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ARTISTIC AND POETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SIMILES IN
CONTEMPORARY KARAKALPAK LYRIC POETRY
Tilegenova Altinay Ernazar qizi
PhD student at KSU
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14642635
Annotation:
In this article, we tried to study the artistic and poetic features
of similes in modern Karakalpak lyric poetry from the perspective of the ability
of similes to interact with several tropes in a stylistic and spiritual sense, as well
as based on international theoretical data.
Key words:
poetics, character, tropes, simile, metaphorical simile.
Аннотация:
В данной статье мы попытались исследовать
художественно-поэтические особенности сравнений в современной
каракалпакской лирической поэзии с точки зрения их способности
взаимодействовать с несколькими тропами в стилистическом и
смысловом аспектах, а также на основе международных теоретических
данных.
Ключевые слова:
поэтика, образ, тропы, сравнение, метафорическое
сравнение.
In literary works, metaphor, epithet, simile, metonymy all serve to ensure
the figurativeness of thought and imagery with their unique signs and methods.
Metaphors tend to dominate in terms of imagery, epithets stand out for their
range of usage, and similes are valuable for their ability to communicate
stylistically and semantically with several tropes. Similes in most tropes become
apparent when comparing two objects, where the characteristics of one prevail
over the other. From Aristotle’s time to the present day, similes have been
considered the earliest element of tropes. The definition of metaphor as a
“hidden simile” originated with Aristotle: “A simile is also a metaphor, as there is
only a slight difference between them... All effectively used metaphors can be
similes, and similes can be metaphors”. [1:55-56]
In contemporary literary studies, some scholars propose the view of
understanding similes as the basis for all tropes. “In the system of various
methods of lyrical depiction, simile serves as the initial stage, from which, based
on gradation and division, almost all other tropes are created - parallelism,
metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litotes, and others. There is a core
of the lyrical image in simile.” [2:280] There is sufficient reason to give such a
definition of simile, because any trop is to compare or compare two things
(metaphor, simile), to hide one meaning in another word (paradoxes), a chain of
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contradictory words with two meanings (oxymoron, alogism) in all of them,
equal to each other in several characteristics, suitable words or objects,
characters are selected. Absurd words also contain elements of another word.
Similes (Latin: comparatio) - 1. The process of comparing or equating
objects to identify similarities or characteristics. 2. A type of trope based on
similarity, which connects the phenomena being compared. [3:1022] In terms of
using similes in literary works, they form similes both without and without
suffixes. “In literary works written in the Karakalpak language, similes are
created using the suffixes – as, like (day, -dey, -tay, -tey), and auxiliary words
such as “like” and “as”. [4:74] For example:
Tossing the book aside,
Trampling clods like grain,
Caught up in the game's grip,
I played wildly like a madman. [5:18]
In the song, a simile is made using the suffixes as, like (-day, -dey), and the
lyrical hero is depicted as a madman by his actions.However, these suffixes do
not always form similes in all cases; depending on their meaning and usage, they
can also function as other figures of speech. These suffixes can be distinguished
through comparative analysis:
They suckled, tugging at each other,
Kicking like foals,
My relative Gumisay,
I entrust you to God. [6:125-126]
With a heart as big as a horse’s head,
Quick as a flash of lightning,
There was a beautiful Sarbinaz. [7:8]
They have small horses,
With slender necks,
In Karajan’s eyes,
That boy appears
Like a bird-struck blackbird. [8:23]
In all the given examples, although the descriptive devices are formed using
the suffixes like, as (-day/dey), they serve three different functions in terms of
meaning. In the first example, regarding feelings of kinship and closeness, the
brother is compared to foals along with his sister. In the second example,
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Sarbinaz's actions and strength are described in an exaggerated manner, using
hyperbolic adjectives. The suffix like, as (-day/dey) in the last example also
serves to create an exaggerated image, but the difference is that it diminishes
excessively, likening the young man to a small bird and his horse to a foal. This is
litotes.
Similes can be used with such suffixes in a literary text and also carry
metaphorical meanings. Although the suffix like, as (-day/dey) cannot directly
form a metaphor, it can impart both metaphorical and simile qualities. It is
appropriate to call such comparisons metaphorical similes. In modern Russian
linguistics and literary studies, research is being conducted on the
characteristics of the layered use of metaphors and similes. In her article on
similes, A. Vejbitskaya expresses her opinion about the use of metaphorical
similes, the metaphorical quality in the simile, by analyzing excerpts from the
novel’s texts: "And my knight stood - as if a sculptor had carved him out of
stone." [9:145] In this case, the stone statue of a knight was made to resemble a
real knight, thereby creating imagery. In terms of its meaning within the novel's
text, it forms a metaphorical simile. Additionally, G.D. Axmedova examines
metaphorical simile in a linguo-poetic aspect. [10:244] S. Portnova, examining
the work of I. Severyanin, in the second section of the second chapter of the
dissertation, focuses on metaphorical comparison, explaining the difference
between metaphor and metaphorical comparison, notes that the character of the
metaphor lacks mobility, while metaphorical comparison is characterized by
syntactic mobility, emphasizing that metaphor and comparison interact
syntactically: “Metaphoric similes are determined by syntactic mobility, free
connection with various meanings, dissemination, aspectualization, definition,
amplification, state modifiers:
They torment, like carnal sins,
Spilled by you on the lapel of a frock coat,
Igniting sensual mosses...” [11:140]
In the example, the chain of sins of the soul (physical sins) is created
through the method of shifting; the metaphorical simile is created through the
fact that sin belongs to the div and equates it. Therefore, metaphorical simile is
a phenomenon that depends on the relationship of meanings in the context. In
modern Karakalpak lyric poetry, the use of similes in literary texts has
significantly improved and developed, and as a result of poetic research by
poets, metaphorical examples of similes have also been formed. In the next part
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of our research, we will analyze the artistic quality, features of use, and types of
similes in our modern lyric poetry.
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