SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
25
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ANTHROPOLOGICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING A MAN'S
CONSTITUTIONAL TYPE
S.A.Khakimov, Sh.Yu.Rajabov
Tashkent state medical university, Republican scientific and practical center for forensic
medicine
ANNOTATION
The work presents the results of anthropometric examination of 605 men of the first
period of maturity (21-35 years old), indicating the possibility of identifying the height,
weight, and constitutional affiliation of unknown men by their remains
.
Keywords:
anthropology, identity, height, weight, constitutional affiliation, men.
Anthropological research plays a significant role in forensic medicine, particularly in
identifying personality, gender, age, ethnicity, and paternity. Comprehensive research (by
forensic pathologists, dentists, radiologists, anthropologists) in identifying unknown
individuals is considered positive. A forensic anthropologist can be included in all stages
of identification, from restoration and initial processing to final evaluation. Radiological
specimens of the femur have been developed to determine age based on human remains.
The automated analysis of the human face during the identification of the unknown is
described. The height and age of the deceased are determined by the size of the femur and
shoulder bones. Anthropometry is a simple and reliable method for quantitative
determination of div size and the ratio of div length and width, the circumference and
thickness of fat folds. It is proven that gender, age, ethnicity, and place of residence
influence anthropometric indicators. The anthropological contribution to the judicial
sciences is multifaceted. It is preferable to integrate many sciences (anthropology,
mineralogy, genetics) to address forensic medical osteological identification of age and
sex. Determining the quantity and density of bone mineral composition using
absorpsionometry is important in anthropological identification. Regression equations for
evaluating growth based on bone remains have been established. It was noted that the
height of the corpses is greater than the height of the living. Contactless three-dimensional
determination of div parameters has been developed. Considering the relevance and
importance of the problem, the purpose of this study is to identify regional prognostic
criteria for identifying the height, weight, and constitutional affiliation of men.
SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
26
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
Materials and methods:
In 605 men of the first period of maturity (21-35 years),
the degree of conjugation (according to Pearson's coefficient) between div size,
component composition, and constitutional affiliation was studied, and the nature and
linear regression equations of the studied relationships were determined. Since the
determined parameters have a normal distribution, parametric calculation methods were
used. Statistical data processing was performed using Statistica for Windows 6.0.
Results and discussion:
Correlation analysis revealed numerous functional
(0.99>r≥0.9; p<0.05), strong (0.89>r≥0.7; p<0.05), and medium (0.69>r≥0.5; p<0.05)
relationships between male div indicators. This is important for the forensic
examination of dismembered corpses. Using regression analysis allows for the
identification of linear equations between div parameters, which can be used to identify
the height, weight, and div type of unknown men based on their remains. Thus, a strong
correlation was established between height and div area (r=0.80; p<0.05) and bone mass
(r=0.74; p<0.05). A functional correlation (r=0.92; p<0.05) is observed only with lower
limb length. Using the linear regression equation (Height, in cm = 49.72+1.38 x Leg
height, in cm), it is possible to identify the height of unknown men by the remains of their
lower limbs with a high degree of reliability. Strong correlations were found between
men's div weight and shoulder girth (r=0.88; p<0.05), forearm (r=0.84; p<0.05), wrist
(r=0.75; p<0.05), lower leg (r=0.85; p<0.05), chest (r=0.86; p<0.05), ankle (r=0.71;
p<0.05), shoulder diameter (r=0.71; p<0.05), hip (r=0.78; p<0.05), longitudinal chest
diameter (r=0.76; p<0.05), fat (r=0.74; p<0.05), and bone (r=0.8; p<0.05) mass, and the
Pigne index (r=-0.88; p<0.05). Functional correlation (r>0.9; p<0.05) in div weight is
noted with hip circumference (Fig. 2), hip circumference, and div area. Using linear
regression equations, it is possible to identify the weight of unknown men by hip
circumference (Weight, kg = − 39.76+2.04 x Hip circumference, cm) or buttocks (−
95.13+1.79 x Buttocks circumference, cm) with a high degree of reliability. During the
forensic examination of the remains of unknown men, the identification of the somatotype
and div type is important.
When identifying the somato type according to V.V. Bunak
and V.P. Chettsov, it is necessary to know the indicators of fat, muscle, and bone mass.
The conducted correlation and regression analyses revealed strong correlations in men
with div weight (r=0.74; p<0.05), thickness of all fat folds (r=0.70-0.88; p<0.05), hip
circumference (r=0.79; p<0.05), buttocks (r=0.76; p<0.05), and the Pigne index (r=-0.79;
p<0.05). A functional correlation (r>0.90; p<0.05) between fat mass and the thickness of
the fat fold on the abdomen (Fig. 3) and the iliac crest is noted. Using linear regression
equations, it becomes possible to determine the fat mass of unknown men based on the
thickness of the abdominal fat fold (Fat mass, in kg = 2.76+5.56 x Thickness of the
SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
27
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
abdominal fat fold, in cm) or the iliac crest (Fat mass, in kg = - 0.38+14.15 x
Thickness of the iliac crest fat fold, in cm) with a high degree of reliability. In men, strong
correlations were found with forearm circumference (r=0.87; p<0.05), wrist
circumference (r=0.76; p<0.05), lower leg circumference (r=0.87; p<0.05), chest
circumference (r=0.82; p<0.05), ankle circumference (r=0.73; p<0.05), hip diameter
(r=0.77; p<0.05), longitudinal chest diameter (r=0.75; p<0.05), bone mass (r=0.80;
p<0.05), and the Pigne index (r=-0.83; p<0.05). A functional correlation (r>0.90; p<0.05)
between muscle mass and men's div weight, shoulder girth (4-rasm), thighs, buttocks,
and div area was noted. Using linear regression equations, it is possible to determine
the muscle mass of men by shoulder circumference (Muscle mass, kg = -27.02+2.28 x
Shoulder circumference, cm) or hip circumference (Muscle mass, kg = -32.40+1.31 x Hip
circumference, cm) with a high degree of reliability.
Bone mass has strong correlations with height (r=0.74; p<0.05) and weight (r=0.81;
p<0.05), forearm circumference (r=0.70; p<0.05), wrist circumference (r=0.82; p<0.05),
buttock circumference (r=0.75; p<0.05), shoulder diameter (r=0.80; p<0.05), forearm
diameter (r=0.78; p<0.05), ankle circumference (r=0.75; p<0.05), and muscle mass
(r=0.80; p<0.05). A functional relationship (r>0.90; p<0.05) between bone mass and hip
diameter (Fig. 5) and div area is noted. Using linear regression equations, it is possible
to determine the bone mass of men by hip diameter (Bone mass, in kg = -12.90+2.51 x
Hip diameter, in cm) with a high degree of reliability. Additional criteria for determining
somatotypes according to V.V. Bunak and V.M. Chettsov are: shoulder and pelvic
diameter, transverse and longitudinal chest diameters, chest and buttocks circumference.
When dismembered div parts are found, it is important for forensic medical experts to
determine missing parameters based on existing ones. Thus, shoulder diameter correlates
with standing height (r=0.58; p<0.05), weight (r=0.62; p<0.05), shoulder girth (r=0.62;
p<0.05), forearm (r=0.63; p<0.05), wrist (r=0.60; p<0.05), and ankle (r=0.62; p<0.05),
shoulder (r=0.52; p<0.05) and chest diameter (r=0.56; p<0.05), lower limb length (r=0.63;
p<0.05), div area (r=0.68; p<0.05), muscle (r=0.66; p<0.05), and bone (r=0.59; p<0.05)
mass, and Tanner index (r=0.98; p<0.05). Men's pelvic diameter has fewer correlations
and reliably correlates with height (r=0.57; p<0.05), weight (r=0.66; p<0.05), hip
circumference (r=0.62; p<0.05), buttocks (r=0.69; p<0.05), ankles (r=0.59; p<0.05), chest
(r=0.57; p<0.05) and shoulder diameter (r=0.53; p<0.05), lower limb length (r=0.56;
p<0.05), div area (r=0.71; p<0.05), fat (r=0.53; p<0.05), muscle (r=0.64; p<0.05), and
bone mass (r=0.58; p<0.05).
.
The transverse diameter of the chest correlates with men's
div weight (r=0.67; p<0.05), shoulder girth (r=0.58; p<0.05), hip circumference
(r=0.62; p<0.05), chest (r=0.67; p<0.05), buttocks (r=0.63; p<0.05), shoulder (r=0.57;
SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
28
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
p<0.05) and pelvic diameter (r=0.57; p<0.05), div area (r=0.63; p<0.05), muscle
mass (r=0.62; p<0.05), and the Pigne index (r=-0.60; p<0.05). The longitudinal diameter
of the chest correlates with men's div weight (r=0.76; p<0.05), fat fold thickness of the
abdomen (r=0.50; p<0.05), and iliac crest (r=0.52; p<0.05), shoulder girth (r=0.72;
p<0.05), hip circumference (r=0.71; p<0.05), lower leg (r=0.70; p<0.05), chest (r=0.67;
p<0.05), buttocks (r=0.72; p<0.05), ankles (r=0.64; p<0.05), shoulder diameter (r=0.59;
p<0.05), hip diameter (r=0.64; p<0.05), div area (r=0.71; p<0.05), fat (r=0.61; p<0.05),
muscle (r=0.76; p<0.05), and bone (r=0.64; p<0.05) masses, and the Pigne index (r=-
0.69; p<0.05). Chest circumference correlates with men's div weight (r=0.87; p<0.05),
abdominal fat fold thickness (r=0.6; p<0.05), shoulder circumference (r=0.8; p<0.05),
forearm circumference (r=0.8; p<0.05), wrist circumference (r=0.6; p<0.05), hip
circumference (r=0.8; p<0.05), lower leg circumference (r=0.66; p<0.05), buttock
circumference (r=0.8; p<0.05), shoulder diameter (r=0.6; p<0.05), hip circumference
(r=0.6; p<0.05), chest circumference (r=0.67; p<0.05), div area (r=0.78; p<0.05), fat
(r=0.63; p<0.05), muscle (r=0.8; p<0.05), and bone (r=0.65; p<0.05) masses, and the
Pigne index (r=-0.9; p<0.05). Hip circumference correlates with weight (r=0.94; p<0.05),
abdominal fat fold thickness (r=0.66; p<0.05), hip (r=0.61; p<0.05), iliac crest (r=0.66;
p<0.05), shoulder circumference (r=0.79; p<0.05), forearm (r=0.77; p<0.05), wrist
(r=0.70; p<0.05), hip (r=0.94; p<0.05), lower leg (r=0.80; p<0.05), chest (r=0.79;
p<0.05), ankle (r=0.67; p<0.05), shoulder diameter (r=0.63; p<0.05), hip (r=0.73;
p<0.05), ankle (r=0.59; p<0.05), chest (r=0.63; p<0.05), pelvis (r=0.69 p<0.05), div area
(r=0.89; p<0.05), fat (r=0.79; p<0.05), muscle (r=0.92; p< The diameter of the shoulders
and pelvis, the transverse diameter of the chest, are mainly moderately correlated with
anthropometric indicators. In the chest and buttocks circumference, there are strong
correlations with the circumferential dimensions of the shoulder, forearm, hip, div area,
bone mass, and Pigne index, as well as functional correlations with men's weight and
muscle mass. In addition, an important fact is the strong connection between the chest
circumference and the buttocks (Fig. 6), which makes it convenient for experts to
determine one size by another.
Therefore, the most
The informative additional indicators of the somato type are
chest circumference (Chest circumference, in cm = 19.02+0.82 x Hump circumference,
in cm) and buttocks (Hump circumference, in cm = 20.38+0.77 x Chest circumference,
in cm).
In forensic medical identification of div type according to V.N. Shevkunenko, it is
necessary to determine the relative (to growth) div length index. It was established that
SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
29
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
this index has a moderate correlation (r=0.60; p<0.05) with the absolute div
length (Fig. 7). Consequently, the Shevkunenko index can be determined by the absolute
length of the trunk using the linear regression equation (Shevkunenko Index = 16.20+0.25
x Body length, in cm). Forensic medical identification of div type according to V.M.
Chernorutskiy requires knowledge of the Pigne index. Men's Pigne index had strong
inverse correlations with men's div weight (r=-0.89; p<0.05), abdominal fat fold
thickness (r=-0.71; p<0.05), shoulder girth (r=-0.89; p<0.05), forearm (r=-0.79; p<0.05),
lower leg (r=-0.75; p<0.05), buttocks (r=-0.83; p<0.05), div area (r=-0.70; p<0.05), fat
(r=-0.73; p<0.05), and muscle mass (r=-0.83; p<0.05). Functional feedback of the Pigne
index (r>-0.90; p<0.05) is observed with chest circumference and hips. Using linear
regression equations for chest circumference (Pine index = 220,57-2,20 x Chest
circumference, in cm) and hip circumference (Pine index = 147,95-2,49 x Hip
circumference, in cm), it is possible to determine the div type in unknown men with a
high degree of reliability. In forensic medical identification of sexual dimorphism, it is
necessary to know the Tanner index. The latter has one functional relationship (r=0.98;
p<0.05) with the male shoulder diameter. Consequently, it is also possible to determine
the sex dimorphism of unknown men with a high degree of reliability based on the
shoulder diameter and the linear regression equation (Tanner Index = -141.2+26.53 x
Shoulder diameter, in cm).
Regression analysis allows for the calculation of any
anthropometric indicator, div component composition, and proportional indices without
resorting to numerous measurements, which is especially important in forensic medical
practice during the examination of unidentified remains. The possibility of replacing the
empirical indicator with the calculated one is confirmed by high values of the accuracy
criterion of approximation. Of all the anthropometric indicators characterizing the height
of men, the highest values of the correlation coefficient, reliability, and accuracy criterion
of approximation were recorded for the length of the lower limb. The obtained linear
regression equation showed that when the length of the lower limb changes by 1.0 cm,
the height of men changes by 1.38 cm. Among all anthropometric indicators related to
weight in men, the highest values of the correlation coefficient, reliability, and accuracy
criterion of approximation are in the hip and buttock circumference. From the linear
regression equations, it follows that with an increase in hip circumference by 1 cm, the
weight of men increases by 2.03 kg, and with an increase in hip circumference by 1 cm,
the weight increases by 1.8 kg. Of all the studied anthropometric indicators related to
tissue components, the highest values of the correlation coefficient, reliability, and
approximation criterion were recorded: fat mass with fat fold thickness on the abdomen
and iliac crest, muscle mass with forearm and hip circumference, and bone mass with the
SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
30
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
distal diameter of the hip. When the fat fold on the abdomen and iliac crest changes
by 1 mm, the total fat content changes by 0.55 and 1.42 kg, respectively. This made it
possible to create a prognostic table that allows for the identification of fat mass. With a
change in forearm and hip circumference by 1 cm, the total number of muscles changes
by 2.3 and 1.3 kg, respectively. When the distal diameter of the thigh changes by 1 mm,
the total amount of bone mass changes by 0.25 kg, respectively. With a 1.0 cm change in
the buttocks circumference, the chest circumference is proportional to 0.8 cm, and vice
versa. Of all the anthropometric indicators correlated with the Shevkunenko index in men,
the highest values are the correlation coefficient, reliability, and accuracy criterion of
approximation at div length, and the Tanner index with shoulder diameter. From the
linear regression equations, it follows that with a change in div length by 1 cm, the
Shevkunenko index changes by 0.25, and a change in shoulder diameter by 1 cm is
accompanied by a change in the Tanner index by 26.53. Of all the anthropometric
indicators correlated with the Pigne index in men, the highest values of the correlation
coefficient, reliability, and accuracy criterion of approximation are observed at the chest
and hip circumference. From the linear regression equations, it follows that with a change
in chest circumference and hip circumference by 1 cm, the Pigne index changes by 2.21
and 2.49, respectively. Consequently, using regression equations, knowing the magnitude
of one of the traits under consideration, it is possible to determine the magnitude of
another paired trait with sufficient accuracy. This circumstance allows for the use of
regression equations when determining the values of such characteristics that are difficult
or impossible to directly measure under normal conditions. For example, in forensic
medical practice, during the examination of div parts of a dismembered male corpse.
Thus, the anthropometric indicators of men in the first period of maturity (21-35 years
old) are closely interconnected. The identified nature and equations of interrelationships,
the compiled prognostic tables must be taken into account when identifying a person in
forensic medical practice.
Literature
1.
An alternative method of anthropometry of anterior cruciate ligament through 3-
D digital image reconstruction / J. Hashemi, N. Chandrashekar, C. Cowden et al.
// J. Biomech. − 2005. − Vol. 38, N 3. − P. 551-555.
2.
Anthropometry in div composition. An overview / J. Wang, J.C. Thornton,S.
Kolesnik et al. // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. − 2000. − P. 904317-904326.
3.
Bidmos M.A. On the non-equivalence of documented cadaver lengths to living
stature estimates based on Fully's method on bones in the Raymond A. Dart
Collection // J. Forensic. Sci. – 2005. – Vol. 50, N 3. − 501-506.
SYNAPSES:
Insights Across the Disciplines
ISSN: 3060-4737 Volume 2, Issue 8 IF(Impact Factor) 10.92 / 2024
31
Synapses:
Insights Across the Disciplines
4.
Gulec E.S., Iscan M.Y. Forensic anthropology in Turkey // Forensic. Sci. Int.
− 1994. − Vol. 66, N 1. − P. 61-68.
5.
Hinkes M.J. The role of forensic anthropology in mass disaster resolution // Aviat.
Space. Environ. Med. − 1989. − Vol. 60, N 7, Pt. 2. − P. A 60-63.
6.
Iscan M.Y. Global forensic anthropology in the 21st century // Forensic. Sci. Int.
− 2001. − Vol. 117, N 1-2. − P. 1-6.
7.
Macchiarelli R. Bondioli L. Linear densitometry and digital image processing of
proximal femur radiographs implications for archaeological and forensic
anthropology // Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. −1994. − Vol. 93, N 1. − P. 109-122.
8.
Metropolitan forensic anthropology team (MFAT) case studies in identification:
3. Identification of John J. Sullivan, the missing journalist / F.T. Zugibe, J. Taylor,
N. Weg et al. // J. Forensic. Sci. − 1985. − Vol. 30, N 1. − P. 221- 231.
