at moving agricultural
production to the basis of modern technologies and constantly increasing its
efficiency, along with the expansion of economic freedoms.
The consistent expansion of the scope of free market relations in the
agricultural sector ensures that the activities of the sector are primarily focused
on the goals of ensuring the country's food security. This is in harmony with
various aspects of the independent movement of the national economy in the
current conditions (economic security, financial security, food security, energy
security, supply of medicines and medical equipment, saving jobs, etc. ). Although
the importance of external resources (material, financial, scientific, etc.) should
not be denied in the conditions of the global crisis, it is also evident that each
country has to solve its problems first of all with its own forces.
In the conditions of market relations, when economic entities act independently,
the importance of financial support from the state is becoming extremely important.
In Uzbekistan, the state's anti-crisis measures are focused on direct and indirect
financial support of economic entities. These include reducing the tax burden,
simplifying the terms and conditions of bank lending, expanding the resource base of
bank lending.
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Currently, the role of food export has increased. Also, not only nutritional
and energetic properties of food products, but also their value in terms of impact
on human immunity are being taken into consideration. These factors open up
new opportunities for the export of fruits and vegetables, opening the way to
large markets for producers. New promising directions of export are developing.
For example, in 9 months of 2020, 8720 tons of canned fruits and vegetables
worth 9365 thousand US dollars were exported from our country. This was
3,607.4 tons more than in the corresponding period of 2019. In 2022 and 2023,
the export of agricultural food products will reach 1 bln. is more than USD and
has a steady growth trend. The geography and assortment of exports is
expanding.
Opportunities for agricultural development in Uzbekistan can be seen in the
example of horticulture, one of its traditional industries. Fruit and grape
growing has a special place in ensuring the well-being of the population and
food security of the country. The existing conditions for the development of
horticulture in Uzbekistan allow the production of the industry's products in
quantities that are sufficient to meet the domestic needs of the country. It is also
possible to achieve high competitiveness of the product for export. Because the
natural and climatic conditions of our country: a) the vegetation period lasts
long enough; b) the effective temperature sum is sufficiently large (days when
the average daily soil temperature is above +10); c) land resources and natural
soil fertility; g) natural solar radiation background; d) amount of natural
precipitation; e) average date of winter frost; j) water resources contribute to
the high nutritional value of the product. The labor potential of horticulture is: a)
the number of able-bodied population; b) the general level of knowledge and
skills of the workforce; c) historically formed national traditions of respect for
work in horticulture of fruit, vegetable and grape cultivation; g) is being formed
on the basis of factors such as opportunities for training personnel capable of
using modern technologies for horticulture (vocational education system).
Economic and organizational conditions supporting the development of
horticulture:
a) that the traditions of fruit and grape growing and agrotechnical culture
and skills are preserved in households;
b) establishment of farms specializing in horticulture, fruit and vegetable
and grape growing; c) that the operating farms are more oriented towards fruit
and grape cultivation;
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g) processes of agro-industry integration are observed in horticulture
(many farms are starting to process their own products);
d) positive trends observed in the introduction of new technologies to
horticulture;
e) volume of horticulture lending by commercial banks is rapidly
increasing;
j) tax system encouraging the development of horticulture; z) state
financing of horticulture production infrastructure;
i) market infrastructure serving the sale of horticultural products;
k) availability of domestic demand for horticultural products and demand
outside the country;
l) horticulture products are characterized by their competitiveness in terms
of cost and consumer characteristics.
Therefore, the concept of agricultural development in the Republic of
Uzbekistan until 2030 envisages the liberalization of the sector and the
strengthening of food orientation. In 2020, 86 clusters and 125 cooperatives
were established in our country to accelerate the processes of agro-industry
integration in the fruit and vegetable network. Their activity should serve to
strengthen the material interest of producers in the production of food products
that are competitive and in demand in foreign markets. Clusters and
cooperatives should not only sell the product, but also organize its storage and
processing. As a result, an added value chain is formed and socio-economic
efficiency is achieved.
Market reforms in the agrarian sector are focused on ensuring the well-
being of the rural population and reducing poverty in the conditions of the
coronavirus pandemic. In this regard, the financial support of households by the
state gives both economic and social results. In Uzbekistan, the number of
personal auxiliary households is 4.5 million, and they have 435 thousand
hectares of land at their disposal. On April 15, 2020, the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan made a decision on the effective use of farm plots and the
systematic organization of planting works. 300 billion of the state budget will be
allocated to support them in 2020. soum funds and 100 bln. bank loans are
allocated. In addition, the state will allocate 600 billion to build light
construction greenhouses for the population. sent soum .
In general, the role of animal husbandry in the agriculture of our country
is increasing, and this is primarily due to the increase in the well-being of the
population. For example, on the eve of independence, the annual consumption of
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meat and meat products per capita was 15 kilograms, but now this figure is 3
times higher. Meat is taking an increasingly important place in the population's
diet. This will affect market demand, and demand will not affect prices. The root
of the problem lies in the fodder base of livestock breeding. Therefore, in our
opinion, it is time to abandon the residual principle in allocating land for cattle
breeding, and allocate highly productive land to the network. Another important
direction is the sharp expansion of alfalfa areas. Because the feed units supplied
by bedopa are 1.5 times more compared to other crops, and the cost is 3-4 times
cheaper. It is necessary to restore the network that was abandoned due to the
monopoly of cotton. We believe that the export of alfalfa concentrate can also be
launched.
The most important production resource in agriculture is land, and
maintaining its productivity will always be a priority. Today, worldwide, soil
fertility is decreasing year by year, which has a negative impact on productivity
and product quality. At the moment, there is a need to introduce an acceptable
"NPK" system based on a thorough analysis of the soil composition in each plot,
and cotton-grain-alfalfa rotation on 10-15 percent of the fields every year. As a
result, it is possible to reduce the demand for mineral fertilizers due to the
improvement of the physical properties of the soil, and water resources are also
saved. In this way, 33-35 thousand tons of seeds will be saved per year, the price
of grain will decrease, and it will be possible to increase productivity by 8-10%.
Farming occupies a special place in the agriculture of Uzbekistan and in
ensuring the country's food security. 65-70 percent of agricultural products are
grown on farms and estates. At the moment, the organization of wide application
of new effective technologies and developments related to agriculture at the
level of neighborhoods, households and farms has not been established.
Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to increase the scope, reliability and
promotion of agricultural research by conducting experiments and research at
the neighborhood, household and farm level. 5.5 million inhabitants in 2023 509
thousand hectares of crops in his estate husbands was available . Main from
products potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage and 70-75 % of leeks , 65 % of onions , 40
% of carrots population garden and a farmer farms contribution right is coming
Currently, the issues of agricultural development and ensuring food
security of the country are set wider and deeper and include:
- increasing the production of the most important products in stable
volumes;
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- maintaining and strengthening competitiveness of products in domestic
and foreign markets, export orientation;
- increase production efficiency based on innovative development (new
technologies and agrotechnics, variety replacement,
introduction of production
of clean organic products, water and energy saving, high culture of farming
);
- coordination of agricultural development with environmental
requirements.
The problems of developing agriculture based on market principles can be
described as follows. It is necessary to bring the material and technical support
of the network to the level of modern requirements. Because: a) lack of
specialized equipment; b) that the level of use of advanced agricultural
technology is low; c) failure to satisfy the demand for chemicals and mineral
fertilizers and their prices, monopolization of sales; g) Reasons such as
insufficient and uneconomic sorting and storage capacities have a negative
impact on economic efficiency.
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