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BACKGROUND OF UZBEKISTAN'S ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
LANDSCAPE
Abdullayev Muxammadbobur Shavkat o`g`li
Prosecutor’s assistant at Chartak district
muhammadbobur12@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13358986
ABSTRACT
This article provides an overview of Uzbekistan's economic and political
landscape, focusing on the nation's journey since gaining independence from the
Soviet Union in 1991. The article explores the historical context, highlighting
Uzbekistan's rich cultural heritage and its complex past under various empires
and Soviet rule. It discusses governance of Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan's first
president, and the gradual economic and political reforms initiated under his
successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev.
Key words:
Economic reforms, Political landscape, Independence, Foreign
investment, Economic development, Market-oriented economy
Uzbekistan, a landlocked country in Central Asia, has a rich history that
spans thousands of years, marked by its location along the ancient Silk Road.
Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the nation has
undergone significant changes in its economic and political structures, reflecting
both its Soviet legacy and its efforts to establish a distinct national identity.
Uzbekistan's history is deeply intertwined with the empires and
civilizations that flourished in Central Asia. The region has seen the rise and fall
of many powerful entities, including the Persian Empire, the Macedonian Empire
under Alexander the Great, and the Timurid Empire. These historical influences
have shaped Uzbekistan's cultural and economic landscape, making it a melting
pot of various ethnicities, languages, and traditions.
Under Soviet rule, Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Soviet Union as
one of its constituent republics. The Soviet period brought significant
industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and the establishment of state-
controlled economic structures. However, it also led to the suppression of local
culture, religion, and political autonomy.
Uzbekistan declared independence on August 31, 1991, following the
dissolution of the Soviet Union. The country’s first president, Islam Karimov,
who had been the leader of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, continued to
hold power after independence. Karimov's rule, which lasted until his death in
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2016, was marked by authoritarianism, with limited political freedoms and a
centralized control over the economy.
Under Karimov, Uzbekistan adopted a policy of gradualism, resisting rapid
political and economic reforms. This approach was characterized by a strong
state presence in the economy, restrictions on political dissent, and a cautious
foreign policy aimed at maintaining stability. The government implemented a
series of economic measures to ensure self-sufficiency, particularly in food and
energy, while maintaining control over key sectors like agriculture and industry.
In 2016, following Karimov's death, Shavkat Mirziyoyev assumed the
presidency. Mirziyoyev, who had previously served as Prime Minister, embarked
on a series of reforms aimed at modernizing Uzbekistan’s economy and
improving its international standing. These reforms, known as the "New
Uzbekistan" initiative, included efforts to liberalize the economy, attract foreign
investment, and enhance regional cooperation.
Uzbekistan's economy is diverse, with key sectors including agriculture,
industry, and services. The country is one of the world's largest producers of
cotton, and agriculture has historically played a significant role in the economy.
However, the government's focus on industrialization has led to the development
of industries such as textiles, machinery, and chemicals.
Natural resources also play a crucial role in Uzbekistan's economy. The
country has significant reserves of gold, natural gas, and uranium, which
contribute to its export revenues. The government has sought to develop these
sectors further to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on cotton
production.
Since Mirziyoyev's ascent to power, Uzbekistan has implemented several
economic reforms aimed at fostering a more market-oriented economy. These
reforms include the liberalization of the foreign exchange market, the reduction
of trade barriers, and the privatization of state-owned enterprises. The
government has also made efforts to improve the business environment, attract
foreign direct investment, and enhance the country’s integration into the global
economy.
Despite these reforms, Uzbekistan faces several challenges. Politically, the
country remains in a transition period, as it becomes a more open and
participatory political system. However, concerns about human rights, press
freedom, and the rule of law persist, with the government continuing to exert
significant control over political life.
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Socially, Uzbekistan is dealing with issues such as poverty, unemployment,
and regional disparities. While economic growth has been robust, it has not
always translated into improved living standards for all citizens. The government
has recognized the need to address these issues and has launched initiatives
aimed at poverty reduction, job creation, and social protection.
Uzbekistan's economic and political landscape is shaped by its complex history,
Soviet legacy, and post-independence developments. Under President
Mirziyoyev, the country has embarked on a path of reform, seeking to modernize
its economy, enhance political participation, and improve its global standing.
However, significant challenges remain, including the need for further political
liberalization, social development, and economic diversification. As Uzbekistan
continues on its journey of transformation, its success will depend on its ability
to balance these competing demands and navigate the complexities of its
evolving landscape.
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