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"SOHIBQIRON AND THE SCALE OF JUSTICE"
Eshonkulov Umurzok
Teachers
Department of Distance Education in Social Humanities
Jizzakh state pedagogical university
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14960501
Abstract.
This article discusses the issue of Amir Temur's approach to the
principles of justice during the state administration reflected in “Temur
tuzuklari” (Timur’s laws).
Key words.
“Temur tuzuklari”, justice, jurist, “Justice is the way of
salvation”, faith, politics, honesty, human rights, just society, mercy, truth,
sinner, innocent, charity, raiyat
Amir Temur is a historical figure who ruled for 35 years and established an
empire that covered a huge area from India and China to the Black Sea, from the
Aral Sea to the Persian Gulf. More than 500 works of foreign researchers have
been published about Amir Temur and the Timurids in 33 countries. A lot of
historical, artistic, scientific works, pamphlets, journalistic articles have been
written about the personality, history, military potential of our great
grandfather Amir Temur, his role among peoples and states, his activity in
establishing diplomatic relations. There is no doubt that, whether it is a large
work or a small article written about Temur, in each of them, the personality of
the genius is highly evaluated as a great statesman, a skillful general, a patron of
science and culture, who left an indelible mark in history.
As the researchers turn to the personality of Amir Temur, new and
unexplored aspects of this great genius keep coming to light. In particular, Amir
Temur opposes building a just society, ensuring human rights based on
jurisprudence (Muslim jurisprudence), inviolability of property, and
violence.[1.26] Amir Temur's short phrase "Justice is the way of salvation"
written on his ring was a mirror of his worldview and the main motto of his
practical activities. But his influence is clearly felt in all of Temur's letter actions.
Belief in justice was raised to the level of faith for Amir Temur.
Sahibqiran's (
imperial title means "
The Lord of the Auspicious
Conjunction
(
ِِب ِحاَص
نا َرِق
horoscope features a particular conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, portending a
reign of world-conquest and justice)[2]
work "Temur tuzuklari" which informs
about Amir Temur's life and social and political activities from the age of seven
until his death (1342-1405) and written according to his own words, says about
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his rule of a just state as following: "With justice and honesty, I pleased God's
created servants with me. I judged both the guilty and the innocent with mercy
and justice. I won people's hearts with my charity work. With policy and
honesty, I kept my soldiers and raiyat between hope and fear. I showed mercy to
citizens and those under my command"[3.54]
Amir Temur always followed the advice of his teachers and listened to their
advice in governing the state with justice. He used to consult before starting
every work, and about this, says in his “Temur tuzuklari”: 1) consult (with
yourself); 2) consult (with others); 3) make a firm decision with caution and
deliberation; 4) be careful. Because a kingdom without council and advice can be
compared to an ignorant person whose actions and words are all mistakes; May
his words and deeds bring regret to his head. Therefore, in managing the
kingdom, work with advice and counsel, so that you do not regret it in the end.
This letter was a guiding light for me. He explained to me that nine percent of
the affairs of the kingdom are done by counsels, events, and councils, and the
remaining one percent is done by the sword.”[3.14]
Sahibqiran Amir Temur paid great attention to the life of the common
people and saw the common people as members of his family. Therefore, they
used to appoint someone who was asked by the people to be the leader in order
to get information about the condition of the people, to know their mood. "I was
aware of the condition of the raiyat, I saw the elders in the place of elders, and
the younger ones in the place of children. I was familiar with the nature of every
place, the customs and customs of every country and city. I made friends with
the nobles of every country and city. I appointed as their governors the people
who were suitable to their clients and their nature, and whom they wanted. I
was aware of the situation of the inhabitants of each land. I appointed pious and
correct writers to write down the situation of each country, the mood of the
soldiers, their behavior, their actions, and the connections between them. I
punished them when it was reported to me that they had written something
wrong. If I heard that any of the governors and soldiers had wronged the people,
I immediately took measures for justice and fairness against them."[3.55]
As mentioned above, Sahibqiran Amir Temur tried to be fair to the common
people, to find out about their condition, and he paid special attention to the
issue of appointing a just leader like himself, and he was very demanding of the
newly appointed leader. We refer to the "Temur tuzuklari" about this, and in it
he says about what qualities a person holding the position of minister should
have: "I ordered that ministers should be among those who have these four
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qualities: the first is nobility and pure breeding, the second is intelligence, the
third is awareness of the condition of the servants and raiyat, politeness towards
them, the fourth is patience and peace-loving. Whoever possesses these four
qualities, let him be considered worthy of ministerial rank. Let them appoint him
as a minister or adviser. Let them hand over the affairs of the country, the
discretion of the soldiers and raiyats to him. Such a minister should be given
four privileges - trust, attention, discretion and power. Any minister who
gossips, listens to falsehoods, oppresses, or loses people he doesn't like should
be removed from the ministry. People of inferior descent, envious, grudges, and
black volunteers should not be given ministerial positions. If a corrupt, black
volunteer, low-born person becomes a minister, the state and the kingdom will
soon fall."[3.75]
Among them, the ambassadors led by Rui Gonzales de Claviho, sent by King
Henry III of Castile, had been in Samarkand in September and November in
1404. Claviho's travel impressions have been published several times in Spanish
under the names "History of Great Temur", "Temur's Residence" and
"Samarkand Travel Diary". These works tell wonderful stories about the
activities of Amir Temur.
After returning to Samarkand from military trips for a long time, Amir
Temur used to hear from the people. During the trip, he strictly controlled the
activities of the officials appointed to the state administration. Rui González de
Clavijo in his work "History of Timur the Great" explains this in the following
way: "When Temurbek was away for six years and eleven months, he appointed
a governor in his place. During this time, this person used Temur's trust, abused
his position, and made many mistakes. As soon as the Temur returned to
Samarkand, he summoned this person to him, confiscated his property, and
imposed a punishment on himself. Everyone was surprised that such a famous
person was given such a punishment, because Sahibqiran himself had a lot of
confidence in this person. Those who took the side of the former governor were
also punished. After that, Temurbek punished a lot of people. An example of this
is a number of butchers in the market. These butchers were punished for selling
meat at a higher price than it was worth during Temurbek's absence. Later, he
found out that the artisans and shoemakers in the market were selling their
goods at a high price, and ordered to take away their surplus income as
well.”[4.126]
In accordance with Temur's correspondence, surveys, investigations,
checks, and inspections were carried out from time to time. Abusing one's
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actions, bribery, constant drinking, and domestic disorder were considered
grave sins and were severely punished. According to Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi, the
abuse was also extended to Temur's descendants and they were also punished
accordingly. In particular, it is recorded in the sources that his son Mironshah
and grandson Amirzada Pirmuhammad were severely punished in front of the
people. Amir Temur was extremely strict in the sphere of the state's reputation,
honor, and interests. At such times, he did not spare himself, his sons and
grandsons, his relatives, and military commanders. He was extremely stable in
state affairs.[5.14]
In conclusion, Sahibqiran Amir Temur ruled the country by holding the
sword of justice during his 35-year reign. First of all, actions such as Rayat -
protecting the interests of the common people, visiting the poor, and dealing
with oppression and injustice without tolerance were the most important
aspects of Temur's faith. Sahibqiran Amir Temur conducted frequent inspections
among the officials, severely punished the officials, ministers, regional
governors, generals who abandoned their work and indulged in bribery,
drunkenness, debauchery, abuse in their work. Moreover, Amir Temur was
extremely persistent in state affairs and punished his relatives, relatives, sons,
and grandsons. As a result, Sahibqiran Amir Temurdan left a great spiritual
legacy for the future generation.
References:
1. “Amir Temur saboqlar” Collection of articles, Tashkent, 1997. P.26
2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_and_royal_titles_of_the_Mughal_empe
rors
3. “Temur tuzuklari” Gafur Gulam publishing house, Tashkent, 1991
4. Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo “Amir Temur Yevropa elchilari nigohida” Gafur Gulam
publishing house, Tashkent, 2007
5. “Amir Temurning jahon tarixida tutgan o’rni” “FAN” publishing house,
Tashkent, 1996
